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PubMed1993

Telephone vs face-to-face interviewing in a community psychiatric survey.

This study compared telephone with face-to-face interviewing in a community psychiatric survey. Two groups of women were investigated, Holocaust survivors and Europe-born respondents who were in prestate Israel during World War II. Both were administered the Psychiatric Research Interview Demoralization Scale and a short item scale investigating World War II experiences. Results showed a high compliance rate to the telephone mode. The subjects' scores in the two modes were highly correlated. Telephone interviewing seems to be a reliable and efficient method in areas with a well-developed network of subscribers.

Community Psychiatry↗

PubMed1975

Further comparison of video tape and face-to-face interviewing.

Previous search has suggested strong similarity of data from the Standardized Video Tape Interview and face-to-face interview procedures. This hypothesis was substantiated by further analysis of the effects of subject variables and their possible differential interaction with the two interview modes. Although no interview mode and/or interviewer-interviewee interactions as such were found, several significant interviewer's sex differences were found and explanations offered.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing for household drug use surveys.

This research investigated the use of telephone versus face-to-face interviewing to gather data on the use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs. Telephone and personal drug use surveys of the 18-34 year-old household population were conducted in the state of New Jersey in 1986-1987. Survey modes were compared in terms of unit and item nonresponse rates, sample coverage, and levels of self-reported drug use. Results showed that the telephone survey achieved response rates lower than the personal survey, but comparable to telephone surveys of less threatening topics. Item nonresponse to sensitive drug questions was lower by phone than with the self-administered answer sheets in the personal mode. The exclusion of households without telephones in the telephone survey is a potential source of bias, and may lead to underestimation of alcohol and drug use for minority populations. After controlling for telephone status, the telephone survey furnished significantly lower drug use estimates on several indicators than the personal survey, with the largest mode differences found for Blacks.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Limited visual control of the intelligibility of speech in face-to-face dialogue.

Speakers are thought to articulate individual words in running speech less carefully whenever additional nonacoustic information can help listeners recognize what is said (Fowler & Housum, 1987; Lieberman, 1963). Comparing single words excerpted from spontaneous dialogues and control tokens of the same words read by the same speakers in lists, Experiment 1 yielded a significant but general effect of visual context: Tokens introducing 71 new entities in dialogues in which participants could see one another's faces were more degraded (less intelligible to 54 naive listeners) than were tokens of the same words from dialogues with sight lines blocked. Loss of clarity was not keyed to moment-to-moment visual behavior. Subjects with clear sight lines looked at each other too rarely to account for the observed effect. Experiment 2 revealed that tokens of 60 words uttered while subjects were looking at each other were significantly less degraded (in length and in intelligibility to 72 subjects) vis-à-vis controls than were spontaneous tokens of the same words produced when subjects were looking elsewhere. Intelligibility loss was mitigated only when listeners looked at speakers. Two separate visual effects are discussed, one of the global availability and the other of the local use of the interlocutor's face.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Top management meets line employees face to face.

The communication gap between a hospital's top management and the line employees need not be an ever-widening chasm. St. Luke's Hospital of Kansas City, MO, has established a system that allows administrators and employees to meet face to face every month without destroying the hospital's essential chain of command.

Communication↗

PubMed1981

SMR forum: improving face-to-face relationships.

In this paper, the author suggests that the key element to successful implementation of solutions to managerial problems lies in the improvement of face-to-face relationships. He goes on to articulate the factors involved in building and maintaining effective interpersonal communication. Particular attention is given to the repair strategies and skills needed to mend damaged relationships. Ed.

Communication↗

PubMed2000

A therapeutic concept for the combined orthodontic surgical correction of angle Class II deformities with short-face syndrome: Surgical lengthening of the lower face.

In today's society not only facial esthetics have become important, but also the information on ways to correct adult orthodontic problems is readily available. Subsequently, increasing number of adults seek orthodontic treatment merely to change their facial appearance. In general, these adult patients exhibit such a severe skeletal deformity that it is noticeable even by non-experts. The nature of these adult deformities is such that the only promising treatment is the combined orthodontic-surgical approach. A stable and functional occlusion with a physiologic position for the condyle is the common goal of orthodontic treatment. In patients with skeletal deformities, however, improvement of facial esthetics takes paramount importance. They judge the success of treatment by extraoral appearance. Accordingly, the clinician must assess both the dental and facial appearance, and then inform the patient of different treatment possibilities. In this scenario, patient's input into the decision making process is critical for a mutually satisfactory result. This clinical report describes a concept of systematic approach to treatment of Class II deformities with skeletal deep bite and short lower face (short-face syndrome). This approach emphasizes the soft tissue analysis.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

A therapeutic concept for the combined orthodontic surgical correction of angle Class II deformities with short-face syndrome: Surgical lengthening of the lower face.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Web-based versus face-to-face learning of diabetes management: the results of a comparative trial of educational methods.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Relatively little is known about the effectiveness of Web-based learning (WBL) in medical education and how it compares to conventional methods. This study examined the influence of an interactive, online curriculum in a third-year medical school family medicine clerkship on students' ability to create a management plan for a patient newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. We also evaluated how the online curriculum compared to a conventionally taught curriculum. METHODS: The online course included three integrated activities: (1) self-study modules, (2) a patient case study, and (3) a moderated discussion board for posting and discussing patient care plans. The WBL curriculum was compared to small-group case-based sessions with a faculty facilitator. Students completed a test case before and after the clerkship. RESULTS: Among standard-of-care diabetic management interventions not ordered on the pretest, 38% were subsequently correctly ordered by WBL students on the posttest, versus 33% by students in the comparison group. For four out of five subgroups assessed on the case write-ups, the gain from before to after the clerkship favored the WBL group. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement among students learning online exceeded that of students learning face to face. This suggests superiority of the online method, a finding consistent with other recently published, well-controlled studies.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1992

Liver transplantation by "face-à-face" venacavaplasty.

A modification of the technique of liver transplantation by the face-à-face venacavaplasty is described and the use in four patients reported. This technique enables livers with a small vena cava to be inserted in an anatomic fashion and should help increase the use of such grafts where disparity between vessel size exists.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Faces get names--cognitive training for psychogeriatric patients for remembering names and faces].

By systematic training, 14 psychogeriatric patients (aged 70 to 95 years and admitted to day care because of dementia) were taught the first names of 8 members of staff of the day care center. Treatment duration was one month, twice weekly. The therapist introduced the names by a step-by-step approach, beginning with two name-face combinations, and adding one new name (and photograph of that person's face) every next training session. Treatment consisted of a combination of several cognitive strategies: organisation and directed attention, rehearsal, first letter cueing and vanishing cue techniques, and paired-associate learning based on rhymes, pictures and visual imagery. Patients were assigned at random to a treatment and a control group (waiting list condition). Patients in the control group received their training after the waiting period of one month. Using this pretest-posttest-control-group design, we were able to objectively evaluate treatment effects. Treatment caused a significant enhancement of knowledge of staff members names. Gains achieved using this program persisted over at least one month, as could be demonstrated by a follow-up evaluation.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Telephone versus face-to-face mode for collecting self-reports of sequences of behavior.

This study compared telephone vs face-to-face interviews as ways to collect self-reported sequences of daily activities. Twenty-seven persons with spinal cord injury in a rehabilitation hospital participated. The Self-Observation and Report Technique was used to obtain, in the participants' own words, two reports per week of 24-hour sequences of activities. One report per week was given over the telephone and one in person. Each behavior was coded for activity, assistance, companions, and locations. Nineteen measures assessing independence, level and diversity of activity, mobility, and social contacts were derived from the last four interviews for each participant. Differences in the measures derived from each mode were tested. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the self-reports to data on activities recorded by trained observers. Measures from the two modes did not differ, nor did the percent agreements with observation data. Investigators can use the more convenient and efficient telephone mode with confidence.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Telephone versus face to face interviewing as a means of collecting data relevant to the management of diabetes among general practitioners in France: a randomized design.

Successful patient education requires planed programs with specific target populations. As general practitioners see 85% of noninsulin-dependent diabetics in France, this study was designed to test the feasibility of the telephone as a method for data collection within the context of a random sample of general practitioners in the Paris region. In addition, data were collected assessing physician's perceptions of various barriers and facilitators to the management of this illness. The study demonstrated the feasibility of phone interviews among general practitioners, as no significant differences were found in response rates or for any single variable collected on the telephone versus "face-to-face". Treatment patterns were described and results indicated that 77% of general practitioners agreed to participate in a subsequent study and, of these 93% agreed to the participation of their noninsulin-dependent patients.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1987

A psychosocial comparison of computer-mediated and face-to-face language use among severely disturbed adolescents.

This study analyzes the content of communications among 18 severely disturbed adolescents. Interactions were recorded from two sources: computer-based "conferences" for the group, and small group face-to-face sessions which addressed similar topics. The purpose was to determine whether there are important differences in indications of psychological state, interpersonal interest, and expressive style. The research was significant, given the strong attraction of computers to many adolescents and the paucity of research on social-psychological effects of this technology. A content analysis based on a total sample of 10,224 words was performed using the Harvard IV Psychosociological Dictionary. Results indicated that computer-mediated communication was more expressive of feelings and made more frequent mention of interpersonal issues. Further, it displayed a more positive object-relations stance, was less negative in expressive style, and appeared to diminish certain traditional gender differences in group communication. These findings suggest that the computer may have an interesting adjunct role to play in reducing communication deficits commonly observed in severely disturbed adolescent clinical populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Early face-to-face interactions of British and American working- and middle-class mother-infant dyads.

Face-to-face interactions were compared for mother-infant dyads from working- and middle-class groups living in the United States and England. The dyads engaged in equivalent amounts of proximal interaction but varying amounts of distal interaction. Distal interaction behaviors occurred less frequently in working-class dyads. While there were no differences between the British and American dyads on total time spent in distal interaction, the British dyads engaged in more toy-related games and American dyads exhibited more socially oriented interactions and games. The findings highlight the importance of cultural context in investigating early interactions.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗

PubMed1993

When you're only a phone call away: a comparison of the information in telephone and face-to-face interviews.

Telephone interviews offer an economical method of obtaining information, but little published experience addresses the use of telephone interviews for the sometimes lengthy questionnaires composed of scales with multiple-category items often required in developmental and behavioral research. In a study of the outcomes of very low birth weight infants, circumstances required that we administer a questionnaire, including seven scales composed of several Likert-type items each, to a substantial portion of the study population. Those contacted by telephone (n = 1067) differed from those responding face-to-face (n = 822) in being less likely to have a very low birth weight child and more likely to be white and of higher maternal education. The length of the interview was only slightly shorter by telephone (60.7 +/- 27.9 vs 66.4 +/- 21.0 minutes, p < .001), but respondent fatigue, as indicated by lower completion rates for scales at the end of the interview (92.5%) compared with those near the beginning (99.5%) did not differ by mode. Internal consistency of parental response (Cronbach's alpha) was high for most scales and did not differ by mode. Because assignment to mode was not random, other factors may influence our findings. However, high completion rates and comparable consistency of response supports the use of telephone interviews.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Health-related information postdischarge: telephone versus face-to-face interviewing.

This study had two primary aims: (1) to determine the usefulness of a telephone-administered health status questionnaire as an epidemiological survey instrument in groups at high risk for morbidity and disability; and (2) to evaluate the value of a telephone interview for making judgments about individual patient management. A structured telephone interview was compared with a face-to-face interview in 366 individuals with a stroke or an orthopedic condition up to 5 years after discharge from a rehabilitation hospital. Standardized assessments including the Barthel Index, the Zung Scale, the Reintegration to Normal Living (RNL) Index, and the Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), along with questions on health, medication use, and health events were administered using both modes. Comparability between the modes was also assessed according to the type of respondent, self, or proxy. On the Barthel Index, the Zung Scale, the RNL Index, and the SPMSQ the percentage of patients indicated as having no disability was similar between the modes. Proxies' responses were, in general, as consistent between the modes as patients' responses. The reliability coefficients indicated moderate to substantial agreement between the modes on the majority of indices and health-related questions. Discord between modes, when present, was greatest for individuals with moderate and severe disability, with less frequent reporting of disability on the telephone. This study supports the use of telephone interviews in determining the prevalence of disability in the community and supports the use of the telephone interview in the case finding process.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The cost of conducting face-to-face household interviews in a rural, Native American population. The North Carolina Native American Cervical Cancer Prevention Project.

BACKGROUND: This article focuses on planning, developing, implementing, and evaluating the data collection method used for evaluating a community health education program in a rural setting, the North Carolina Native American Cervical Cancer Prevention Program. METHODS: Evaluation of program effectiveness used face-to-face interviews with a randomly selected sample of women from the target population. Selection of a data collection method was based on thorough community and program analysis. Each element of the community's analysis revealed key cultural, environmental, and procedural factors that affected the selection of an appropriate data collection method. RESULTS: Costs per completed interview varied over time, ranging from a low of $48 during the height of survey activity to $243. The average cost per completed interview overall was $113. CONCLUSIONS: Several factors contributed to the overall costs of interviews, including the economy of the community, the number of call-backs made to contact women, and local environmental conditions.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗