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PubMed2006

Characterization of bacterial susceptibility isolates in sixteen dairy farms in Taiwan.

Bacteria were isolated from dairy cows, dairy farm environments, and dairy workers in 2 geographically different areas of eastern and northern Taiwan. Isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility and the phylogenetics of isolated Escherichia coli O157:H7 were characterized. A total of 1,346 bacteria were identified, including 226 E. coli, 30 Pseudomonas spp. (7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa), 259 other gram-negative bacteria, 271 Enterococcus spp., 314 Staphylococcus spp., 195 Streptococcus spp., and 51 other gram-positive bacteria. Among them, 88% (1,184/1,346) of the isolates were resistant to sulfadimethoxine. The percentages of gram-negative bacteria resistant to oxy-tetracycline and streptomycin were 48% (249/515) and 78% (404/515), respectively. Gram-positive bacteria isolated from eastern Taiwan, the least polluted region of Taiwan, were found to have greater antimicrobial resistance than those isolated from northern Taiwan. Two E. coli O157:H7 from 2 different geographical areas were isolated. Both were vt2-positive but vt1-negative and had phylogenetic similarities of 82 and 67%, respectively, compared with previous isolates. Information on antimicrobial susceptibility revealed from this dairy farm survey may serve as a baseline for future studies and may also highlight the need to formulate better regulation strategies for the safe use of antimicrobials on food-producing farms.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Multicenter study of isolated micro-organisms resistant to antimicrobials in 10 Portuguese hospitals in 1994].

In 1994, Microbiology Laboratories of ten Portuguese hospitals analysed isolated microorganisms found in blood and urine samples and studied antimicrobial susceptibilities of the most frequent bacterial pathogens. From 63780 blood samples, the most frequent were Staphylococcus spp. and from 69189 urine samples significant numbers of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida spp. were isolated. Escherichia coli strains (c.7000) revealed a low percentage of resistance to antibiotics with the exceptions of ampicillin (48%) and co-trimoxazol (25%). Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (c.2000) revealed important resistance to ampicillin (98%), cephalotin (31%), co-trimoxazol (38%) and gentamicin (28%), while values for 3rd generation cephalosporins varied among hospitals, with several strains showing phenotype of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. A great variation in resistance values of P. aeruginosa (c.4000) was found in relation to the antibiotics as well as to the hospitals. Resistance to methicillin in S. aureus (c.6000) was high, reaching an average of 47%, and it was even higher with S. epidermidis (c.3000) and S. haemolyticus (c.650). Only vancomycin was always active against these strains. In E. faecalis (c.2500) resistance was of 2% to ampicillin, 35% to gentamicin, 45% to streptomycin and 1% to vancomycin. E. faecium isolates (c.300) showed the most worrying results with 70% resistance to ampicillin, 42% to gentamicin, 59% to streptomycin and 9% (30 strains isolated in 5 hospitals) to vancomycin. Vancomycin resistant strains were also resistant to all other antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Development of bacterial and bifidobacterial communities in feces of newborn babies.

Microbial 16S rDNA from babies' fecal samples were amplified by PCR, and analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning and sequencing. PCR-DGGE profiles were used to follow in time the colonization of the intestine by bacteria. Four healthy babies, one baby who received antibiotics and their parents participated to the present study to determine the extent to which administration of antibiotics can modify the bacterial colonization of neonatal human gut and verify the influence of parental factors on the formation of the fecal bacterial community. In the healthy babies, Escherichia coli or bacteria belonging to Clostridium spp. were the initial colonizers rapidly followed by Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Actinomyces. Bifidobacterium species appeared already after five days in the breast-fed babies while there was a delay in the baby who received a formula based diet during only one day after birth. In each baby two or three bifidobacterial species including B. infantis were found. The observed variations in species were not associated with the feeding changes. The comparison of DGGE profiles of the babies and their parents patterns showed bands with equal migration suggesting a vertical transmission determined by genetic and environmental factors. The brief appearance of pioneer bacteria determined as being E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in the profile from the baby under antibiotic therapy, was succeeded by a small stable community consisting of Ruminococcus species. No Bifidobacterium sequences were detectable in this antibiotic-treated baby in spite of a partly breast-milk diet.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

The survival of bacteria exposed to desiccation on surfaces associated with farm buildings.

The survival of 11 species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was examined on different surfaces exposed to desiccation. There were large variations between species; Pseudomonas spp. and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars survived for less than 2 d, whilst Enterococcus spp. survived for more than 11 weeks. The type of surface on to which the bacteria were deposited affected survival, but with different effects between species. In addition the survival of spontaneous nalidixic acid-resistant (Nal-r) mutants of a natural Escherichia coli isolate were compared. Overall the differences were slight, but of seven resistant mutants, five survived better than the parent whilst one survived less well. Nine transposon insertion derivatives of one of the Nal-r mutants (ECO80) which survived better than the parent were compared; all survived similarly to the parent except ECO883 which survived less well. The growth characteristics of ECO883 and ECO80 were compared; at high osmotic pressures (> 0.4 mol 1-1 NaCl) ECO883 grew more slowly and showed a longer lag time than the parent. Of the osmoregulatory functions studied, ECO883 appeared to be altered with respect to K+ transport or accumulation, although the transposon insertion had occurred in a gene distant from known K+ transport genes.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

[A clinical study of bacteremia in urology].

We investigated 32 patients with bacteremia that occurred in the Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University between April, 1983 and March, 1989. This incidence represented 1.9% of the total number of inpatients. The study group comprised 29 males and 3 females, and their age varied from 25 to 82 years with a mean age of 61.7 years. Twenty-two (75%) of the 32 patients had urologic malignancies. The majority of patients were compromised hosts who had one or more (average, 3.8) factors that promoted bacteremia. Urinary tract infections existed in 26 (86.0%) patients before the bacteremic episode and urine cultures revealed a species identical to that simultaneously isolated from the blood in 19 (73.1%) of the 26 patients. Out of the 26 patients, there were 22 (84.6%) with complicated pyelonephritis and 22 (84.6%) with an indwelling urinary tract catheter. In blood cultures, the most common isolate was Staphylococcus epidermidis and gram-positive cocci were cultured at a rate of 43.9% which was higher than that (39.0%) of gram-negative rods. In contrast, in urine cultures, gram-negative rods were isolated predominantly. S. epidermidis and Corynebacterium spp. isolated less frequently in blood than in urine, indicated contaminants. However, Enterococcus spp. and Candida albicans were recognized as causative organisms of bacteremia via the urinary tract, because the urine culture demonstrated a species identical to that obtained from blood in these bacteremic patients. Antibiotic sensitivity tests demonstrated that isolates from blood tended to show tolerance to beta-lactam antibiotics, but had good sensitivity to aminoglycosides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Antibiotic resistance of uropathogens isolated from Al-Shifa hospital in Gaza Strip in 2002.

A survey on clinical isolates from urine samples was conducted and the data obtained were analyzed to determine the most common bacterial causes of urinary tract infection in the Gaza Strip and to evaluate the sensitivity patterns to selected antimicrobials that are commonly used to treat such pathogens. Urine samples were taken for culture from inpatients and outpatients at Al-shifa hospital in Gaza. Urinary tract pathogens were identified and their susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined. Of the 4778 processed urine samples, only 1637 were recorded as positive (34%) and only 1283 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Escherichia coli was the most frequent uropathogen (42%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (12.2%), Pseudomonas spp. < (10.2%), other Gram-negative bacilli (8%), b hemolytic streptococci (7.6%), Enterococcus spp. (6.9%), other Staphylococcus spp. (including S . saprophyticus) (6.5%), Proteus (4.5%), S. aureus (2.1%). Resistance to antimicrobials was extremely alarming. E. coli resistance to amoxicillin reached 97.9%, to piperacillin 78.3%, to doxycycline 90%, to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim 63.9% and to cefaclor 42.2%.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam dilution tests with mixed cultures of Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus.

Bacterial interactions in mixed infections may compromise antimicrobial therapy. The in vitro bactericidal activity of ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam against aerobic/anaerobic mixed cultures of Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. was studied by means of broth dilution tests. The MBC of ampicillin for Enterococcus faecalis 6 was 0.25 mg/l when tested singly; in association with B. fragilis 1, however, the MBC for E. faecalis 6 was 16 mg/l. When tested singly E. coli 9 and B. fragilis 1 were both killed by ampicillin at a concentration of 4 mg/l in combination with 1 mg/l sulbactam. When both strains were associated, the MBC for B. fragilis 1 rose to > 256 mg/l. Results obtained indicate that the behaviour of bacteria as determined in pure cultures is not necessarily identical with the antibiotic susceptibility present in mixed cultures. It was shown that, besides beta-lactamase production by involved bacteria, other factors contribute to the alteration of bacterial susceptibility in mixed cultures. Synergistic and antagonistic effects between associated organisms were observed. For example, it was found that two moderately sensitive bacterial strains were resistant in mixed culture.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1994

A multicentre study of the in-vitro activity of cefotaxime, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against blood and urinary pathogens.

The in-vitro susceptibilities of aerobic bacteria isolated from 1804 blood and 4529 urine specimens collected at nine hospitals in the UK were examined. An agar dilution method was used to determine the MICs of each isolate to three cephalosporins, cefotaxime, cefuroxime and ceftazidime, and to two fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Sensitivities were then calculated using British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy recommended breakpoints. Of the cephalosporins tested cefotaxime was the most active against the Enterobacteriaceae. All the systemic staphylococcus isolates collected were sensitive to both cefotaxime and cefuroxime. As expected, ceftazidime was the only cephalosporin active against the Pseudomonas isolates. Both quinolones were highly active against the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. They also demonstrated good Gram-positive activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2003

Mechanism of metronidazole-resistance by isolates of nitroreductase-producing Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus from the human intestinal tract.

Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum strains resistant to metronidazole, nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone were isolated from fecal samples of a patient with recurrent ulcerative colitis treated with metronidazole. Unlike other metronidazole-resistant bacteria, these strains produced nitroreductase but metabolized metronidazole to compounds that could not be detected by liquid chromatography with UV or mass spectral analysis. Metronidazole-susceptible Clostridium perfringens grew equally well in spent cultures of Enterococcus spp. incubated with or without metronidazole. These data indicate that the nitroreductases produced by these Enterococcus strains did not activate metronidazole to bactericidal metabolites and these bacteria may reduce the effectiveness of metronidazole. We have indirect evidence for an alternative pathway that results in metronidazole resistance. These strains of enterococcus had nitroreductase so resistance should not have occurred.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1999

Rapid detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates by the MRSA-screen latex agglutination test.

The slide agglutination test MRSA-Screen (Denka Seiken Co., Niigata, Japan) was compared with the mecA PCR ("gold standard") for the detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. The MRSA-Screen test detected the penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) antigen in 87 of 90 genetically diverse methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) stock culture strains, leading to a sensitivity of 97%. The three discrepant MRSA strains displayed positive results only after induction of the mecA gene by exposure to methicillin. Both mecA PCR and MRSA-Screen displayed negative results among the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains (n = 106), as well as for Micrococcus spp. (n = 10), members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (n = 10), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 10), and Enterococcus spp. (n = 10) (specificity = 100%). Producing the same PBP2a antigen, all 10 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strains score positived in both the latex test and the mecA PCR. Consequently, the MRSA-Screen test should be applied only after identification of the MRSA strain to the species level to rule out coagulase-negative staphylococci. In conclusion, due to excellent specificity and sensitivity the MRSA-Screen latex test has the potential to be successfully used for routine applications in the microbiology laboratory.

Latex Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1994

Antibacterial activity of cefepime in vitro.

Cefepime is a new parenterally active fourth-generation cephalosporin which is undergoing in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Using the standard agar dilution method we compared the in vitro activity of this drug with other cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (98 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (99 strains), Acinetobacter spp. (24 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (98 strains), Haemophilus influenzae (108 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (100 strains), Enterococcus spp. (45 strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (group A; 19 strains) and Streptococcus agalactiae (group B; 36 strains). Cefepime showed excellent activity against E. coli and K. pneumoniae, inhibiting 90% of these isolates at 0.12 mg/l. The in vitro activity of cefepime was superior to or comparable to the third-generation cephalosporins tested but was inferior to ciprofloxacin against Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa. Against H. influenzae, whether or not the strains produced beta-lactamase, its activity was similar to comparable drugs. All 84 isolates of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus were inhibited by 8 mg/l of cefepime whereas, like other cephalosporins, it had little activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Of the 45 enterococci isolates tested, 44.4% were inhibited by 8 mg/l of cefepime. Against streptococci, its activity was superior to any drug tested. This in vitro study indicates that cefepime has the potential to be a valuable agent for the treatment of community- and hospital-acquired cutaneous, respiratory and urinary tract infections.

Cefepime↗
PubMed2002

[Second multicenter study of the in vitro susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam].

A study was conducted in 1999 on the activity of piperacillin-tazobactam on 1349 strains collected in a Spanish multicenter study involving 10 hospitals. A total of 897 Gram-negative bacteria of the following genuses were collected: Escherichia coli (169), Klebsiella spp. (112), Pseudomonas spp. (122), Enterobacter spp. (92), Serratia spp. (44), Citrobacter spp. (37), Proteus spp. (114), Morganella spp. (49), Acinetobacter spp. (47), Stenotrophomonas spp. (47), Haemophilus spp. (45), Moraxella spp. (19). The Gram-positive bacteria included Staphylococcus aureus (116), Streptococcus pneumoniae (92), and Enterococcus spp. (114). Piperacillin-tazobactam activity against different anaerobic bacteria was also determined: Bacteroides spp. (88), Clostridium spp. (25), Prevotella spp. (5), Fusobacterium spp. (3) and Peptosteptococcus spp. (9). The piperacillin-tazobactam combination was found to maintain its activity against the isolated microorganisms with regard to the previous study.

Drug Therapy, Combination↗
PubMed2002

Changes in the intestinal flora after the administration of prophylactic antibiotics to patients undergoing a gastrectomy.

PURPOSE: Changes in the intestinal flora were investigated in patients administered antibiotics for 4 days after a gastrectomy. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were divided into each of the following groups: cefazolin, 1 g every 8 h; cefozopran, 0.5 g every 8 h; flomoxef, 1 g every 8 h. All drugs were administered intravenously for a 4-day period. RESULTS: Antibiotic prophylaxis caused no major change in the total number of anaerobes because of the preservation of the Bacteroides fragilis group. However, the number of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, and Veillonella spp. decreased by an average of 100-fold. These changes were accompanied by an overgrowth of Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS: Four days of antibiotic prophylaxis after surgery caused a suppression of colonization resistance in the intestinal flora. Certain genera of anaerobes may thus play an important role in preventing overgrowth of antibiotic-resistant organisms after surgery. Surgeons should decide the duration of antibiotic use after carefully considering its influence on the intestinal flora.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Antimicrobial resistance of enterococci in Turkey.

Susceptibility to ampicillin, penicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin, high-level resistance to aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin) and beta-lactamase production were investigated among 264 consecutive clinical enterococcal isolates in Turkey. Disc diffusion test was used to detect resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. High-level resistance to aminoglycosides was determined both by standard agar screening and by disc diffusion methods. The values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each isolate for ampicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin were determined by the microbroth dilution technique. The isolates were found to consist of Enterococcus faecalis (78%), Enterococcus faecium (9%) and Enterococcus spp. (12%). In all strains, the penicillin and ampicillin resistance ratios were 27% and 26%, respectively. Enterococcus faecalis was more susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin than the other strains. None of the strains were resistant to glycopeptides. High-level aminoglycoside resistance was found in 16% E. faecalis and 88% E. faecium for gentamicin, and 35% and 44%, respectively, for streptomycin. There were no differences between the two methods used to determine the aminoglycoside resistance rates in the enterococcal isolates. No beta-lactamase-producing isolates were detected in either species. In conclusion, to determine the resistance of enterococci to the penicillin group of drugs by the disc diffusion method, both penicillin and ampicillin discs should be evaluated. In serious enterococcal infections, before starting combined therapy, high-level aminoglycoside resistance should be investigated.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2005

Pharmacologic characteristics of prulifloxacin.

Prulifloxacin, the prodrug of ulifloxacin, is a broad-spectrum oral fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. After absorption, prulifloxacin is metabolized by esterases to ulifloxacin. The drug has a long elimination half-life, allowing once-daily administration. In vitro, ulifloxacin is generally more active than other fluoroquinolones against a variety of clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, including community and nosocomial isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus, Providencia and Morganella spp., Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gram-positive organisms, including methicillin- or oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae, are susceptible to ulifloxacin. In well-designed clinical trials, prulifloxacin showed good clinical and bacteriological efficacy (similar to that of ciprofloxacin) and was generally well tolerated, demonstrating a similar tolerability profile to that of ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, the in vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activities exhibited by ulifloxacin and the favorable characteristics shown by its prodrug (prulifloxacin) in clinical trials, particularly indicate this drug for the treatment of lung and urinary infections.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2006

Genotypic characterisation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from haemato-oncological patients at Olomouc University Hospital, Czech Republic.

This study describes the first molecular characterisation of clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the Czech Republic. Of 2647 patient isolates of Enterococcus spp. from 1997-2002, 121 (4.6%) were identified as VRE. The most common isolates were VanA+ Enterococcus faecium (78%) and VanB+ Enterococcus faecalis (10%). In addition, five VanA+ E. faecium isolates were obtained from environmental and staff sampling. Macrorestriction analysis of SmaI restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed for 54 VanA+ E. faecium clinical isolates and the five VanA+ E. faecium environmental isolates. Thirty-two unique restriction endonuclease patterns were identified, including two predominant clonal types represented by five or more isolates. Two environmental VanA+ E. faecium isolates were closely related to two patient isolates, which had an identical SmaI macrorestriction pattern. The results indicated potential survival of strains in the hospital environment and possible subsequent transmission to hospitalised patients.

Cancer Care Facilities↗
PubMed1992

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1988). I. Susceptibility distribution].

Isolation frequencies and sensitivities to antibacterial and antibiotic agents were investigated on 801 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 9 hospitals during the period of June to November 1988. Of the above total bacterial population, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 29.3% and a majority of them were Enterococcus spp. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 70.7% and most of them were Escherichia coli. 1. Enterococcus faecalis: Vancomycin was most active with its MIC90 < or = 0.78 microgram/ml. Ampicillin, piperacillin, ofloxacin (OFLX), ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and imipenem (IPM) were also active. 2. Staphylococcus aureus: Arbekacin and minocycline were most active with their MIC90s 0.39 microgram/ml and 1.56 micrograms/ml, respectively. Among penicillins, dicloxacillin was the most active. Activities of cephems were considerably lower. 3. E. coli: Most of the agents were tested active. Particularly the second and third generation cephems were active in a range of < or = 0.10-0.20 microgram/ml. Carumonam (CRMN), IPM, OFLX and CPFX were also active with MIC90s < or = 0.10 microgram/ml. 4. Klebsiella pneumoniae CRMN and IPM were highly active. Penicillins generally showed lower activities. Cephems and new quinolones had high activities with their MIC90s in a range of 0.39-0.78 microgram/ml. 5. Proteus mirabilis: The third generation cephems were active with their MIC90s in a range of < or = 0.10-0.20 microgram/ml. CRMN, OFLX and CPFX were also active with their MIC90s < or = 0.10 microgram/ml, 0.39 microgram/ml and 0.20 microgram/ml, respectively. 6. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: IPM and tobramycin were active with their MIC90s 1.56 micrograms/ml and 3.13 micrograms/ml, respectively. CRMN and new quinolones showed MIC80s of 25-100 micrograms/ml. Most of penicillins and cephems were not active. 7. Other Gram-negative rods: Against Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens, IPM, CPFX and OFLX were active. Penicillins and cephems were not so active. CRMN was active against S. marcescens with its MIC80 at 6.25 micrograms/ml.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

In vitro activity of sodium benzoate against clinically relevant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates.

The antimicrobial effects of sodium benzoate against Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were investigated. The MIC(90) of sodium benzoate were 64 mg/L for E. faecalis and 32 mg/L for E. faecium, while the MBC(90) were 128 mg/L and 64 mg/L, respectively. Although further studies are required for clinical evidence, sodium benzoate seems to be effective against Enterococcus spp.

Enterococcus faecalis↗