Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Escape Reaction”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Recognition of visual pattern components in squirrel monkeys.

In 4 mixed-age captive groups of squirrel monkeys the predator alarm behavior control by means of visual stimuli was studied, and the extent to which socially inexperienced infant squirrel monkeys are capable of species-specific alarm behavior. By means of color film projection it was shown that both the socially experienced and inexperienced subjects recognized two-dimensional representations of real objects or situations. Behavioral reactions to visual stimulus patterns of terrestrial predators and graded controls revealed that recognition involves complex perceptional processes and is dependent on social experience. Using a series of systematically varied spot patterns, it was found that the monkeys generalize within a wide but well-defined range of stimuli. There was a clear-cut gender difference in alarm responses, with the males exerting a leading role both in onset and ceasing of terrestrial predator alarm. Both the socially experienced and inexperienced subjects responded with the species-specific avian alarm and flight reaction to fast moving patterns. Only the speed, not the shape, was relevant.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

X-ray induced behavioral reactions and detection mechanisms in the shrimp.

Red Ghost Shrimp, Callianassa californiensis, were shown from behavioral and electrophysiological studies to respond to ionizing radiation. When exposed to X-rays at 52 R/sec, the majority of intact animals could detect and avoid further irradiation by escaping into a shielded section of the test chamber. Animals continued to display escape responses after removal of eyestalks and antennae. Significant avoidance activity also occurred with partial-body exposure and indicated the existence of a radiation-sensitive receptor on the abdomen. Electroretinograms elecited by beta- and X-radiation sources corresponded closely with the waveforms produced by visible light stimulation. Electroantennograms were recorded from isolated antennules following stimulation with glutamic acid, beta-, and X-radiation. Biphasic on-off phases were recorded with an intermediate phase present during the longer duration exposures. Similarly, bioelectrical potentials were recorded from swimmeret preparations with exposure to beta- and X-radiation. The electrophysiological evidence indicates that the eye, antennules, and possibly chemoreceptors on the abdominal segments serve as routes for detection of ionizing radiations.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1975

[Effect of psychotropic substances on conditioned reflexes in cats after emotional excitation].

Emotional rage and fear were found to destroy the differential inhibition and the short-term memory in cats. Stelazine, haloperidol, amitriptyline, imizine, chlordiazepoxide, diazepan and benactyzine prevented these disturbances. Chlorpromazine, as well as stelazine and haloperidol in high doses, enhanced these disturbances. The tranquillizers and the antidepressants normalized the higher nervous activity at a greater dose range than neuroleptics and were more preferable for the elimination of the negative consequences of the strong emotional reactions.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed2026

Genetic basis of escape-related locomotor performance in a wild-introgressed sheep population.

Rapid running and jumping are core components of escape responses in prey animals and provide measurable traits for studying locomotor performance in large mammals. The genetic basis of these escape-related locomotor traits remains poorly understood in large mammals, partly because repeated, standardized phenotyping under field conditions is challenging. Here, we leveraged a sheep population carrying argali-introgressed genetic components to map genetic variations associated with running speed and jumping height. Through controlled field experiments, automated high-resolution phenotyping, whole-genome analysis, and gene-edited mouse models, we identified two loci associated with escape-related locomotor traits: one in ABCC4 (Chr10:71,849,347; p = 5.03 × 10-7) linked to maximum running speed and another in GRID2 (Chr6:32,120,477; p = 1.30 × 10-9) associated with jumping height. Functional assays in knockout mice reveal that disruption of Grid2 reduces jumping ability, whereas Abcc4 knockout and knockdown increase running speed through enhanced heart contractility under stress. These results elucidated the genetic bases of wild-derived variations in affecting locomotor performance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Individual features of emotional reactivity of animals as a prerequisite for the development of attraction to alcohol].

The experiments showed that alcoholic attraction in some rats and its absence in others are due to different reactions of their central nervous system to alcohol. A clear interconnection is found between the absence of alcoholic attraction, the appearance of aggressiveness during the administration of alcohol in situations of common escape and its inefficiency as to the activation of the structures of the positive reinforcement. It is also shown that in rats with alcoholic attaction this drug causes a tranquilizing effect and activates the structures of the positive reinforcement. The methods are described which help to reveal the attraction to alcohol in rats in one-time administration of its small doses.

Aggression↗
PubMed1975

Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse and rat.

The behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice and rats have been studied by an ethological analysis of encounters between animals injected with the drug and partners injected with the solvent (Tween-saline). In both species, Immobility was increased and Non-Social Activity reduced after injections of 5 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Flight was increased in treated mice but not in treated rats. Aggression was not significantly altered in either species. Thus, in the mouse, the qualitative behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were similar to those previously reported for crude cannabis resin. Comparison of the dose-response data indicated that some other constituents of cannabis may reduce the Flight reaction from delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol although not interfering with Immobility.

Aggression↗
PubMed2003

Role of nucleus tractus solitarius 5-HT3 receptors in the defense reaction-induced inhibition of the aortic baroreflex in rats.

Different stressful conditions elicit a typical behavior called the defense reaction. Our aim was to determine whether 5-HT3 receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are involved in 1) the inhibition of the baroreflex bradycardia and 2) the rise in blood pressure, which are known to occur during the defense reaction. In urethane-anesthetized rats, the defense reaction was elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) or the dorsal part of the periaqueductal gray (dPAG). Direct electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve was used to trigger the typical baroreflex responses. Aortic stimulation at high (100-150 microA) and low (50-90 microA) intensity produced a decrease in heart rate of -39 to -44% (relative to baseline, Group 1 responses, n = 113) and -19 to -24% (Group 2 responses, n = 43), respectively. In spontaneously breathing rats, Group 1 and Group 2 bradycardiac responses were inhibited during DMH (-75 +/- 4% and -96 +/- 4%, n = 38 and n = 11, respectively), as well as dPAG (-81 +/- 3% and -95 +/- 4%, n = 36 and n = 10, respectively) stimulation. The aortic baroreflex bradycardia was hardly affected by DMH or dPAG stimulation when bicuculline (5 pmol), a specific GABAA receptor antagonist, had previously been microinjected into the NTS. Likewise, NTS microinjections of granisetron, a specific 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, prevented, in a dose-dependent manner, the baroreflex bradycardia inhibition. In addition, intra-NTS granisetron did not affect the rise in blood pressure induced by either site stimulation. These data show that 5-HT3 receptors in the NTS are involved in the GABAergic inhibition of the aortic baroreflex bradycardia, but not in the rise in blood pressure, occurring during the defense reaction elicited by DMH or dPAG stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Estimation by toads of the distance to the moving objects and their true size: neuroethological and comparative aspects].

In two sets of experiments, studies have been made on the parameters by which the toad Bufo bufo estimates the neighbour and remote moving objects. In absence of the structural surrounding, a dark target with a diameter 17.2 degrees (3 cm at a distance of 10 cm) and with the rate of movement 36, 72 and 145 degrees/sec evoked in toads only feeding turns; at the rates 72 and 145 degrees/sec, together with these turns, animals usually fired with their tongues to the direction of the target, revealing evident underestimation of the distance and real size of the object. Under the same experimental conditions, a target with a diameter 1.2 degrees (0.25 cm at a distance of 12 cm) and the rate of movement 0.6 and 3 degrees/sec produced mainly frightful reaction, which indicates overestimation of the distance to the object and its size. The same object moving at a structural background evoked only feeding reactions, i.e. the animals correctly estimated the distance to the target and its size.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dynamics of cardiovascular functions in rats in the presence of the emotional reactions of self stimulation and avoidance].

Dynamics of arterial pressure and heart-rate was compared during positive and negative emotional reactions caused by stimulation of emotiogenic areas of hypothalamus in unrestrained rats. It was shown that negative emotional reactions as a rule are accompanied by development of hypertensive dynamics in arterial pressure leading to arterial hypertension. During positive emotional reactions pressor-depressory effects are more common which decreases the probability of summation of single hypertensive reactions and the development of arterial hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The relationship of the larval behavioral traits of the malarial mosquito Anopheles messeae (Diptera: Culicidae) to its sensitivity to the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis].

Behavioural actions of the malarial mosquito Anopheles messeae larvae and their correlations with the susceptibility to the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) were studied. The larvae were differentiated according to their feeding mode ("filter-feeders" and "scraper-feeders") and to their avoidance reaction on a concussion of water surface by water drops ("divers" and "undivers"). The "scraper-feeders" and "divers" showed a tendency of decreased susceptibility to Bti, while the "filter-feeders" and "undivers" did not. The presence of the white pigment (striped genotypes) on a dorsum of the larvae correlated with the reaction of avoidance and phyllotaxis but not with the susceptibility to Bti.

Animals↗