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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A probabilistic screening model for evaluating pyrethroid surface water monitoring data.

Synthetic pyrethroids have been detected in recent California surface water monitoring. Filtration is avoided during sample workup because pyrethroids are extremely hydrophobic, tending to sorb to most surfaces. The resultant analytical pyrethroid concentrations reflect both dissolved pyrethroid and pyrethroid associated with suspended sediment in the water column. Such "whole-water" analytical data are not directly comparable to aquatic acute toxicity effect concentrations measured in laboratory sediment-free water. Consequently, any potential aquatic toxicity risk is indeterminate. In this study a simple probabilistic model was developed to allow a screening-level assessment of pyrethroid whole-water monitoring data. The results suggest that water column toxicity of pyrethroids is possible in California's agriculturally-dominated tributaries, and indicate that additional monitoring to better characterize pyrethroid water-column concentrations are warranted. Model refinement will depend on future work that more firmly establishes the relationship between pyrethroid partitioning and bioavailability, and that addresses the potential influence of dissolved organic carbon on pyrethroid sorption and bioavailability.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1982

A rapid procedure to efficiently clean blenders repeatedly used to prepare dosed feed for bioassays.

An effective and economical procedure is described to clean blending equipment repeatedly used to prepare dosed feed for animal bioassays. The cleanup procedure was evaluated with 2 types of blenders against 10 test chemicals with a broad spectrum of polarities by separately spiking the agents into feed at various levels. Analytical data illustrating the level of contamination at each interval of the multi-step cleanup procedure are presented for each test chemical. Analytical chemical methods and efficiencies of the cleaning steps with the feed admixtures are discussed. The procedure was tested and adopted for use at the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR).

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the information provided by the system of compulsory notification of diseases].

In order to assess activities of epidemiological surveillance resulting from the statutory notification system, a total of 17,394 notification records of eight infectious diseases (brucellosis, bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis, meningococcal infection, rickettsioses other than exanthematous typhus, pulmonary tuberculosis, and tuberculosis of other organs) together with 10,503 epidemiological surveys submitted to the "Servei Territorial de Salut Pública" of the province of Barcelona between 1982 and 1986 were reviewed. In notification records, data to locate physicians were the most commonly found (between 92.6% and 99.4% according to disease), whereas in epidemiological surveys, clinical and analytical data were the most frequently encountered. The inclusion of data of epidemiological interest ranged from 3.6 to 68.6%. In order to improve efficacy of the statutory notification system a proposal is made to reduce the extension of epidemiological surveys in terms of requesting only necessary data to establish appropriate measures in each case.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current problems in the formation of a system of monitoring health status of children and adolescents].

Discusses obviously limited potentialities of obtaining systematized analytical data by organs and institutions of social sphere. Such potentialities are particularly low in public health, specifically pediatric research and practice, where analytical materials would help improve the development of strategic programs of maternity and childhood protection and adopt adequate managing solutions at all levels. One of the constructive decisions aimed at the formation of a system of sociohygienic monitoring of children's health and ensuring integration of efforts of all responsible organs is creation of Federal Center of Social prevention for Children and Adolescents. The Center will ensure economy and rational utilization of finances and staff at the state and territorial level. Its purpose is to unite the interests of all profile organs and institutions for ensuring social well-being of children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The psychoanalytic process and analytic inference: a clinical study of a lie and loss.

The nature of analytic evidence derived from the analytic process is illustrated and reviewed. The initial acting out of flight from analysis concomitant with an egregious lie later surprisingly proved to be analysable. The lie of loss was a leitmotiv in the analysis which revealed a neurotic structure strongly influenced by actual and threatened traumatic parent loss in childhood. Analytic explanation of psychopathology and pathogenesis is based on insightful inference at increasing distance from the direct analytic data. The meanings inferred and understanding achieved are progressively refined to minimize suggestion and subjectivity. Clinical inference may be tested in the analytic process, but inferences concerning the distant past, or on higher levels of abstraction or generalization require consistency and coherence and articulation with analytic knowledge and principles. The reconstruction of traumatic experience is re-emphasized as a significant dimension of analytic work, with reciprocal illumination of transference and resistance. In the case presented the evidence was drawn from the totality of the analytic process, in which shared inferences become a part of the process in which they are further evaluated and extended.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The determination of biological stability of composts using the Dynamic Respiration Index: the results of experience after two years.

Biological stability was ascertained by using the Dynamic Respiration Index (DRI) on 144 samples of compost during the years 2003 and 2004, as a routine service for private subjects. Data obtained were collected and are critically discussed in this paper by using other parameters registered during tests, i.e., biomass temperature (T), specific airflow rate (Qs) and biomass analytical data (pH). Good linear correlations were obtained for DRI vs. T, DRI vs. Q(s) and DRI vs. pH, confirming expected results based on the theoretical discussion. Consequently, using the analytical method proposed in this paper means both T and Q can be used as additional parameters for measurement of the biological stability of compost. As a result, T values of 25.8 and 30.5 degrees C, and specific airflow rate of 8.6 and 13.4 m3 Mg(-1) VS h(-1) were found corresponding to 500 and 1000 mg O2 kgVS(-1) h(-1), which, respectively, indicate a high and a medium degree of biological stability.

Air Movements↗
PubMed1991

Thomas: building Bayesian statistical expert systems to aid in clinical decision making.

Knowledge-based system for classical statistical analysis must separate the task of analyzing data from that of using the results of the analysis. In contrast, a Bayesian framework for building biostatistical expert system allows for the integration of the data-analytic and decision-making tasks. The architecture of such a framework entails enabling the system (1) to make its recommendations on decision-analytic grounds; (2) to construct statistical models dynamically; (3) to update a statistical model based on the user's prior beliefs and on data from, the methodological concerns evinced by, the study. This architecture permits the knowledge engineer to represent a variety of types of statistical and domain knowledge. Construction of such systems requires that the knowledge engineer reinterpret traditional statistical concerns, such as by replacing the notion of statistical significance with that of a pragmatic clinical threshold. The clinical user of such a system can interact with the system at a semantic level appropriate to her fund of methodological knowledge, rather than at the level of statistical details. We demonstrate these issues with a prototype system called THOMAS which helps a physician decision maker interpret the results of a published randomized clinical trial.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2005

Use of mineral magnetic concentration data as a particle size proxy: a case study using marine, estuarine and fluvial sediments in the Carmarthen Bay area, South Wales, U.K.

Compositional (non-magnetic) data can correlate strongly with particle size, which deems it appropriate as a particle size proxy and, therefore, a reliable means of normalising analytical data for particle size effects. Previous studies suggest magnetic concentration parameters represent an alternative means of normalising for these effects and, given the speed, low-cost and sensitivity of the measurements may, therefore, offer some advantages over other compositional signals. In this work, contemporary sediments from a range of depositional environments have been analysed with regard to their mineral magnetic concentration and textural characteristics, to observe if the strength and nature of the relationship identified in previous studies is universal. Our data shows magnetic parameters (chi(LF), chi(ARM) and SIRM) possess contrasting relationships with standard textural parameters for sediment samples collected from marine (Carmarthen Bay), estuarine (Gwendraeth Estuary) and fluvial (Rivers Gwendraeth Fach and Gwendraeth Fawr) settings. Magnetic concentrations of sediments from both the marine and estuarine environments are highly influenced by the magnetic contribution of finer particle sizes; Gwendraeth Fawr River sediments are influenced by the magnetic contribution of coarser particle sizes, while sediments from the Gwendraeth Fach River are not influenced significantly by any variations in textural properties. These results indicate mineral magnetic measurements have considerable potential as a particle size proxy for particular sedimentary environments, which in certain instances could be useful for geochemical, sediment transport, and sediment provenance studies. However, the data also highlight the importance of fully determining the nature of the relationship between sediment particle size and magnetic properties before applying mineral magnetic data as a particle size proxy.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2001

Preliminary results from an EIT breast imaging simulation system.

An electrical impedance tomography (EIT) simulation system for breast imaging has been developed using impedance data from a previous study and a finite-element model (FEM). This system has the functionality to construct various models of the breast, image the boundary voltages developed from any injection schema and provide parametric Cole-Cole modelling. Simulations indicate that breast carcinoma can be imaged and multi-frequency Cole-Cole dispersion data can be extracted. This is intended as the first stage towards providing an artificial intelligence based system capable of producing clinically relevant analytical data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

More may be better: evidence of a negative relationship between physician supply and hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an empirical test of the relationship between physician supply and hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSH). DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: A data set of county ACSH rates compiled by the Safety Net Monitoring Initiative of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The analytical data set consists of 642 urban counties and 306 rural counties. We supplemented the AHRQ data with data from the Area Resource File and the Environmental Protection Agency. STUDY DESIGN: Ordinary least squares regression estimated ACSH predictors. Physician supply, the independent variable of interest in this analysis, was measured as a continuous variable (MDs/100,000). Urban and rural areas were modeled separately. Separate models were estimated for ages 0-17, 18-39, and 40-64. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS: Data were limited to 20 states having more than 50 percent of counties with nonmissing data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the urban models for ages 0-17, standardized estimates indicate that, among the measured covariates in our model, physician supply has the largest negative adjusted relationship with ACSH (p<.0001). For ages 18-39 and 40-64, physician supply has the second largest negative adjusted relationship with ACSH (p<.0001, both age groups). Physician supply was not associated with ACSH in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Physician supply is positively associated with the overall performance of the primary health care system in a large sample of urban counties of the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A finite element based method to determine the properties of planar soft tissue.

A finite element based method to determine the incremental elastic material properties of planar membranes was developed and evaluated. The method is applicable to tissues that exhibit inhomogeneity, geometric and material nonlinearity, and anisotropy. Markers are placed on the tissue to form a four-node quadrilateral element. The specimen is loaded to an initial reference state, then three incremental loading sets are applied and the nodal displacements recorded. One of these loadings must include shear. These data are used to solve an over-determined system of equations for the tangent stiffness matrix. The method was first verified using analytical data. Next, data obtained from a latex rubber sheet were used to evaluate experimental procedures. Finally, experiments conducted on preconditioned rat skin revealed nonlinear orthotropic behavior. The vector norm comparing the applied and calculated nodal force vectors was used to evaluate the accuracy of the solutions.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

Noncitizens and the Supplemental Security Income program.

The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, established by the Social Security Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-603), was designed to provide cash assistance to needy aged, blind, and disabled citizens, and noncitizens lawfully admitted for permanent residence or permanently residing under color of law. Since then, this means-tested program has undergone many legislative changes that affect the eligibility status of noncitizens. This article, presented in three parts, discusses the legislative history of noncitizen eligibility, and details relevant laws enacted since the program's inception; provides current data on the trends and changes of the noncitizen population; and describes the larger population of foreign-born SSI recipients, of which the noncitizens are a part. Data on the number of SSI recipients born abroad but who had become citizens before applying for SSI payments were not previously available. Analytical data are from the Supplemental Security Record (SSR) matched to the Social Security Number Identification (Numident) file.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The tocopherol, tocotrienol, and vitamin E content of the average Finnish diet.

The Finns average intake of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol equivalents) was determined. The food consumption data were derived mainly from the national food balance sheets (for 1987). The average Finnish daily diet was composed and analyzed both in spring and in autumn in order to minimize the effect of seasonal variation. The four tocopherols and four tocotrienols were then determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For comparison, the intake of vitamin E compounds was also calculated using the most recent Finnish analytical data on tocopherols and tocotrienols in food. According to the analytical results, the average daily vitamin E intake in Finland was 10.7 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents (alpha-TE) of which amount 85% is due to alpha-tocopherol. The analyzed values (10.8 mg alpha-TE in spring and 10.7 mg alpha-TE in autumn) of vitamin E intake did not markedly differ from the calculated value (10.3 mg alpha-TE), thus indicating that the Finnish food composition data upon tocopherols and tocotrienols is up-to-date and accurate. The best food sources of vitamin E were dietary fat (41% of the total amount), cereals (18%), and dairy products and eggs (13%). The average Finnish diet contained 9.5 g of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which leads to the ratio of 0.9 between alpha-tocopherol (mg) and PUFA (g). According to these results, the dietary recommendations for vitamin E are met in Finland.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2000

[A system of microcomputer analysis for biological oxygen consumption and its application].

This paper introduces a microcomputer system of data analysis and methods of measuring oxygen consumption for biological materials. The system overcame some disadvantages of operating inconvenience and difficulties of collective and analytic data by traditional means. The system possesses functions of automatic enactment, collection, save/take and analysis for many experimental data. It can be used to measure oxygen consumption of tissues, cells and mitochondria.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of computer tomography diagnostics on the treatment in state health care system].

The presented paper is a continuation of the widely debated topic on the role of radiation technologies, including computed tomography (CT), in municipal medicine, which has been earlier raised on the pages of the Vestnik. The main objective of the paper is that by using the results obtained from the use of CT in a near-Moscow health care facility that is typical of Russia's municipal health care service, the author attempted to provide evidence that it is necessary to extensively introduce this technique into the most mass link of Russian public health care--municipal medicine. As an evidence basis, the author analyzed changes occurring in the organization of a therapeutic-and-diagnostic process the municipal health care facility from a great variety of organ and system pathology that is particularly important from the practical point of view. The data obtained before and after introduction of CT into the municipal diagnostic algorithms on specific, the most critical clinical situations are compared. Moreover, objective analytical data are confirmed by a battery of brilliant diagnostic images. The author elucidates the readiness of municipal clinicians for virtually complete use of CT data for their purposes. By using several nosological entities, he shows the CT-induced transfer of some therapeutic procedures from the regional to municipal area of practice. In addition, arguments are advanced in favor of the thesis that some therapeutic technologies now in use are not up to world standards and municipal health care cannot be in compliance with civilized standards without its effective diagnostic support. Prominent in the paper is the description of changes in the continuity of diagnostic medicine at the municipal and regional levels after inclusion CT into the day-to-day activities of a municipal facility. It is concluded that the population needs for CT: one 24-slice unit per 50,000 dwellers of an area under service of a municipal facility.

Brain Ischemia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A pattern classification system for automated cervical cytologic screening based on flow microfluorometric analysis.

A data analytic technique is described for use in automated cervical cytology. The method entails the application of a two-dimensional Fourier transform to histogram data obtained by flow microfluorometry and the subsequent use of the Fourier coefficients as parameters for pattern classification. Analyses were performed on 186 samples including material from 62 positive and 124 negative cases. Cell suspensions were stained with propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate, and red and green cytofluoresence were measured simultaneously. The two-dimensional histogram data were normalized, the Fourier transform was applied, and a multivariate classifier based on 30 coefficients was assembled using a training set of half the original series. Performance was then assessed on the remaining cases. Overall accuracy was 79.6%, with a false-positive rate of 14.8% and a false-negative rate of 31.2%. The potential applicability of this approach as the basis of a practical screening system is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Managed care in dental markets: is the experience of medicine relevant?

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports on factors that predict the market penetration and growth into the market of both medical and dental managed care, and the relationship between the two. METHODS: Using data from the National Association of Dental Plans, the Interstudy Competitive Edge HMO Census, and the Area Resource File from 1987-95, we created an analytic data base covering the dental HMO market, the medical HMO market, dentist and physician supply, and regional market characteristics. Simple correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression using ordinary least-squares techniques were used to predict medical HMO penetration and dental HMO penetration in each state during 1994 and 1995. RESULTS: The results show that although the penetration of dental HMOs has been modest when compared to medicine, its growth is predictable by the same factors, and closely follows the pattern found in medical markets. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the observed relationship between medical and dental HMO penetration rates, there are potential barriers to managed care in the case of dentistry that may explain the slower growth to date, and that may ultimately decide the extent of managed care penetration into the dental market.

Dental Care↗
PubMed1975

[Problems with standardization of the radioimmunologic determination].

Radioimmunoassay is an analytical procedure in which a radioactive tracer acts as an indicator and a specific antibody acts as a reagent. The requirements which have to be met to guarantee the validity of the assay are the essential characteristics of each microanalytical procedure, namely the sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy. The optimization of the assay demands than a careful examination of these factors, which first depend on the properties of the reagents. The consistency of the results is based on the identity, as far as the immunoreactivity is concerned, between the substance to be assayed in the biological sample and the substance used as a standard to build up the calibration curve. The immunoreactivity of the tracer can instead be lower than that shown by the standard, although it must not be too different. The features of all the reagents are reviewed and discussed, mainly those of the antiserum which affect the specificity of the assay. The most diffuse RIA techniques are reviewed and divided in gross categories, according to the methods used for the separation of the free and antibody-bound hormone. The different steps of the analytical procedure are investigated, taking into consideration the most important parameters which affect the assay, mainly the time and temperature of the incubation step. The practical ease of the analysis is definitely an essential factor of choice, provided that it could be associated to reproducible and accurate results. A severe quality control of each reagent and of the assembled set must be carried out to assure the consistency of the analytical data. In the particular case of radioimmunoassay the quality control must be extended to all the steps of the assay both before and after the analytical procedure itself, in order to assure the maximal clinical validity of the diagnostic determination.

Aldosterone↗