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PubMed1978

Interrelationships among zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium in food, feces, and organs of humans.

Concentrations of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium were determined in 20 samples of food collected over a period of 20 days, 221 samples of feces collected over a period of 5 days from 19 males, 17 females, and 11 children and 85 samples each of renal cortex and liver from autopsied human cadavers in order to investigate the relationships among the four metals and among the various martices. In food the highest correlation was observed between copper and zinc (0.34). In feces the highest correlation was also between copper and zinc (0.45). In the highest correlation between cadmium and zinc (0.33), but that in the renal cortex was between copper and cadmium (0.52). These findings suggest that the relationships among the concentrations of the four metals in food and feces are almost equal to each other, but differ greatly from the concentrations in human organs due to the differing metabolic actions of the metals once they are absorbed into the body. In addition, it was observed that zinc and cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex increase with age, but copper and lead concentrations do not show much variation with age.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in urine and feces.

A method has been developed to measure levels of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) excreted in urine and feces. The method involves organic solvent extraction, derivatization to form electron-capturing bis-pentafluorobenzyl derivatives, and analysis by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry using a deuterium-labeled internal standard. The method can detect PhIP at levels of less than 1 ng/g in rat urine (5 ng/24 hr) and 5 ng/g (wet weight) in rat feces (50 ng/24 hr). Sprague-Dawley rats given a single 50 micrograms dose of PhIP by gavage excreted an average of 0.6% of the dose in the urine and 25% of the dose in the feces as unchanged PhIP, in the first 4 days after treatment. To make this method applicable for the analyses of biological fluids of PhIP-exposed human subjects, it is now being improved by using immunoaffinity chromatography.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Organic acid profiles in feces of pigs with pathogenic or non-pathogenic diarrhea.

A chemical characteristic of the feces of diarrheal piglets permits differentiation among piglets receiving antibiotic treatment and those with colibacillosis or dyspepsia. A high concentration of lactic or succinic acid was observed in the diarrheic feces of piglets receiving antibiotic treatments and those with dyspepsia; however, no lactic or succinic acids were detected in piglets with colibacillosis. There was, however, little difference in the total concentration of organic acids among the three types of diarrheal illnesses. A quantitative analysis of lactic and succinic acids in diarrheic feces might provide a means for rapidly differentiating between colibacillosis and non-pathogenic diarrheas in piglets.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of Campylobacter lanienae from pig feces.

To isolate Campylobacter spp., the feces of healthy cattle, pigs, and broilers were examined between June 1999 and January 2000. Campylobacter lanienae strains were isolated from the feces of healthy pigs, but not from the feces of cattle or broilers. In six C. lanienae isolates, there was only 21-38% DNA-DNA homology to Campylobacter hyointestinalis subsp. lawsonii strain NCTC 12901. Thus, the primary host of C. lanienae is likely to be the pig and C. lanienae appears to be a species distinct from C. hyointestinalis subsp. lawsonii. In addition, an intervening sequence of 226 bp in the 16S rRNA gene was found in four isolates.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in individuals with intestinal amoebiasis presenting cysts and/or trophozoites in the feces.

Serum samples were obtained from 154 individuals infected with Entamoeba histolytica (78 symptomatic and 76 asymptomatic). Twelve had trophozoites in the feces whereas 142 had only cysts. The sera were used to test the existence of antibodies anti-Entamoeba histolytica employing the Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA), Indirect Immunofluorescence (IFAT), Complement Fixation Reaction (CFR) and Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). For those individuals with trophozoites in their feces, 75.0 were positive by IHA and IFAT, 83.0 by CFR and 41.7 by CIEP. In individuals who had only cysts, positive results by the same tests were respectively, 5.6%, 12.0%, 19.0% and 5.6%. The difference in relation to the titers of antibodies detected through IHA, IFAT, CFR and CIEP and in relation to the presence of trophozoites or cysts in the feces was significative for four immunological reactions when chi 2, was employed (P < 0.05).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A simple method to identify triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) feces in sensing devices used in vector surveillance programs.

We successfully applied the phenolphthalin (Kastle-Meyer) test used in forensic chemistry to distinguish between feces from triatomines and other domestic arthropods in sensing devices used for vector surveillance. All black or dark brown, but not white or yellow, fecal smears from laboratory-reared or field-collected Triatoma infestans Klug, Triatoma guasayana Wydgozinsky & Abalos, Triatoma sordida Ståhl (recently revalidated as Triatoma garciabesi Carcavallo, Cichero, Martínez, Prosen & Ronderos) tested positive, whereas dejecta from cockroaches and spiders, crickets, beetles, predatory bugs, and domestic flies tested negative. Black or dark brown dejecta from female Aedes aegypti L. and Cimex lectularius L. bedbugs also tested positive. In sellsing devices installed in bedrooms of 11 houses in Amamá, rural northwestern Argentina, where neither cimicid bedbugs nor argasid ticks had been found over the years, only 62% of the black or dark brown fecal smears attributed to triatomines by a skilled observer tested phenolphthalin-positive. After insecticidal spraying, when bedroom areas were not colonized by triatomines, only 33-40% of the black or dark brown fecal smears in sensor boxes attributed to triatomines by another skilled observer tested phenolphthalin-positive. Eleven (79%) ofthe 14 houses with dubious or nontypical triatomine feces tested phenolphthalin-positive at least once during 1993-1995. Our study introduces a low-cost, simple and effective procedure for the identification of triatomine feces. The test, as a helpful adjunct to sensing devices used in triatomine surveillance, will aid in the accurate detection of infestations and the determination of the need for insecticide application.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

First isolation of Neospora caninum from the feces of a naturally infected dog.

Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. Cattle become infected with N. caninum by ingesting oocysts from the environment or transplacentally from dam to fetus. Experimentally, dogs can act as definitive hosts, but dogs excrete few oocysts after ingesting tissue cysts. A natural definitive host was unknown until now. In the present study, N. caninum was isolated from the feces of a dog. Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) fed feces from the dog developed antibodies to N. caninum in the Neospora caninum agglutination test, and tissue cysts were found in their brains. Neospora caninum was isolated in cell culture and in gamma-interferon gene knockout mice inoculated with brain homogenates of infected gerbils. The DNA obtained from fecal oocysts of the dog, from the brains of gerbils fed dog feces, and from organisms isolated in cell cultures inoculated with gerbil brains was confirmed as N. caninum. The identification of N. caninum oocyst by bioassay and polymerase chain reaction demonstrates that the dog is a natural definitive host for N. caninum.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in cat feces.

The objective of this study was to compare a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and a monoclonal antibody-based immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in cat feces. Eight C. parvum-naive DSH cats were orally inoculated with 1 x 10(6) oocysts of a C. parvum human isolate. Fecal samples were collected before inoculation, daily for the next 30 days, and twice weekly until day 85. Methylprednisolone acetate was administered at 20 mg/kg i.m. on days 85, 92, and 99. From days 86 to 115, feces were collected daily and then up to twice weekly until day 126. Immunofluorescence assay was performed after collection of the samples, and then the samples were frozen at -70 C until assayed by PCR. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected by PCR in 101 of 353 samples and by IFA in 52 of 353 samples: 27 samples were PCR positive, IFA positive; 74 samples were PCR positive, IFA negative; 25 samples were PCR negative, IFA positive; and 227 samples were PCR negative, IFA negative. The percentage of concordance between IFA and PCR was 72%. Results of this study suggest that this PCR assay is more sensitive than IFA for detection of C. parvum in cat feces.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Estimation of the proportion of bacterial nitrogen in canine feces using diaminopimelic acid as an internal bacterial marker.

A bacterial marker can be used to determine the portion of fecal N that is of bacterial origin, as well as the effect of dietary factors on the bacterial N in feces of the dog. Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and purines as bacterial markers in dogs. In Exp. 1, five adult female dogs were fed the same commercial diet. In Exp. 2, 50 dogs were fed one of four test diets (as-fed basis): a prebiotic-free control or diets containing either 1% chicory, 1% mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), or 1% chicory plus 1% MOS. Fresh feces were collected in both experiments and used to isolate a bacteria-rich sample (BRS) by differential centrifugation. In Exp. 1, the BRS had a N:purine ratio of 0.66 and N:DAPA ratio of 18.9. The CV for the N:purine ratio (20.7%) was much higher than that for the N:DAPA ratio (6.1%), indicating that DAPA resulted in a less variable estimate of fecal bacterial N. Using either marker, approximately 50% of the fecal N was estimated to be of bacterial origin. In Exp. 2, the N:DAPA ratio of the BRS did not differ (P = 0.14) among treatments. The BRS from dogs fed prebiotic-containing diets had treatment averages for N:DAPA ratios ranging from 16.9 to 18.5, whereas BRS from dogs fed the control diet had a ratio of 15.9. Averaged across all dogs, approximately 46% of fecal N was of bacterial origin. When calculating fecal bacterial concentrations using the average N:DAPA ratio for all dogs, little difference existed in the estimation compared with using individual values. The value resulting from use of the average ratio was approximately 13% higher than when using the individual ratios for dogs fed the control diet, which was due to the lower N:DAPA ratio for dogs fed the control diet compared with dogs fed the other treatments. Based on the consistency of the N:DAPA ratio of the BRS, DAPA seems to be a suitable marker for estimation of bacterial N in the feces of dogs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

Effect of diet on composition of cecal contents and on excretion and composition of soft and hard feces of rabbits.

A total of 260 New Zealand White growing rabbits were used to study the effect of diet on chemical composition of cecal contents and on production and composition of soft and hard feces. Eight diets varying in their acid detergent fiber (9.8% to 32.7%) and starch (13% to 30%) levels were evaluated. The diet affected (P less than .01) all the variables studied, except dry matter (DM) and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids on cecal contents. An increase of dietary crude fiber increased crude fiber level in cecal contents (from 11.58% to 26.53%). However, a relatively lower proportion of fibrous material was found in the cecal contents when rabbits were fed the more fibrous diets. This suggests that dietary fiber has a direct influence on the efficiency of particle separation in the digestive tract. Crude protein and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal contents decreased (from 30.14% to 19.65% and from 47.8 to 36.7 mmol/liter, respectively) when dietary crude fiber increased. This could be related to availability of energy to cecal microorganisms. Ammonia concentration of cecal contents was not affected by dietary crude fiber. Daily production of soft feces varied from 14.98 to 29.59 g DM/d, and the contribution of soft feces to total DM and to crude protein intake ranged from 10.6% to 15.0% and from 12.8% to 20.5%, respectively; these values were the smallest and the largest for the least and the most fibrous diets, respectively. From this study we conclude that dietary fiber has a major effect on the digestive processes in the rabbit and that dietary starch level has no influence on any of the variables studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The effect of feeding different protein-free diets on the recovery and amino acid composition of endogenous protein collected from the distal ileum and feces in pigs.

Nine barrows with an average initial weight of 60 kg were fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum. The animals were fed four different protein-free diets according to an incomplete latin square design. Diet 1 (control diet) consisted of 79.7% cornstarch, 10% sucrose, 3% Alphafloc (a source of cellulose), 3% canola oil and a vitamin-mineral premix. Diets 2, 3 and 4 contained, respectively, 4% pectin, an additional 7% cellulose and an additional 10% canola oil, each included at the expense of cornstarch. Feces were collected during 3 d following a 7-d adaptation period. Thereafter, digesta were collected during two 24-h periods with a 24-interval between periods. The pigs were fed 800 g of feed twice at 0800 and 2000. Added pectin increased (P less than .05) the recovery of endogenous protein in ileal digesta from 19.8 diet (diet 1) to 24.0 g per kg dry matter intake. This increment was largely due to increases (P less than .05) in glycine and proline from 1.9 to 2.4 and from 6.2 to 8.4 g per kg dry matter intake, respectively. In feces, only added cellulose increased (P less than .05) excretion of endogenous protein (8.4 vs 11.1 g/kg DM intake) and of most amino acids. Including additional fat did not affect the quantity of endogenous protein and amino acids recovered in ileal digesta or feces. Small but significant differences (P less than .05) were observed in the amino acid composition of endogenous protein recovered in ileal digesta when the different protein-free diets were fed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

Short-chain fatty acids and succinate in feces of healthy human volunteers and their correlation with anaerobe cultural counts.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and succinate in fresh feces from 10 healthy human volunteers were detected with gas-liquid chromatography and were correlated with their fecal cultural counts. The SCFA content of feces did not change significantly after freezing, but the cultural counts of total anaerobes and bifidobacteria showed significant changes (0.001 less than P less than 0.01). A significant negative correlation (r = -0.78; 0.01 less than P less than 0.02) was found between the bifidobacteria cultural counts and the succinic acid concentration in fresh feces, which disappeared after freezing of the samples. Because of the significant differences in cultural counts and the shift in significant correlations after freezing, it is important to use fresh fecal samples for these correlation studies. Lactic acid and i-caproic acid were not found in the fecal samples. The results show that SCFA and organic acid concentrations cannot replace (an)aerobe cultural counts in fecal flora studies of healthy human volunteers because of the low rate of significant correlations between these two.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of the neutrophil dominating protein calprotectin in feces. A methodologic study.

This study describes methods for extraction and quantification of calprotectin (L1 protein) in feces by enzyme immunoassay. This protein is a prominent antimicrobial component of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and squamous epithelia. Calprotectin was stable in feces during storage for 7 days at room temperature. Small fecal samples taken from a 24-h feces collection gave a reliable estimate of calprotectin. Within-assay precision was 1.9%, and between-assay precision 14.8%. In healthy subjects (n = 33) median fecal calprotectin was 2025 micrograms/l and in hospital controls (n = 40) 10,500 micrograms/l. Median values in patients with Crohn's disease (n = 21) was 43,000 micrograms/l and in ulcerative colitis (n = 17) 40,000 micrograms/l. Fecal calprotectin was significantly correlated to fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin in the patients with Crohn's disease. Ten of 11 patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas had calprotectin level above the suggested reference limit of 6740 micrograms/l.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Excretion of deoxynivalenol and its metabolite in milk, urine, and feces of lactating dairy cows.

Corn contaminated with deoxynivalenol was added to the diets of three dairy cows for 5 d and milk, urine, and 3 d following feeding of the diets. Dietary concentrations of deoxynivalenol averaged 66 mg/kg. Following exposure to deoxynivalenol, unconjugated deepoxydeoxynivalenol, a metabolite of deoxynivalenol, was present in milk at concentrations up to 26 ng/ml. Deoxynivalenol was not detected in the milk. Approximately 20% of the deoxynivalenol fed was recovered in the urine and feces in the unconjugated forms as deepoxydeoxynivalenol (96%) and deoxynivalenol (4%). After incubating urine with beta-glucuronidase, the concentration of unconjugated deepoxydeoxynivalenol increased by 7 to 15-fold whereas unconjugated deoxynivalenol increased 1.6 to 3-fold. Detectable concentrations of unconjugated deepoxydeoxynivalenol were found in urine and feces up to 72 h after the last oral exposure. Thus, urine and feces are the diagnostic specimens of choice for the determination of deoxynivalenol exposure in cows. Feeding deoxynivalenol-contaminated diets for 5 d did not alter feed intake or milk production nor were the milk concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, or nitrogen altered.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine feces applied to lettuce and the effectiveness of chlorinated water as a disinfectant.

Bovine feces are a potential vehicle for transmitting enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 to humans. A study was undertaken to determine survival characteristics of E. coli O157:H7 on iceberg lettuce using 0.1% peptone water and bovine feces as carriers for inocula. Four levels of inoculum, ranging from 10(0) to 10(5) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per g of lettuce, were applied. Populations surviving on lettuce stored at 4 degrees C were monitored for up to 15 days. Regardless of the type of carrier, viable cells of E. coli O157:H7 were detected on lettuce after 15 days, even when the initial inoculum was 10(0) to 10(1) CFU/g. Spray treatments of lettuce with 200 ppm chlorine solution or deionized water were equally effective in killing or removing E. coli O157:H7 from lettuce. Holding lettuce for 5 min after spray treatment was not more effective in reducing populations than holding for 1 min before rinsing with water. Prevention of contamination of lettuce with bovine feces that may harbor E. coli O157:H7 as well as other infectious microorganisms is essential to minimizing the risk of illness. The development of sanitizers more efficacious than chlorine for the removal of pathogens from raw fruits and vegetable is needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The potential for false-positive diagnosis of protostrongyliasis by extraction of larvae from feces.

The potential of protostrongylid first-stage larvae (L1) to survive passage through the alimentary canal of non-infected mammals was investigated. Parelaphostrongylus tenuis L1 were collected from feces of an experimentally infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We utilized two red deer (Cervus elaphus) and four laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were each fed the L1 of P. tenuis. Larvae were recovered, intact and alive, from the fecal samples of all six animals. Larvae of P. tenuis, and probably of other related species, can survive passage through the alimentary canal of uninfected mammals and they can be collected from feces using the Baermann technique and other related larval extraction methods. Rain water was found to be successful in the dispersal of P. tenuis L1 from the feces of infected animals. These findings raise the possibility of ingestion of L1 and their subsequent passage, by uninfected animals. This potential for false-positive diagnosis of infection in live animals necessitates accurate interpretation of a host's infection-status. Such findings reinforce the need for a reliable method of diagnosing infections in live animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Beetle-to-beetle transmission and dispersal of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) eggs via the feces of Tenebrio molitor.

When grain beetles (Tenebrio molitor) were fed eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta, many of the eggs passed intact through the beetles' intestines, and eggs were present in the beetles' feces for at least 48 hr after feeding. When uninfected T. molitor were fed beetle feces containing H. diminuta eggs, they became infected. Tenebrio molitor were fed on H. diminuta eggs and then placed in fresh bran for 48 hr. When uninfected T. molitor were placed in this bran, they became infected. Thus, feces from beetles that have ingested H. diminuta eggs serve as a source of eggs for other beetles, as well as a mechanism of egg dispersal.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Short chain fatty acids in rats with jejunal blind loops. I. Analysis of SCFA in small intestine, cecum, feces, and plasma.

The luminal and plasma levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), products of bacterial fermentation, were measured in rats with surgically produced, self-filling blind loops located in the proximal small intestine. High levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were detected in the blind loop segment and in the distal small bowel, regions which in normal and sham-operated rats contain no SCFA. Isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids were also present. Feeding or fasting made little difference in the amount or composition of luminal SCFA. Although the amount of SCFA in each animal varied, the ratio of these acids was relatively constant. The ceca of the blind loop rats had relatively less acetic acid (48% of total SCFA) than did normal rats (64%) and proportionately more isobutryic, isovaleric, and valeric acids. The concentrations of SCFA increased in the feces of blind loop rats. The acetic acid concentration was 50% higher in blind loop rat feces; propionic, isobutryic, and isovaleric acids were elevated to a greater extent. The total output of most of the SCFA was also of acetic acid (137 +/- 32 mug per ml), the rest being isovaleric (5.2 +/- 2.6 mug per ml) and isobutyric (1.4 +/- 0.7 mug per ml) acids. Blind loop animals had nearly twice the concentration of acetic acid in the plasma (240 +/- 29 mug per ml) as normal animals, while the other acids were unchanged. The present study suggests that endogenous substances may be important substrates for the production of SCFA in the intestinal lumen. The high levels of SCFA in the small intestine and in feces and the substantial increase in the concentration of acetic acid in thvergrowth syndrome if the same relationships were found in man.

Animals↗