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Regional Medical Programs Service: news, information, data.
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AN INPUT SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATED LIBRARY INDEXING AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, INCLUDING PREPARATION OF CATALOG CARDS. SCR-317.
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Selecting database software: analyzing your needs.
Efficient database management means reducing the number of redundant data elements to increase retrieval time and decrease storage needs. Overzealous database users can decrease their productivity by tracking everything. Ask these questions. Would this data be tracked if a computer were not in use? Are the data being tracked useful? Are the data being tracked easily retrieved? Clinical tracking, monitoring research projects, task analysis, personnel reviews, productivity analysis, and quality assurance are a few of the applications for a DBMS. Selecting a system to meet identified needs will require some homework. Visit a local bookstore and call database sales professionals. A prepared needs assessment will provide these professionals with the necessary information to assist in the right product selection.
Profile: the Philippine Population Information Network.
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Use of a personal computer in the measurement, calculation, and reporting of noninvasive cardiac data.
Echocardiography, phonocardiography, and carotid pulse tracings enable the cardiologist to measure and calculate over 40 different noninvasive parameters including cardiac chamber size, indices of left ventricular performance, and estimates of mean left atrial pressure. However, the entire procedure requires meticulous measurements and time-consuming calculations, particularly when some of the data must be corrected for heart rate or body size. Because of this, many busy noninvasive cardiac laboratories routinely calculate only a few select parameters in most patients. To solve this problem, we used a personal computer system and developed a program that allows rapid, accurate measurement, calculation, display, reporting, magnetic storage, and retrieval of noninvasive cardiac data. The computer is not dedicated to these tasks alone and with appropriate software can also be used for other clinical, educational, office management, and research purposes.
[Computerized data storage of antibiograms obtained by various methods (automatic reading by 2 different systems or manual processing by the disk method) and retrieval of antibiograms and cytobacteriological data using microcomputers].
This software is composed of different programmes. It works on Apple IIe computers. It enables to capture all the data information concerning bacteriological tests to store them and to edit either personnel reports or global lists made out according to different criteria and to study them under both the statistical or the epidemiological aspects. The results of the antibiotic sensitivity test are notified either by an automatic reader (ABAC or API system) when carried out in a liquid environment or by an original computerized device (compass or enlarger) when manually carried out by the disc method. The informations are directly transmitted to the computer. It's possible to make up a common data file that can be exploited as a whole.
OBSTETRICAL DATA PROCESSING: THE COMPUTER AS AN OBSTETRIC DATA RETRIEVAL DEVICE.
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An ECG storage and retrieval system embedded in client server HIS utilizing object-oriented DB.
In the University of Tokyo Hospital, the improved client server HIS has been applied to clinical practice and physicians can order prescription, laboratory examination, ECG examination and radiographic examination, etc. directly by themselves and read results of these examinations, except medical signal waves, schema and image, on UNIX workstations. Recently, we designed and developed an ECG storage and retrieval system embedded in the client server HIS utilizing object-oriented database to take the first step in dealing with digitized signal, schema and image data and show waves, graphics, and images directly to physicians by the client server HIS. The system was developed based on object-oriented analysis and design, and implemented with object-oriented database management system (OODMS) and C++ programming language. In this paper, we describe the ECG data model, functions of the storage and retrieval system, features of user interface and the result of its implementation in the HIS.
Small-area census data services by microcomputer: applications of REDATAM system in Latin America.
The authors describe a data retrieval system called REDATAM, Retrieval of Data for Small Area by Microcomputer. "The interactive REDATAM system, in English and Spanish versions, was created to solve the problem of providing small-area population and housing information by using an IBM or fully compatible microcomputer to store the microdata of an entire census on a hard disk (or laser disks for larger countries) and to permit any tabulation to be produced rapidly for any area down to city blocks or smaller....REDATAM may play an important role in the 1990 censuses in the Latin American and Caribbean countries since the system will permit the provision of timely small-area services (and at the national level in the Caribbean countries) before, as well as after, the regular data processing and publication of results are ready."
Interview. Dr. Ghazi M. Farooq: Director, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Support Team (CST) for East and South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Teleradiology.
Teleradiology refers to the transmission of radiographic images from one location to another. Most of the work to date has involved scanning of conventional radiographs at clinics and other medical facilities with no full-time radiologist and transmitting the images to a medical center or hospital, where they are viewed on a television monitor and interpreted by a diagnostic radiologist. In this article, the author describes the 1982 and 1984 Teleradiology Field Trials, the objectives of which were (1) to compare the quality of film and video images in the field, which involved determination of sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy under both sets of viewing conditions; (2) to evaluate the reliability, maintenance, and communication functions of the teleradiology system; (3) to determine the costs involved in developing such a system and for day-to-day operation; and (4) to formulate recommendations for hardware, software, communication protocols, operating procedures, staff qualifications, and training requirements for future systems. Today, commercially available systems include high-speed digitization of radiographs, data compression, local storage, automatic transmission, selective retrieval, image enhancement, and interfacing with conventional computer systems.
Computerized data management as an aid to clinical decision making in rehabilitation medicine.
A computerized data-base management system has been developed as a basis for clinical decision making in rehabilitation. The system allows efficient entry, storage, manipulation, and retrieval of patient performance data. With every new entry all previous entries can be displayed. Thus, identification of trends or rapid changes is far easier than perusing data entered into the hospital chart in a conventional way. The system also allows rapid review of all data entries of the entire rehabilitation team by any individual member. Additionally, correlation of variables can be obtained easily. Use of this system facilitates discontinuation of ineffective programs and identification of complications, thereby reducing hospital stay and cost.
Validating impaired physical mobility.
The clinical presence of impaired physical mobility documented for acute-care patients was studied. The frequency, individual, and group sensitivity levels of the defining characteristics documented as empirical referents for the diagnosis were examined. The frequency of the related factors associated with the diagnosis, patient demographics, length of stay (LOS), discharge destination, and diagnostic-related groups (DRGs) were also examined. Data were obtained from electronic tapes of patient information. Support was found for impaired mobility, as a high-frequency diagnosis, in heterogeneous acute-care patients. No support was found for any major defining characteristics across the heterogeneous sample. A cluster of three defining characteristics: (a) inability to purposefully move within the environment; (b) decreased muscle strength, control, or mass; and (c) imposed restrictions of movement was supported by group sensitivity measures. Major defining characteristics were supported in two DRG subsets. Clusters of defining characteristics varied among four DRGs. The NANDA-preidentified related factors were associated with the diagnosis. Electronic storage and retrieval of computerized nursing data, including the elements of the Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS), was an effective, efficient method for data collection and analysis.
RVG-ui: a sensor to rival direct-exposure intra-oral x-ray film.
The RVG-ui is a solid-state system for dental x-ray imaging combining a charge-coupled device (CCD) of small pixel size (19.5 microns) with a caesium iodide (CsI) scintillator. It features two sizes of sensor with receptive areas that approach the size of No. 1 and No. 2 periapical x-ray films. The spatial resolution of the RVG-ui exceeds 20 lp/mm, rivaling direct-exposure intra-oral x-ray film when the latter is optimally exposed and processed. The recording latitude of the RVG-ui for clinically acceptable images is 25:1, making exposure error unlikely. In features such as speed of image acquisition, reduction in radiation dose, retrieval of data, and organization and storage of images, the RVG-ui system surpasses traditional x-ray film. Furthermore, it is possible to make accurate length measurements very quickly, and to apply an artificial intelligence program to determine the probability of proximal dental caries in enamel and dentin.
Neutral, alkaline and difference ultraviolet spectra of secondary metabolites from Penicillium and other fungi, and comparisons to published maxima from gradient high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection.
The ultraviolet spectra of 6 predominantly secondary metabolites from filamentous fungi which, inter alia, are useful in the identification of the compounds after chromatography, were obtained in neutral (methanol) and alkaline solvents. Difference spectra were obtained by subtracting the neutral from the alkaline spectrum for each metabolite, using the spectrophotometer software. The data and method are of use in differentiating metabolites with similar chromophores. A database of the maxima was stored on a microcomputer for flexible storage, retrieval and updating of information. These data are compared to those published previously, obtained by diode-array detection using gradient high-performance liquid chromatography, which indicated that changes in solvent concentrations of the gradient affect the spectra of some metabolites. This could cause misidentification of chemosyndromes and metabolites which have been claimed to be of use in fungal chemotaxonomy.
An evaluation of prolonged oximetric data acquisition.
Data derived from pulse oximetry has inherent limitations, one of which is artifactual desaturation caused by patient movement. Perioperative patterns of oxygen desaturation were studied for a mean duration of 67 hours in eight young patients following corrective spinal surgery. Pulse oximetry data were relayed to a computer using Satmaster, a program which permits storage, retrieval, signal evaluation and statistical analysis of oximetry data. Desaturation episodes were mild, of short duration and their infrequent occurrence was not increased during intravenous morphine infusion. Retrospective identification of contemporaneous artifactual changes in signal amplitude permitted the removal of artifactual desaturations from our statistical data analysis. This decreased the average time desaturated from 5.4% (220 minutes) to 4.2% (162 minutes) of the monitored period representing a 25% reduction in absolute incidence and a 35% reduction in episodic incidence of desaturation. Acquired data should be validated and inferences drawn from non-validated data must be assessed with caution.
Digital storage and analysis of color Doppler echocardiograms.
Color Doppler flow mapping has played an important role in clinical echocardiography. Most of the clinical work, however, has been primarily qualitative. Although qualitative information is very valuable, there is considerable quantitative information stored within the velocity map that has not been extensively exploited so far. Recently, many researchers have shown interest in using the encoded velocities to address the clinical problems such as quantification of valvular regurgitation, calculation of cardiac output, and characterization of ventricular filling. In this article, we review some basic physics and engineering aspects of color Doppler echocardiography, as well as drawbacks of trying to retrieve velocities from video tape data. Digital storage, which plays a critical role in performing quantitative analysis, is discussed in some detail with special attention to velocity encoding in DICOM 3.0 (medical image storage standard) and the use of digital compression. Lossy compression can considerably reduce file size with minimal loss of information (mostly redundant); this is critical for digital storage because of the enormous amount of data generated (a 10 minute study could require 18 Gigabytes of storage capacity). Lossy JPEG compression and its impact on quantitative analysis has been studied, showing that images compressed at 27:1 using the JPEG algorithm compares favorably with directly digitized video images, the current goldstandard. Some potential applications of these velocities in analyzing the proximal convergence zones, mitral inflow, and some areas of future development are also discussed in the article.