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PubMed1976

The aftereffect of tracking eye movements.

When observers tracked moving stripes across a background either of stationary stripes, or of stripes moving in the opposite direction, they saw a clear motion aftereffect when the stripes stopped moving. The direction of this aftereffect was opposite to that of the previously tracked stripes, and was thus the same as the direction of the retinal movement of the non-tracked stripes. This aftereffect of tracking was shown not to depend upon slippage of the tracked contours on the retina during tracking, or upon the saccadic phase of optokinetic nystagmus. The effect showed storage over a period of time with the eyes shut. It appears that the effect is due to induced movement, and arises originally from stimulation of the retina by background contours in the tracking phase. This was shown by confining the view of the moving target to one eye, while permitting both eyes to be exposed to background stimulation during tracking. After such stimulation the magnitude of the aftereffect was equal in the two eyes.

Electroretinography↗
PubMed1980

Perception at the blind spot and tilt aftereffect.

Black and white stripes were used to induce a tilt aftereffect near the blind spot. Stripe fragments on either side of the blind spot were seen as being completed across the blind spot, but the magnitude of the tilt aftereffect they induced suggested that the perceptually "filled-in" portions of the stripes did not contribute to the aftereffect. So perceptually filled-in lines seem not to be fully potent percepts.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Sex differences in familial correlations for visual and kinesthetic aftereffects.

72 subjects from 16 families performed a visual and kinesthetic aftereffect task where data were also obtained on the pretest variability and on the adjustment times. Considerable sex differences were found, such that for mothers pretest variability correlated positively with magnitude of kinesthetic and negatively with magnitude of visual aftereffect. Daughters showed more pretest variability on both tasks and much larger individual differences on the visual task than sons. These sex differences complicate any attempt at genetic analysis. However, there was some indication of X-linked inheritance in males for magnitude aftereffect and of autosomal inheritance of visual adjustment time in females.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A cross-modal aftereffect: auditory displacement following adaptation to visual motion.

It has been shown earlier that the perceived location of static sound-sources can be displaced (a) during visual motion and (b) following auditory motion. Here we combine these phenomena. The subject adapted to the horizontal visual motion of a surrounding drum, then (with the lights off) localized static sound-sources by setting the direction of a pointer. Adapting motion was clockwise or counterclockwise: the difference between each subject's settings following the opposite directions of adaptation showed small but consistent auditory displacements opposite to the adapting directions. This visual-auditory aftereffect, which is consistent with sensorineural data, challenges a general, if implicit, belief that aftereffects do not cross modalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Illusions and aftereffects of length in the minimal form of the parallel-lines configuration: a reexamination.

A number of recent studies have used the graded-series method to measure the illusion and aftereffect distortions of perceived length in the minimal form of the parallel-lines configuration. However, because of some peculiar characteristics of the graded-series method, the aftereffect distortions measured with this method cannot be interpreted unequivocally as reflecting distortions of the perceived length of the test line. On the basis of the results of an experiment that examined the contribution of a possible confound present in the method, it is argued that the method should not be used to measure length aftereffects, and, furthermore, that the results of studies using this method need to be reconsidered.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Internally augmented displays: contingent aftereffects as performance aids.

Previous research on visual contingent aftereffects has been concerned with examining the effects of various parameters (e.g., spatial frequency and luminance) on the adaptation to, and decay of, contingent aftereffects. The current study tested the viability of using visual contingent aftereffects in a display context. Using established characteristics of contingent aftereffects, a program of contingent aftereffect adaptation was designed. Studies were conducted to determine if subjects who were adapted to see visual contingent aftereffects invoked by a visual display could achieve more rapid or certain identification of a display under low luminance conditions. The results confirmed (a) that contingent aftereffects can improve performance on a visual discrimination task requiring information from a display and (b) that contingent aftereffects are more enhanced at low levels of illumination.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1989

Making Mayhew and Frisby effortlessly discriminable.

Mayhew and Frisby (1978) demonstrated that patterns which differ markedly in their spatial-frequency content may be very hard to discriminate. This they took as evidence against any model which proposes that the processes underlying texture discrimination have direct access to some local piecewise Fourier analysis of the patterns performed by spatial-frequency channels. It is shown that Mayhew and Frisby's patterns can be discriminated easily if their components have been incorporated into a pattern-contingent colour aftereffect. This demonstration suggests that the location in the visual pathway for contingent aftereffect adaptation must lie before the construction of the raw primal sketch, to which, according to Marr, we have conscious access. This location must also allow the orientation specificity seen in the aftereffect. This points to a locus in the striate cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Motion in depth from interocular velocity differences revealed by differential motion aftereffect.

There are two possible binocular mechanisms for the detection of motion in depth. One is based on disparity changes over time and the other is based on interocular velocity differences. It has previously been shown that disparity changes over time can produce the perception of motion in depth. However, existing psychophysical and physiological data are inconclusive as to whether interocular velocity differences play a role in motion in depth perception. We studied this issue using the motion aftereffect, the illusory motion of static patterns that follows adaptation to real motion. We induced a differential motion aftereffect to the two eyes and then tested for motion in depth in a stationary random-dot pattern seen with both eyes. It has been shown previously that a differential translational motion aftereffect produces a strong perception of motion in depth. We show here that a rotational motion aftereffect inhibits this perception of motion in depth, even though a real rotation induces motion in depth. A non-horizontal translational motion aftereffect did not inhibit motion in depth. Together, our results strongly suggest that (1) pure interocular velocity differences can produce motion in depth, and (2) the illusory changes in position from the motion aftereffect are generated relatively late in the visual hierarchy, after binocular combination.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Effects of luminance and contrast on direction of ambiguous apparent motion.

A study is reported of the role of luminance and contrast in resolving ambiguous apparent motion (AM). Different results were obtained for the short-range (SR) and the long-range (LR) motion-detecting processes. For short-range jumps (7.5 min arc), the direction of ambiguous AM depended on brightness polarity, with AM only from white to white and from black to black. But for larger jumps, or when an interstimulus interval (ISI) was introduced, AM was less dependent on polarity, with white often jumping to black and black jumping to white. Two potential AMs were pitted against each other, one carried by a light stimulus and the other by a dark stimulus. The stimulus whose luminance differed most from the uniform surround captured the AM. Visual response to luminance was linear, not logarithmic. When the stimulus was modified to give continuous AM in one direction it was followed by a negative aftereffect of motion only when the spatial displacement was 1 min arc. A larger displacement (10 min arc) gave good AM but no motion aftereffect. Thus only short-range motion adapts motion-sensitive channels.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1990

Spatial contingency and the McCollough effect.

On the basis of a conditioning analysis of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect (McCollough effect, ME), orientation stimuli become associated with simultaneously presented chromatic stimuli. This account suggests that decreasing the contingency between the grid orientation and color should decrease the strength of the aftereffect. Results of previous research indicate that decreasing the temporal contingency (by presenting homogeneous chromatic stimuli between presentations of chromatic grids) does not decrease the ME. However, it has been suggested that the appropriate contingency-degradation procedure would involve decreasing spatial (rather than temporal) contingency. That is, the illusion should be attenuated by extending the color beyond the confines of the grid. Contrary to this hypothesis, the results of the present experiments provide no evidence that decreasing the spatial contingency between grid and color decreases the ME; rather, the aftereffect is increased by such a manipulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Texture density aftereffects in the perception of artificial and natural textures.

Three experiments are reported concerning the texture density aftereffect. The experiments address the question of how visual texture density information is encoded by examining patterns of transfer between different textures. In the first two experiments, it is shown that manipulation of spatial frequency and orientation information does not affect the direction of the aftereffect of density (reduction in perceived density), though similarity between adaptation and test textures does influence aftereffect strength. The third experiment demonstrates that adaptation to density differences in artificial textures in which spatial frequency information is held constant produces density aftereffects in naturalistic test textures in which density and spatial frequency covary.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2000

The negative directional aftereffect associated with adaptation to the prismatic effects of spectacle lenses.

PURPOSE: To determine whether subjects would demonstrate a negative directional aftereffect in a sparse visual environment after being trained to point accurately through a spectacle lens. METHODS: Subjects were made myopic using a contact lens and then the myopia was corrected with a spectacle lens. Pointing behavior was used to assess directional localization. Training was carried out by showing subjects their pointing errors. RESULTS: Seven of 10 subjects demonstrated a negative directional aftereffect after spectacle lens adaptation. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a negative directional aftereffect indicates that some patients who switch between spectacles and contact lenses can accurately localize objects only in one condition. Patients who do not demonstrate a negative directional aftereffect may be able to correctly localize objects with both spectacles and contact lenses.

Adaptation, Ocular↗