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PubMed2005

Longitudinal changes in dietary intake in Scottish women around the menopause: changes in dietary pattern result in minor changes in nutrient intake.

OBJECTIVE: To examine dietary change that has occurred over 5 to 6 years. SUBJECTS: A cohort of Scottish women (n=898) with a mean age of 47.5 years (range 45-54 years) at baseline. DESIGN: Dietary intake was assessed by validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and analysed using the UK Composition of Foods database. RESULTS: Since the first dietary assessment, mean daily energy intake had decreased from 8.2+/-2.3 to 7.9+/-2.2 MJ. The degree of low energy reporting (defined as ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate <1.1) had increased from 18.7% at baseline to 25.6% at follow-up. Low energy reporters were significantly heavier than 'normal' energy reporters (mean weight at follow-up, 68.9+/-12.6 vs. 66.8+/-11.3 kg) and could be deliberately restricting intake rather than underreporting. Overall there were decreases in intakes of red meat, processed meat and cheese, but increases in poultry and non-oily fish consumption. Consumption of bread, biscuits and cakes had gone down and there was an increase in cereal and rice/pasta consumption. Intake of potatoes had decreased whereas fruit intake had increased. There were small but statistically significant differences in intakes for most nutrients (<8% change). Nutrient intakes at both visits were similar across menopausal status and usage groups of hormone replacement therapy. Modifications to the computer version of the McCance and Widdowson nutrient database, which differed from the published version, were noted. These changes altered the original baseline values for our study. CONCLUSIONS: The menopause per se is not a period of marked change in nutrient intake. Caution is advised when using computer databases of food compositions for longitudinal studies.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed2005

Psychosocial influences in dietary patterns during pregnancy.

There is increasing evidence that psychosocial factors may affect dietary intakes and health. The current analysis examined the association of six indices of psychosocial well-being with dietary intake during pregnancy. One hundred thirty-four women with low-risk, normal pregnancies participated in a cross-sectional, observational study that assessed dietary intake at 28 weeks' gestation. Psychosocial characteristics, including anxiety, depressed mood, anger, fatigue, social support, and stress were assessed between 24 and 32 weeks' gestation. Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated to determine the relationships between psychosocial factors and diet. Findings suggest that pregnant women who were more fatigued, stressed, and anxious consumed more foods, as evidenced by their increased macronutrient intakes, while appearing to have decreased intakes of some micronutrients. Psychosocial factors should be considered when counseling women regarding diet during pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Plasma levels of retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols in relation to dietary pattern among pregnant Tanzanian women.

In Tanzania, as in other developing countries, dietary intake of nutrients in pregnant women is marginal or lower than the recommended intakes and therefore these women are at high risk for deficiencies. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between diet and plasma levels of retinol, carotenoids, and alpha-tocopherol in the third trimester of pregnancy. Ninety pregnant women aged between 18 and 45 years were equally recruited from three villages. Seven-day food frequency data was collected by questionnaire. Plasma levels of retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated that cooked green leafy vegetables constituted the major source of provitamin A carotenoids, with low intake of yellow/orange fruits and preformed vitamin A. Lutein, lycopene, and beta-carotene were the predominant carotenoids in the plasma with mean values of 1.61, 0.84, and 0.63 mumol/L, respectively. There was no significant correlation between frequencies of vegetable consumption and either plasma retinol or carotenoids. However, increased consumption of green leafy vegetables with oil, which increases bioavailability, was correlated with high plasma retinol levels (p = 0.03). Low retinol levels (< or = 0.70 mumol/L) were present in 26% of women. The mean plasma retinol concentration was 0.89 mumol/L and 63% of the women had values below 1.05 mumol/L. The mean plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration was 15.4 mumol/L and women with plasma retinol concentration > 1.05 mumol/L had significantly higher mean alpha-tocopherol than women with plasma retinol concentration < or = 0.70 mumol/L (p < or = 0.01). Twenty-four percent of the women were anemic (hemoglobin: Hb < 110 g/L) and the mean Hb value was 116.3 g/L.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Multivariate analysis of dietary patterns in 939 Swiss adults: sociodemographic parameters and alcohol consumption profiles.

A dietary survey of 939 Swiss adults, randomly selected from the population of Geneva and its surrounding communities, was performed according to the history method. A factor analysis, using average weekly intakes for 33 food variables, reveals three principal components of the diet: satiating capacity, healthfulness and culinary complexity. These characteristics, together with the energy content of the diet, were analysed for differences according to sex, age, relative weight index, birthplace, marital status and occupation. All of these sociodemographic variables influence some dimension of dietary habits. Alcohol consumption is positively associated with satiating, protein rich diets, but energy intake from foods does not significantly differ between various groups of abstainers and drinkers. Although the energy contribution of alcoholic beverages is globally additive, we suggest that cultural and societal norms may modulate the relationship of alcohol and diet.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differences in dietary patterns of nonsmoking adults married to smokers vs. nonsmokers.

PURPOSE: To compare dietary intakes of nonsmoking adults married to smokers or nonsmokers. DESIGN: Respondents to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994 to 1996 (response rate = 76.1% for 2 days of dietary intake). Nonsmoking adults aged 18 and older were grouped according to the smoking status of their spouse. SETTING: In-home interviews in all 50 states and Washington, D.C. SUBJECTS: The selected sample included 757 men and 754 women who were married to nonsmokers, and 197 men and 262 women who were married to smokers. MEASURES: Selected demographic variables, food group servings, food energy, and densities of selected nutrients were compared using chi 2 and analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Men and women married to smokers had greater (p < or = .025) energy-adjusted intakes of total and saturated fat but significantly lower (p < or = .05) energy-adjusted intakes of fiber and vitamin A. Men married to smokers consumed significantly more (p < .025) energy-adjusted cholesterol and ethanol but significantly less calcium (p = .026); women married to smokers consumed significantly less (p = .014) energy-adjusted folate. Men married to smokers consumed significantly more (p < or = .05) alcoholic beverages, coffee, and soft drinks; women married to smokers consumed significantly less water (p = .014) but more cheese and table sweeteners (p < or = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Nonsmoking men and women who were married to smokers had compromised dietary intakes. Nonsmoking men whose wives smoked, in particular, had unhealthy diets due to elevated intakes of fat and cholesterol and low intakes of vitamin A, calcium, and fiber. Health professionals should continue to provide tobacco cessation instruction and dietary guidance, but also be aware of at-risk patients' immediate family members who likely share an increased risk of disease because of poor diet quality and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Dietary pattern and usual nutrient intakes of Peruvian women during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe dietary intakes and nutrient adequacy during pregnancy in a sample of Peruvian women. DESIGN: Descriptive, observational prospective study, nested within a double-masked, controlled, zinc-supplementation trial during pregnancy. SETTING: Hospital Materno-Infantil 'Cesar Lopez Silva', in Villa El Salvador, an impoverished shantytown in Lima, Peru. SUBJECTS: A subsample of women enrolled in the larger trial. These women all had low-risk singleton pregnancies and were receiving prenatal care at the study hospital. A total of 168 24-h dietary recalls were collected at 10-24 weeks gestation and 120 recalls were collected at 28-30 weeks gestation. RESULTS: Median intakes of protein, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C and phosphorus met the current US RDA for pregnancy, whereas intakes of thiamin, folate, vitamin A, calcium, iron and zinc were well below the recommendations at both time periods. Dietary intake of energy (mostly from carbohydrates) showed a significant increase from 10-24 to 28-30 weeks gestation, as did intakes of folate and vitamin A. The nutrients with the highest estimated prevalences of inadequacy at both points in pregnancy were iron (93%), zinc (88-80%), folate (87-74%) and calcium (86-82%). CONCLUSION: Usual dietary intakes were found to be relatively adequate in terms of their energy and protein contents. However, high prevalences of inadequate intakes were estimated, particularly for iron, zinc and calcium.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anthropometry, lipid profile and dietary pattern of patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease.

The anthropometry, lipid profile and dietary characteristics of 114 patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD) were evaluated. There were 91 (80%) men and the mean age was 56 +/- 9 years. The body mass index was near normal (24.4 +/- 3.4), but the waist: hip ratio was high (0.94 +/- 0.06) suggesting central obesity. This was well in accordance of the step II recommendations of the NCEP guidelines as regards their caloric intake and its break-up in terms of carbohydrate, protein and fat (including saturated, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids) content. Their daily cholesterol intake (31 +/- 32 mg/day, range 4-180) was very low. The total cholesterol (212 +/- 37 mg%) was marginally elevated, HDL cholesterol (33 +/- 7.5 mg%) was low, LDL cholesterol (148 +/- 39 mg%) was high and the total: HDL ratio (6.8 +/- 2.0) was significantly abnormal. The serum triglyceride level (154 +/- 68 mg%) was on the higher side of normal. These observations give further credence to the recently evolving view that there are different and hitherto unrecognised risk factors of IHD in Indians, who seem to have the highest incidence of IHD amongst all ethnic groups of the world despite consuming a diet low in fat and cholesterol content.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Measuring dietary patterns in surveys.

This paper reviews the strengths, weaknesses, and limits to interpretation of dietary intake methods used in national nutrition surveys, including per capita consumption of food and nutrients and the 24-hour recall. These dietary assessment methods make up but one of five categories of nutritional assessment techniques. The other four are body measurements, hematological and biochemical tests, medical examination for the presence of clinical signs of deficiency or toxicity, and medical history. No one method alone is sufficient for assessing the nutritional status of individuals or groups. In the hypothesis-generating phases of research on diet and cardiovascular diseases and diet and cancer, correlations of per capita availability of food and nutrients with mortality from these diseases in several countries proved useful. However, the approach is limited to the extent that similar data are available from several other countries and that the association observed is true and not spurious. The 24-hour recall method has proved to provide accurate and reproducible estimates of the mean intakes of population groups, but multiple-day information is necessary for characterizing an individual's usual nutrient intake. Food frequency questionnaires are useful when one is interested in food rather than nutrient consumption of individuals or groups. The 24-hour recall, food diary, and food frequency methods can be used to develop a descriptive epidemiology of food intake within U.S. population groups with specified fitness and activity characteristics or to monitor the prevalence of dietary risk factors within the population. They are limited to the extent that food composition data are available. When selecting a dietary assessment method to be used in a nutrition survey, three points must be kept in mind: Practicality in terms of respondent burden and analysis resources, reliability, and validity.

Diet↗
PubMed1994

Alcohol consumption and its effect on the dietary patterns of Hualapai Indian women.

Studies of Native American diet have ignored the nutritional and dietary effects of alcohol consumption. Studies of Native American alcohol consumption have largely ignored the socioeconomic characteristics and drinking behaviors of women. Seven-day 24-hour dietary recalls collected from 28 Hualapai Indian women revealed that 12 participants (43%) drank alcoholic beverages. Drinkers frequently skipped meals, yet maintained an energy intake higher than non-drinkers by consuming high calorie alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and by eating large restaurant meals. Despite energy intake differences, drinkers and non-drinkers did not differ in body weight or percent body fat. Drinkers were not at risk for protein malnutrition as reported for other female drinkers, but Hualapais' tendency to fast while drinking may increase their risk of liver disease. In contrast to reports of Native American males, female drinkers in this sample were often high school graduates with full-time jobs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary patterns and selected anthropometric indices in reproductive age women of a slum in urban: Kurnool.

Dietary intake in pregnant, lactating and non-pregnant nonlactating women of an urban slum in Kurnool, A.P. are about 30% less than the ICMR recommended daily allowances. Heights and weights of the subjects are similar to the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau's values for slum women and some inter-religious difference is observed in the anthropometry of the subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Dietary pattern and state of nutrition among children in drought-prone areas of southern Ethiopia.

To assess dietary habits and nutritional state in drought-prone areas of southern Ethiopia, we studied 334 households in a pastoral and 282 in an agricultural community. Milk and cereals were the main sources of food among children of the pastoral Boran in Dubluk, while cereals with limited supplements of animal products or legumes formed the main sources of food among children of the agricultural population of Elka in the Rift valley. Of the children in Elka, 54.9% were stunted, as compared with 19.5% among children in Dubluk. Also, stunting occurred at an earlier age among the Elka children. Prevalences of wasting were less than 5% in both communities. Improvement in the state of nutrition of the pastoral children followed soon after the main rains, but occurred later and after the main harvest among the agricultural children. In contrast to arm circumference, the weight-for-height measure showed marked seasonal variation. Socio-economic factors, such as family wealth and crowding, significantly influenced the state of nutrition among the children. Nutritional recovery following the prolonged drought among the agricultural children was slow and associated with families acquiring more wealth.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2006

Meal patterns, dietary fat intake and pancreatic enzyme use in preadolescent children with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the usual pattern of intake and adherence to cystic fibrosis (CF) food and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) recommendations in preadolescent children with CF and pancreatic insufficiency (PI). METHODS: Children, 8 to 11 years old, with CF and PI were assessed for PERT adherence ratio (number taken/number prescribed per day) and energy and fat intake for 7 days (weighed food records), adherence to PERT and dietary recommendations, pulmonary function, growth status and stool fat malabsorption. Using the PERT adherence ratio, children were divided into good (> or =80%), moderate (60% to 79%) and poor (<60%) adherence groups. RESULTS: Of the 75 children (age, 9.3 +/- 1.0 years; forced expiratory volume in 1 s, 95 +/- 14% predicted), 61% consumed less than 120% of energy intake, and 72% consumed less than 40% of calories as fat recommended for CF. Using the PERT adherence ratio (mean +/- SD, 75 +/- 14%), 29%, 61% and 9% of children had good, moderate and poor adherence, respectively. Better adherence to PERT was significantly associated with missing fewer snacks, higher energy intake, greater fat content of snacks and poorer growth status. About 85% of the children were in the 500 to 4000 lipase unit (LU) of PERT (LU/g fat per day) and 500 to 2500 LU/kg per body weight per meal guidelines, whereas only 58% to 68% were within the guidelines for snacks. Eleven percent of children always took PERT at an inappropriate time after meals. CONCLUSIONS: Most preadolescent children with CF and PI did not meet dietary recommendations. Future educational and behavioral interventions focused on increasing PERT adherence with snacks, fat content of meals and snacks, appropriate timing of enzymes and adjustment of PERT and meal fat content are suggested.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1998

Influence of gender and socio-economic status on dietary patterns and nutrient intakes in 18-year-old Australians.

This study used two-day diet records to examine dietary behaviours in 504 Australian 18 year-olds in relation to gender, socio-economic status (SES) and national dietary guidelines. Fat intake exceeded 30% of energy in about 80% of subjects and was greater than 40% in about one-quarter. Saturated fat provided more than 10% of dietary energy in more than 90% of participants; less than 1% achieved a polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio of at least one. The major food groups contributing to fat intake were convenience foods (32% in men, 28% in women) and meat (27% in men, 25% in women). Fibre intake was less than 30 g/day in 93% of women and 77% of men. Intakes of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins C and A, as a ratio of energy consumption, were greater in women than men, while sodium intake was significantly higher in men. Convenience foods were the greatest contributors to sodium intake (27% in men, 22% in women) followed by meat, bread, and soups and sauces. Greater consumption of cereals, fruit, vegetables and low-fat foods in young women of higher SES was reflected in their nutrient profile with higher intake of fibre and vitamin C and lower intake of fat. Men ate more cereals, meat and sugary foods and less fruit, vegetables and low-fat foods. Only 2.5% of men and 4.1% of women conformed with the health promotion message, widely publicised locally, to eat two fruits and five vegetables daily. Not eating breakfast was associated with lower calcium intake in men and women, and lower iron and fibre in take in women. Achieving behavioural changes in young adults must take into account differences in dietary behaviour related to gender and SES.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Dietary pattern and dental caries in 19-year-old adolescents subjected to preventive measures focused on oral hygiene and/or fluorides.

Dietary habits and dental caries were analysed in 95 19-year-old Swedish adolescents who had been subjected to different preventive measures during their late teens. A 24-hour recall was used and showed that the intakes of milk and milk products, meat, fish and eggs accorded with recommended norms but not those of vegetables, fruits and berries, and potatoes and root vegetables. Only 6% of the subjects had eaten the recommended three principal meals during the day tested. At the end of the trial, only weak or moderate correlations were found between snacks, including sucrose snacks, and selected clinical variables. Subjects who did not develop new carious lesions during the experimental 2 years had fewer risk factors, defined as the most negative values (quartile limit) for sucrose snack consumption, tooth cleaning score, lactobacillus count, saliva secretion rate and saliva buffer capacity, than those who developed one or more new lesions. During the experimental period, with an overall low caries incidence, no single factor tested for presumed risk was found to be the discriminating factor for occurrence of dental caries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Cultural and sex differences in dietary patterns of the urban elderly.

A group of 182 elderly subjects (91 females, 91 males; 94 blacks, 88 whites) were interviewed with respect to background data, dietary habits, and health variables. Analysis of variance showed race and sex differences with respect to meal patterns and quality of diet. In addition, correlational analyses revealed associations between quality of diet and social class, education, health status, and the smoking of cigarettes. Associations were strongest for the black subjects.

Aged↗