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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Effects of a stimulus associated with a victim's pain on later aggression.

Male college students participated in an experiment designed to associate a neutral stimulus with a victim's pain and then to assess the impact of the paired stimulus on their aggression. The subjects were either provoked or not provoked by a confederate's shock evaluation. They then observed a flashing white light that was associated with either their former evaluator's pain or an irrelevant, affectively neutral event. The subjects then administered electric shocks to a different confederate, with whom they had not interacted previously, at the flash of both the familiar white light (the conditioned stimulus) and a novel blue light. Results supported the prediction that provoked subjects would give more intense shocks to the conditioned stimulus when it had been associated with their evaluator's pain. Unprovoked subjects were found to give less intense shocks to the light that had been associated with their evaluator's pain.

Aggression↗
PubMed1976

Long-term retention of early Pavlovian fear conditioning in infant rats.

That organisms cannot remember events occurring during infancy may be the result of common forgetting processes exacerbated by the organism's increase in size during development or a unique process such as insufficient neurological development at the time of the early experience. To establish the uniqueness of infantile forgetting, size change was made irrelevant by exposing infant rats to "off-baseline" Pavlovian fear conditioning and assessing the effect of an apparatus-free conditioned stimulus upon independently established bar pressing. In Experiment 1, bar pressing by rats exposed to Pavlovian contingencies when 20-22 days old was substantially suppressed by the conditioned stimulus both 1 and 42 days after conditioning. In Experiment 2, pups conditioned when 17-19 and 20-22 days old again showed excellent retention, whereas pups conditioned when 11-13 and 14-16 days old showed total forgetting 42 days later. In Experiment 3, pups conditioned when 14-16 days old remembered well after 5 days, less well 10 days later, and not at all after 20 days. These findings suggest that size change may contribute to the forgetting of events occurring late in development, but that neurological immaturity may underly the forgetting of earlier events.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Unconditioned stimulus devaluation effects in nutrient-conditioned flavor preferences.

Experiments with different temporal relations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) in conditioning assessed whether US devaluation effects can be obtained after nutrient-conditioned flavor preference learning. One flavor (CScarb) was paired with a carbohydrate, Polycose; a 2nd flavor (CSprot) was paired with a protein, casein; and a 3rd flavor (CS-) was presented by itself. Following conditioning, one of the nutrients was devalued through pairings with lithium chloride in the absence of the CS flavors. In a subsequent 2-bottle test, rats preferred CScarb over CSprot; however, this preference was smaller when the carbohydrate was devalued than when the protein was devalued. Results suggest that CS flavors are able to form associations with the sensory features of nutrient USs under a wide variety of circumstances.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Effects of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis lesions on conditioned anxiety: aversive conditioning with long-duration conditional stimuli and reinstatement of extinguished fear.

Four experiments investigated the effects of lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) on conditioned fear and anxiety. Though BNST lesions did not disrupt fear conditioning with a short-duration conditional stimulus (CS; Experiments 1 and 3), the lesion attenuated conditioning with a longer duration CS (Experiments 1 and 2). Experiment 3 found that lesions attenuated reinstatement of extinguished fear, which relies on contextual conditioning. Experiment 4 confirmed that the lesion reduced unconditioned anxiety in an elevated zero maze. The authors suggest that long-duration CSs, whether explicit cues or contexts, evoke anxiety conditioned responses, which are dissociable from fear responses to shorter CSs. Results are consistent with behavioral and anatomical distinctions between fear and anxiety and with a behavior-systems view of defensive conditioning.

Analysis of Variance↗