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PubMed1988

Protein dynamics and distance determination by NOE measurements.

Present analysis procedures for NMR structure determination of macromolecules presuppose fixed internuclear distances. Improvement of the precision of the requisite NOE information has stimulated the use of more quantitative distance constraints thus necessitating examination as to whether the assumption of a rigid model systematically biases the distance estimates. Analysis using the simple (r-6) dependence of NOE buildup rates seriously underestimates the correct distance for spatially proximal proton pairs having fluctuations comparable to those observed in X-ray temperature factor analysis. However, by calculating the proper generalized order parameter it is shown that for nuclei undergoing rapid isotropic uncorrelated fluctuations the effective distance is identical to the distance between the mean positions of the nuclei. Similar analysis of molecular dynamics simulation data from bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor indicates that the distance obtained from the generalized order parameter predicts the distance between the mean positions to within a few percent regardless of the degree of correlation of the pairwise motion for virtually all main chain and dynamically constrained side chain protons.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Three-dimensional structure of the wild-type lac Pribnow promoter DNA in solution. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance studies and distance geometry calculations.

The solution structure of a 12 base-pair DNA duplex containing the wt-lac promoter Pribnow sequence TATGTT has been studied by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proton assignments for the 24 sugar and base residues were obtained from two-dimensional correlated nuclear magnetic resonance and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectra in both 2H2O and H2O, and by two-dimensional relayed coherence transfer nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments. Time-dependent, two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectra were used to determine the initial cross-relaxation rates between 212 pairs of assigned protons, leading to 212 interproton distances in the double helix (8 to 9 per nucleotide). These distance constraints, and known bond lengths and angles, were entered into a distance matrix. After smoothing the bounds of the distance matrix, 12 trial matrices within the bounds constraints were independently generated and embedded in three-dimensional space using a distance geometry algorithm, to generate 12 trial structures. These trial structures were then refined until they no longer violated the distance matrix. The resulting structures are very similar at the local base-pair and nearest-neighbor base-pair level, but exhibit increasing variation at more distant and global levels. At the nearest-neighbor level, the A to T step and the G to T step within the Pribnow hexamer, as well as the G to T step preceding the hexamer, all exhibit very low screw pitch, i.e. 5(+/- 6) degrees. Conversely, the T to G step in the center of the promoter has a large screw pitch (47(+/- 2) degrees) and the T to G step at the 3' end of the promoter has a very large screw pitch (60(+/- 3) degrees). The limitations of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy distance determination of structure are discussed in terms of resolution and spectral overlap of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect crosspeaks. In the present duplex, the inability to measure several 1'-2' and 1'-2" distances resulted in underdetermination of the precise local sugar conformation for seven of the 24 residues, although the spatial position of all sugars was well defined.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Homeostatic competition in rats fed at varying distances from a thermoneutral refuge.

Rats were fed in an air temperature of -15 degrees C at distances of 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 m from a thermoneutral refuge. As the distance between the feeder and thermoneutrality increased, the number of excursions to feed decreased from 37 +/- 5 to 7 +/- 1 during the 2-hour feeding sessions; concomitantly, the meal duration increased from 1.2 to 5.2 min. The rate of eating and total feeding time were the same at all distances. The mass of food ingested was also constant except for a slight decline at 16 m. Meal duration was strongly correlated (r = 0.9) with the time taken to reach the feeder at each distance while the estimated cost/benefit of feeding episodes increased with distance. Estimates of body temperature indicated that significant falls in skin temperature occur over even short distances, while over greater distances core temperature probably also decreases. In the range of distances studied, rats accorded their hunger drive a higher priority than thermal preference, and chose to feed while tolerating greater thermal disturbance.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Distance and the utilization of health facilities in rural Nigeria.

The distance patients must travel in order to obtain treatment has long been recognized as a primary determinant of the utilization of health care facilities. The distance factor is especially significant in rural Third World settings where the density of Western-type health facilities is often low, where the majority of patients are likely to make the journey for treatment as pedestrians and where there are viable and usually more accessible alternate sources of medicine. This study examines the impact of distance on the utilization of health care facilities in the Hadejia area of Kano State, Nigeria. Per capita utilization was found to decline exponentially with distance. The rate of distance decay in utilization levels varies according to the type of facility, socio-demographic variables and illness. Hausa perceptions about sickness and about specific illnesses are reflected in the varying incidence of health facility utilization in the treatment of particular illnesses and distance decay gradients of varying steepness. Although the per capita consumption of health care decreases exponentially for concentric distance bands, individual villages show great disparities in utilization rates which are only partly attributable to distance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Distance between a native cofactor and a spin label in the reaction centre of Rhodobacter sphaeroides by a two-frequency pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance method and molecular dynamics simulations.

The distance between the paramagnetic state of a native cofactor and a spin label is measured in the photosynthetic reaction centre from the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides R26. A two-frequency pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance method [double-electron-electron spin resonance (DEER)] is used. A distance of 3.05 nm between the semiquinone anion state of the primary acceptor (Q(A)) and the spin label at the native cysteine at position 156 in the H-subunit is found. Molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to interpret the distance. A 6 ns run comprising the entire RC protein yields a distance distribution that is close to the experimental one. The average distance found by the MD simulation is smaller than the distance obtained by DEER by at least 0.2 nm. To better represent the experiments performed at low temperature (60K), a MD method to mimic the freezing-in of the room-temperature conformations is introduced. Both MD methods yield similar distances, but the second method has a trend towards a wider distance distribution.

Anions↗
PubMed2004

The use of the source-skin distance measuring bridge indeed reduces skin teleangiectasia after interstitial boost in breast conserving therapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In 1990 the skin source measuring bridge was proposed as a tool to measure (1) the distance between the interstitial implant and the overlying skin during brachytherapy boost treatment as well as (2) the distances between the lateral source end and the exit point of the guide needle. The present study reports on the clinical experience using the source skin measuring bridge with respect to incidence and grade of teleangiectasia, and their relation to source skin distances and doses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-two breast cancer patients (229 breasts) treated between 1983 and 1996 with breast conserving therapy including a brachytherapy boost were scored on the occurrence of teleangiectasia. The minimum distance between the sources (above implant and laterally) and the skin surface were measured. RESULTS: If no bridge was used the appearance of teleangiectasia in the epiderm above the implant is 77, 63 and 50% for boost doses of 25, 20 and 15 Gy, respectively. For brachytherapy boost doses of 25 and 20 Gy and distances smaller than 10mm between the implant and the overlying epiderm, as determined with the skin source measuring bridge, the appearance of teleangiectasia was 78 and 46%, respectively. When respecting provisional dosimetry to spare the skin for a boost dose of 15 Gy, resulting in distances between 10 and 15 mm for the implant overlying skin and distances between 5 and 10 mm for the lateral skin, teleangiectasia can be reduced to a minimum (6.3% above and 3.3% laterally). While in a univariate analysis several parameters (use of the bridge, boost dose, boost modality, external beam therapy modality) were predictive factors, the use of the bridge remained the only significant variable in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The skin source measuring bridge reduces teleangiectasia after interstitial brachytherapy boost treatment. A hypothesis made previously relating teleangiectasia and source skin distances was verified and extended. Even when 3D planning is used, the bridge allows for a provisional calculation of the security margins between source positions and the skin at the time of BT implantation to assure a correct needle positioning from the beginning, instead of correcting dwell times later on to avoid unnecessary high skin doses.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Influence of air humidity and the distance from the source on negative air ion concentration in indoor air.

Although negative air ionizer is commonly used for indoor air cleaning, few studies examine the concentration gradient of negative air ion (NAI) in indoor environments. This study investigated the concentration gradient of NAI at various relative humidities and distances form the source in indoor air. The NAI was generated by single-electrode negative electric discharge; the discharge was kept at dark discharge and 30.0 kV. The NAI concentrations were measured at various distances (10-900 cm) from the discharge electrode in order to identify the distribution of NAI in an indoor environment. The profile of NAI concentration was monitored at different relative humidities (38.1-73.6% RH) and room temperatures (25.2+/-1.4 degrees C). Experimental results indicate that the influence of relative humidity on the concentration gradient of NAI was complicated. There were four trends for the relationship between NAI concentration and relative humidity at different distances from the discharge electrode. The changes of NAI concentration with an increase in relative humidity at different distances were quite steady (10-30 cm), strongly declining (70-360 cm), approaching stability (420-450 cm) and moderately increasing (560-900 cm). Additionally, the regression analysis of NAI concentrations and distances from the discharge electrode indicated a logarithmic linear (log-linear) relationship; the distance of log-linear tendency (lambda) decreased with an increase in relative humidity such that the log-linear distance of 38.1% RH was 2.9 times that of 73.6% RH. Moreover, an empirical curve fit based on this study for the concentration gradient of NAI generated by negative electric discharge in indoor air was developed for estimating the NAI concentration at different relative humidities and distances from the source of electric discharge.

Air↗
PubMed1999

Distance estimates from paramagnetic enhancements of nuclear relaxation in linear and flexible model peptides.

The distance dependence of electron-nuclear dipole-dipole coupling was tested using a series of poly-L-proline based peptides of different length. The poly-proline based peptides were synthesized with a nitroxide spin label on the N-terminus and a tryptophan on the C-terminus, and paramagnetic enhancements of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates were measured for the aromatic protons on the tryptophan as a function of the number of proline spacers in the sequence. As expected, paramagnetic enhancements decrease with distance, but the distances deduced from the NMR relaxation rates were shorter than expected for every peptide studied compared to a rigid linear poly-L-proline type II helix structure. Calculations of cross-relaxation rates indicate that this difference is not the result of spin-diffusion or the creation of a spin-temperature gradient in the proton spins caused by the nitroxide. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to estimate dynamically averaged value of (2). These weighted average distances were close to the experimentally determined distances, and suggest that molecular motion may account for differences between the rigid linear models and the distances implied by the NMR relaxation data. A poly-L-prolone peptide synthesized with a central glycine hinge showed dramatic relaxation rate enhancements compared to the peptide of the same length lacking the hinge. Molecular dynamics simulations for the hinged peptide support the notion that the NMR data is a representation of the weighted average distance, which in this case is much shorter than that expected for an extended conformation. These results demonstrate that intermoment distances based on NMR relaxation rates provide a sensitive indicator of intramolecular motions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of uncorrected binocular distance visual acuity in Hispanic and non-Hispanic adults. Results from the HHANES and the NHANES I.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide a comparative analysis of American population-based prevalence of uncorrected binocular distance visual acuity in Hispanics and non-Hispanics. DESIGN: The study design was a population-based survey. PARTICIPANTS: Data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1982 and 1984 and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I from 1974 through 1975 were analyzed to investigate the epidemiology of uncorrected binocular distance visual acuity in adults 25 to 74 years of age in Cuban Americans (N = 391), Mexican Americans (N = 1350), Puerto Ricans (N = 504), African Americans (N = 245), and non-Hispanic white Americans (N = 2571). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Uncorrected binocular distance visual acuity in both eyes was assessed using Sloan letters or Landolt rings. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of 20/50 or worse uncorrected binocular distance visual acuity were 22%, 24%, 19%, 18%, and 32% for African Americans, Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and non-Hispanic whites, respectively. After adjustment for gender and age, the rates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for non-Hispanic whites compared to each of the other ethnic groups. Significant increases in the prevalence of 20/50 or worse distance visual acuity were observed for increasing age groups (25-39, 40-59, and 60-74 years) within each gender-ethnic subgroup. Analysis of differences in prevalence by gender (controlling for age) indicated a slightly higher prevalence of 20/50 or worse distance visual acuity in women than in men (range of odds ratios, 1.1-2.1). Based on 1993 census population estimates in the United States, more than 42 million adults 25 to 74 years of age have an uncorrected binocular distance visual acuity of 20/50 or worse. Approximately 1.7 million of these adults are of Hispanic origin. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of impaired uncorrected binocular distance visual acuity generally is lower in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic whites.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

An experimental investigation of the safe distance for internal orbital dissection.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the distance from the orbital rim to the important soft tissues of the orbital apex using eight reference points to provide clinically useful information for surgical decision making. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight human cadavers were used in this investigation. After circumorbital incisions were made and the canthal ligaments were detached, a careful subperiosteal dissection was performed to the soft tissues of the orbital apex. Four reference lines were established. The first two were based on a horizontal line drawn through the medial and lateral canthal ligaments and a perpendicular to this through the infraorbital foramen. The other two were created at points 45 degrees from the first two. Depth measurements were made with a straight probe at the eight points where the lines crossed the orbital rim. Means, standard deviations, and ranges were derived, and statistical differences were calculated between right and left orbits using a paired-samples t-test. Because no right and left differences were noted (P < .05), the data were pooled. RESULTS: The mean distance from the orbital rim to the soft tissues of the orbital apex was 44.1 +/- 1.4 mm medially, 38.3 +/- 3.0 mm laterally, 44.5 +/- 1.72 superiorly, and 39.4 +/- 2.9 mm inferiorly. The superomedial distance was 46.3 +/- 2.7 mm, the inferomedial distance was 44.1 +/- 1.4 mm, the inferolateral distance was 41.4 +/- 2.5 mm, and superolateral distance was 39.4 +/- 2.8 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The distances from the orbital rim to the soft tissues of the orbital apex varied among the eight different reference points (range, 38.3 +/- 3.0 mm to 46.3 +/- 2.7 mm). No distance was less than 31.0 mm or exceeded 51.1 mm. There was no difference noted (P < .05) between the right and left sides for each of the corresponding reference points.

Blindness↗
PubMed2002

Blurring of the senses: common cues for distance perception in diverse sensory systems.

Distance perception is an essential task of sensory systems. Our visual systems effectively use binocular visual cues to determine an object's distance. Other visual, but monocular, cues are also available for distance perception. Visual contrast and image blur are two such cues [O'Shea et al., 1994. Vis. Res. 34, 1595-1604; O'Shea et al., 1997. Perception 26, 599-612; Mather, 1997. Perception 26, 1147-1158]. We show the effects of combining these cues using a simple psychophysical test. The novelty in our approach is that our exact choice of visual stimuli allows us to show a direct parallel between visual distance perception and distance perception using an entirely different sense, the electric sense of weakly electric fish. We discuss previous work on electrosensory psychophysics [von der Emde et al., 1998. Nature 395, 890-894] and show that cues used for electrosensory distance perception are analogous to visual contrast and blur. We also suggest that analogous cues are involved in auditory distance perception. The utilization of analogous cues implies that these diverse sensory systems perform similar computations for distance perception.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Estimates of distance by claudicants and vascular surgeons are inherently unreliable.

Claudication distance and maximum walking distance are both measures of disability. Estimates of the distances which a patient with intermittent claudication can walk are commonly used by vascular surgeons as surrogate measures of handicap. We studied how accurately distance was estimated by 70 patients with intermittent claudication, and by 100 British vascular surgeons. Patients and vascular surgeons estimated actual distances of 30 m and 34 m, respectively. Estimates were 46 m median (range 2.7-402 m) for claudicants, and 46 m median (range 15.2-186 m) for vascular surgeons, median over estimates of 52% and 34% respectively. Claudicants' errors can easily be eliminated by accurate and appropriate measurement of claudication and maximum walking distances but interpretation of the data by surgeons is dependent on their own ability to estimate distance. Flawed perceptions by patients and their surgeons of the disability of reduced walking distance illustrates the need for reliable measures of handicap on which to base therapeutic decisions in patients with intermittent claudication.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1998

Distance stereoacuity norms for the mentor B-VAT II-SG video acuity tester in young children and young adults.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide normative distance stereoacuity data for the Mentor B-VAT II-SG video acuity tester (Mentor O & O, Norwell, Mass.). METHODS: Near and distance stereoacuity for 45 normal young children (5 to 6 years old, child group) and 67 normal young adults (16 to 20 years old, adult group) were evaluated. Distance stereoacuity was measured with the Random Dot and the Circles tests on the B-VAT unit. Near stereopsis was assessed by Titmus, Randot, and TNO tests. Additionally, a random subset of the subjects was retested 1 month later with the B-VAT unit. RESULTS: The mean and SD values of stereoacuity measured on the Circles and Random Dot tests were 49 +/- 33 and 98 +/- 49 seconds of arc in children (p < 0.0001) and 50 +/- 32 and 83 +/- 51 seconds of arc in adults (p < 0.0001), respectively. No significant differences were found between the same tests with respect to age. Of 112 subjects in both groups, 110 (98%) achieved 120 seconds of arc or finer stereoacuity threshold levels on the Circles test and 108 (96%) demonstrated 180 seconds of arc or finer scores on the Random Dot test. Although all but two of the subjects exhibited stereopsis both at near and at distance, there were low correlations among the different near and distance stereotests. Test and retest distance stereoacuity scores agreed closely. CONCLUSIONS: The B-VAT II-SG system produces reliable distance stereoacuity data. The norms we obtained may aid the clinician to detect binocular visual disturbances or may provide a basis for using distance stereoacuity as a screening method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Intradomain distances in the regulatory domain of the myosin head in prepower and postpower stroke states: fluorescence energy transfer.

The relative movement of the catalytic and regulatory domains of the myosin head (S1) is likely to be the force generating conformational change in the energy transduction of muscle [Rayment, I., Holden, H. M., Whittaker, M., Yohn, C. B., Lorenz, M., Holmes, K. C., and Milligan, R. A. (1993) Science 261, 58-65]. To test this model we have measured, using frequency-modulated FRET, three distances between the catalytic domain and regulatory domains and within the regulatory domain of myosin. The donor/acceptor pairs included MHC cys707 and ELC cys177; ELC cys177 and RLC cys154; and ELC cys177 and gizzard RLC cys108. The IAEDANS (donor) or acceptor (DABMI or IAF) labeled light chains (ELC and RLC) were exchanged into monomeric myosin and the distances were measured in the putative prepower stroke states (in the presence of MgATP or ADP/AlF(4-)) and the postpower stroke states (ADP and the absence of nucleotides). For each of the three distances, the donor/acceptor pairs were reversed to minimize uncertainty in the distance measured, arising from probe orientational factors. The distances obtained from FRET were in close agreement with the distances in the crystal structure. Importantly, none of the measured distances varied by more than 2 A, putting a strong constraint on the extent of conformational changes within S1. The maximum axial movement of the distal part of myosin head was modeled using FRET distance changes within the myosin head reported here and previously. These models revealed an upper bound of 85 A for a swing of the regulatory domain with respect to the catalytic domain during the power stroke. Additionally, an upper bound of 22 A could be contributed to the power stroke by a reorientation of RLC with respect to the ELC during the power stroke.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

How far do electrons move? A semiempirical investigation of thermal electron-transfer distances in cationic bis(hydrazine) and bis(hydrazyl) mixed-valence compounds.

A computational approach for estimating thermal electron-transfer reaction distances in symmetrical mixed-valence compounds is described and applied to a series of bis(hydrazine) and bis(hydrazyl) radical cations and derivatives, some of which have been investigated experimentally by Nelsen and co-workers. Ground-state semiempirical charge distributions are obtained by using optimized reactant geometries. Advantage is then taken of the approximate C(2) symmetry, or the approximate mirror symmetry, of each of the targeted compounds, and the inherent degeneracy of the corresponding electron-transfer reactions, such that the change in dipole moment (Delta-mu) upon charge transfer can be estimated from an appropriately distance-weighted sum of charge differences between approximately symmetry-equivalent atoms found on the donor and acceptor sides of the molecule. Delta-mu can then be related directly to the effective one-electron-transfer distance. We find that calculated adiabatic electron-transfer distances can differ appreciably from the geometric donor-site/acceptor-site separation distances. Furthermore, for a fixed geometric separation distance, the effective electron-transfer distance can vary considerably, depending on chemical substituent composition and/or isomeric configuration. Further advantage is taken of the approximate donor-site/acceptor-site symmetry, in the context of a Newton-Cave type analysis, to establish the relative importance of electronic delocalization effects versus self-polarization and inductive effects in diminishing or enhancing effective one-electron-transfer distances.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Distance from the coronary ostium to the culprit lesion in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction and its implications regarding the potential prevention of proximal plaque rupture.

BACKGROUND: Shorter distances from the coronary ostia to culprit lesions have been associated with a higher incidence of adverse outcomes in ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). As drug-eluting stents are associated with low rates of restenosis and formation of a stable intima, we sought to develop a mathematical model to estimate how far down the coronary artery a drug-eluting stent would have to be placed to theoretically mitigate the risk of proximal plaque rupture. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Distances from the ostia to the end of the culprit lesions were planimetered in 1,914 patients from the TIMI 14, INTEGRITI, FASTER and ENTIRE/TIMI 23 trials. RESULTS: The first 60 mm of the coronary artery contained 75% of STEMI culprit lesions. The median distance from the vessel ostium to the end of the culprit lesion was 43 mm (mean 50 +/- 34) and the relative distance from the vessel ostium to the end of the lesion was 29% (mean 33 +/- 17%) of the total culprit artery length. Diabetes was the only baseline clinical characteristic associated with a longer absolute distance to the end of the culprit lesion (46 mm vs. 43 mm, p = 0.03) as well as relative to total artery length (31% vs. 29%, p = 0.04). Median distances from the artery ostium to the end of the culprit lesion were shortest among the left anterior descending culprits (40 mm), followed by circumflex lesions (43 mm) and then right coronary artery lesions (47 mm, 3-way p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The majority of culprit lesions in STEMI are contained within the proximal 30% of the major epicardial coronary arteries, but the distance varies depending upon which epicardial artery is involved. Cumulative distribution functions are presented to allow estimation of the percent of culprit lesions lying proximal to any given distance from the ostium to model the feasibility of prophylactic drug-eluting stenting to minimize the risk of subsequent proximal plaque rupture.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Relevance of claudication pain distance in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

BACKGROUND: Determination of both the pain-free and the maximum walking distances is part of a routine program in the angiological examination of patients with PAOD. It is however as yet not clear which of these two parameters is more relevant in determining a patient's pathological condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 150 patients with stable intermittent claudication, the claudication pain distance (CPD) and the maximum pain distance (MPD) were determined on a treadmill at 3.0 km/h and 12% inclination. The results were compared with the angiographic findings, the Doppler pressure values and the subjective quality of life (PAVK-86-Questionnaire). RESULTS: The average pain-free walking distance was 89 +/- 71 m, and the maximum walking distance was 198 +/- 141 m. There was no correlation between both walking distances and the angiographic extent of PAOD. Only the MPD correlated with the ankle systolic Doppler pressure and the ankle/brachial pressure index of the claudicating leg (r = 0.16, p < 0.05 and r = 0.20, p < 0.01). Both the CPD and the MDP had a significant influence on the life quality of the patients (CPD: r = -0.41, p < 0.001; MPD: r = -0.47, p < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, beside the body mass index, the MPD was found to be the greatest predictor for the pathologically relevant quality of life dimensions pain, complaints and functional status. CONCLUSIONS: The maximum walking distance correlated in a better way than pain-free walking distance with the objective and subjective assessment criteria of PAOD. Therefore, as regards the stage of the disease and the life quality of the patient, this parameter has a greater importance. This fact deserves to receive greater attention in everyday clinical practice and when conducting clinical trials.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The metrics of spatial distance traversed during mental imagery.

The authors conducted 2 experiments to study the metrics of spatial distance in a mental imagery task. In both experiments, participants first memorized the layout of a building containing 10 rooms with 24 objects. Participants then received mental imagery instructions and imagined how they walked through the building from one room to another. The authors manipulated Euclidean distance involved in these imaginary motions: Spatial distance measured in centimeters on the layout was either short or long. Independently, they varied categorical distance: The motions led through one room or two rooms. The time needed to imagine motions and response times to test probes indicated that both Euclidean distance and categorical distance affected mental imagery. The authors discuss the new finding of categorical distance effects in mental imagery and relate the results to earlier failures to find Euclidean distance effects in formally equivalent studies of narrative comprehension.

Humans↗