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PubMed1992

Identification of two distinct amplifications of the esterase B locus in Culex pipiens (L.) mosquitoes from Mediterranean countries.

Two new highly active esterases were detected by starch electrophoretic studies in Culex pipiens mosquitoes from the area of Montpellier (France) and from Cyprus. We demonstrate here that both the French and the Cyprus esterases B are overproduced due to amplification of the coding gene. The production of the esterase B is approximately 50- and 500-fold higher in mosquitoes from France and Cyprus, respectively, than in susceptible insects, whereas the number of gene copies is about 25 and 250. Differences of about 7- and 95-fold were also found in the degree of chlorpyrifos resistance. RFLP comparison of the amplified region containing the esterase B gene revealed large differences between French and Cyprus mosquitoes. It thus appears that two distinct haplotypes with an esterase B gene coding an enzyme with identical electrophoretic mobility have been amplified. We therefore named the haplotypes in mosquitoes from France and Cyprus B4 and B5, respectively. The estimated genetic distance between these two haplotypes is not smaller than those observed in all pair comparisons of other known esterase B haplotypes. These results are discussed in the context of amplification phenomena.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Expanded programme on immunization (EPI). Immunization schedules in the WHO eastern Mediterranean region, 1995.

There are 23 countries/areas in this Region (Tables 1-3). BCG is used in all but 3 countries (Cyprus, Jordan and Lebanon). Most countries/areas give BCG vaccine at birth, 2 countries (Bahrain and Tunisia) schedule additional doses at school age and Kuwait uses 1 dose at the age of 3 1/2-4 years. Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine is used as a primary series of 3 doses in all countries/areas. Fifteen countries/areas use a fourth dose of DPT vaccine in the second year of age or later (Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran [Islamic Republic of], Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East [UNRWA]). Six countries use 5 doses of DPT vaccine, the fifth dose being given at the age of 4-6 years (Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran [Islamic Republic of], Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia). One or 2 booster doses of diphtheria-tetanus (DT) vaccine are used in 9 countries/areas from the age of 6-12 years. Td vaccine is used as a booster in Bahrain and Cyprus. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is used in a primary series of 3 doses simultaneously with DPT vaccine in all countries/areas. Ten countries/areas use an additional dose of OPV at birth (Djibouti, Iran [Islamic Republic of], Iraq, Kuwait, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Syrian Arab Republic, and UNRWA). An additional dose of OPV in the second year of life is used in 15 countries, and additional doses of OPV are recommended in some countries. In UNRWA, the first 2 doses of OPV 2 and 3 months of age are given simultaneously with the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Measles vaccine is given in most countries/areas at 9-12 months of age, usually in the form of monovalent measles vaccine. The 2-dose policy is implemented in 12 countries. In 8 countries, the second dose is given as measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, and in 3 countries as monovalent measles vaccine. The age for the second dose varies. In 10 countries, it is given at 12-15 months of age, and in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya at 18 months of age. The United Arab Emirates uses 3 doses. Rubella vaccine is scheduled for girls of 12-13 years of age in Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and UNRWA and for boys and girls in Kuwait at 12 years of age. Hepatitis B vaccine is used in 15 countries/areas. All these countries use 3 primary doses of vaccine in infancy. The immunization time varies from birth (12 countries/areas) to 9 months of age. In Cyprus, hepatitis B vaccine is used in a 4-dose schedule, including a booster dose given to 5 to 6-year-old children. Tetanus toxoid is used for pregnant or non-pregnant women of childbearing age. It is also given to school-children in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The schedule includes 2-5 doses.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Sandfly fever among Swedish tourists.

All clinical and serologically confirmed cases of sandfly fever among Swedish tourists during 1986-1989 were investigated. A total of 37 cases of Sicilian virus sandfly fever and 1 case of Naples virus sandfly fever were recorded from Cyprus. One case of Toscana virus infection was documented from Spain. The clinical and laboratory findings did not differ from those in previous reports, except for elevated aminotransferase levels. A questionnaire, that offered a possibility to estimate the number of cases that had not been reported, was sent to 713 tourists who had visited different hotels in Cyprus and Mallorca in September 1987. Serum samples from 95 of these tourists were tested for sandfly fever virus antibodies. These tests indicated that only some 20% of the real number of sandfly fever infections had been diagnosed. Both clinical cases and cases found by the questionnaire showed a focal distribution with an overrepresentation of certain hotels in Cyprus. The results were reported to the local health officers and possibly due to the measures undertaken hereafter the number of sandfly fever cases diagnosed have decreased.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Novel cystic fibrosis mutation associated with mild disease in Cypriot patients.

Cyprus is an island in the eastern Mediterranean basin inhabited by people of Caucasian extraction, mostly Greek-Cypriots. The most common inherited disease among Caucasians is cystic fibrosis (CF). Although no careful scientific study had ever been done the impression was that CF was extremely rare among the Greek-Cypriots, with an incidence estimated at around 1:30,000. About 2 years ago, we introduced molecular diagnostic methodology in an effort to assist clinicians in safer diagnosis of patients presenting with atypical CF symptomatology, and also for testing the hypothesis that mutations that cause milder phenotypes might be responsible for misdiagnosis or for missing entirely some cases of CF. Initial screening for delta F508 revealed that it is indeed rare in the general population. Further screening of suspected CF patients revealed a novel mutation that converted leucine at position 346 to proline (L346P) in two unrelated families. The second CF mutation was delta F508 and 1677delTA in the two families respectively, both reportedly associated with severe phenotypes. Yet our patients did not present with typical CF pictures possibly because of the dominant nature of this novel mild mutation in exon 7. Symptoms included failure to thrive, chest infections and electrolyte disturbances. These findings raise the possibility that Cyprus might have been spared very severe CF phenotypes but not cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Immunoglobulin prophylaxis against hepatitis A among Swedish UN soldiers in an endemic region.

Six hundred and fifteen Swedish soldiers (X = 24.9 years) serving with the UN forces in Cyprus were tested for antibody against hepatitis A (anti-HAV) before and after six months' service. Before the service, a high susceptibility to hepatitis A was found, as only 2.3% (14/615) had anti-HAV. In comparison, the prevalence of anti-HAV among 124 native Cypriots (X = 23.9 years) was 97% (120/124), which showed Cyprus to be a region where hepatitis A is endemic. The soliders were given immunoglobulin (IG) prophylaxis (2 ml of 16.5% IG) against hepatitis A very third month. The incidence of subclinical seroconversion against hepatitis A among the Swedish soliders was 0.2% (1/615). It was concluded that the IG-prophylaxis scheme used seems to be highly effective and probably completely prevents even subclinical seroconversion against hepatitis A in non-immune persons in regions where hepatitis A is endemic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Possible spread of African horse sickness on the wind.

Analyses of outbreaks of African horse sickness showed that movement of infected Culicoides midges on the wind was most likely responsible for the spread of the disease over the sea from Morocco to Spain in 1966, from Turkey to Cyprus in 1960, and from Senegal to the Cape Verde Islands in 1943. The pattern of spread of the epidemic in the Middle East in 1960 could have been laid down by the infected midges carried on spells of south-east winds, and analyses of outbreaks in Algeria in 1965 and India in 1960 also suggested windborne spread of the disease. Each spread occurred when the presence of virus, host and vector coincided either with a spell of winds unusual for a particular time of year (Spain, Cyprus, Cape Verde Islands and Algeria) or with a series of disturbances usual at that time of the year (Middle East and India). Inferred flight endurance of the midge varied up to at least 20 h and flight range from 40 to 700 km. Flight occurred when temperatures were likely to have been in the range of 15-25 degrees C if it was at night or 20 to about 40 degrees C if it was by day.It is suggested that likely movements of midges on the wind can be estimated from synoptic weather charts, and should be taken into account when planning control of the disease in the face of an outbreak. Such control includes a ban on movement of horses, vaccination and spraying of insecticide.The risk of spread to countries outside the endemic areas should be assessed by reference to possible wind dispersal of infected midges.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed1991

High prevalence rates of antibody to three sandfly fever viruses (Sicilian, Naples, and Toscana) among Cypriots.

Neutralizing antibodies to sandfly fever Naples, sandfly fever Sicilian and Toscana viruses were investigated among 479 sera collected from a normal human population in Cyprus. Antibody prevalence rates of 57%, 32% and 20% were found to Naples, Sicilian and Toscana viruses, respectively. The observed frequency of dual and triple infections was higher than would be expected with a random chance of infection. Antibody prevalence rates were similar for men and women for all three viruses tested, but one of two study sites had significantly higher antibody prevalence to Naples and Sicilian viruses than the other. Individuals with antibodies to both Naples and Toscana viruses had higher antibody levels to Naples virus than those with antibodies to Naples virus only. If the antibody prevalence rates found in this study reflect a history of clinical disease as described in the literature, sandfly fever poses a significant public health problem in Cyprus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

"No more tears!" A local TQM formula for health promotion.

Given the fast diffusion and growing prominence of quality management in many industries, a new model for healthcare is designed which could serve as a serious contributor to health practices in third world countries. The aim of this research is to show the way that public and private hospitals in Cyprus function, and answer the question of how to increase total quality using public opinion in the healthcare industry in developing countries. Finally, having compared the total quality efforts of public and private hospitals in the Famagusta region of Cyprus, we conclude that the public sector is in a much worse position than the private sector in terms of total quality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Novel germline mutations in the APC gene of Cypriot patients with familial and sporadic adenomatous polyposis.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is one of the two commonest familial syndromes that predispose to colorectal cancer. FAP is caused by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour suppressor gene that has a high penetrance. The disease is characterized by the occurrence of hundreds to thousands of colorectal polyps, which if left untreated give rise to colorectal cancer. In Cyprus, there are no molecular data available as yet on families with FAP. This work presents the results of APC analysis in our population for the first time. The APC gene was analyzed in 33 DNA samples from 20 individuals belonging to four FAP families and 13 patients with sporadic polyposis. We identified three truncating mutations, four missense mutations and 11 polymorphisms. It is of interest that two of the three truncating mutations, 2307delA and Q1242X, are novel, which supports the existence of a unique genetic pool in the Cypriot population. This ethnic molecular study in addition to highlighting population heterogeneity also contributes to phenotype-genotype associations that are essential for the clinical management of FAP families in Cyprus.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed2006

Greek Cypriot attitudes toward Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants.

The authors examined the attitudes of 106 Greek Cypriots toward Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants on Cyprus. The authors examined Greek Cypriot attitudes, willingness to cohabit with Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants, and the reasons behind their attitudes in terms of their social-identity perceptions, victimization experiences, and human-rights concerns. A series of repeated measures analyses of variance showed that Greek Cypriots were more willing to cohabit with and had less negative attitudes toward Turkish Cypriots than they were with and toward Turkish immigrants. Women felt more victimized by Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants than did men. Perceived differences in social identity predicted unwillingness to cohabit with Turkish Cypriots. Feelings of victimization predicted negative attitudes toward Turkish Cypriots. Differences in social identity and victimization experiences predicted unwillingness to cohabit with Turkish immigrants. Differences in social identity predicted negative attitudes toward Turkish immigrants. The authors discussed the findings in terms of support for realistic group conflict theories of attitudes and their implications for the coexistence of these ethnic groups in Cyprus and of other ethnic groups in multicultural societies.

Attitude↗
PubMed2002

Spectrum and prevalence of prothrombotic single nucleotide polymorphism profiles in the Greek Cypriot population.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to establish the allele, genotype and genotype combination/SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) profile frequencies in the general population of Cyprus for 6 genes implicated in thrombotic disorders. The genes with their respective functional polymorphisms were the following: factor V (G1691A), prothrombin/factor II (G20210A), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T), platelet glycoprotein receptor IIIa (P1A1/A2), b-fibrinogen (G/A-455) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1 (4G/5G). METHODS: DNA samples from 121 unrelated individuals were used for this epidemiological study. The polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction digestion were used to genotype the 6 different polymorphic loci. Allele and genotype frequencies were established and shown to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. RESULTS: Mutant allele frequencies for the 6 genes were as follows: factor V-4%, prothrombin-2%, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase -39%, platelet glycoprotein receptor IIIa-16%, beta-fibrinogen-17% and plasminogen activator inhibitor - type 1-46%. Combined defects occurred which may increase the risk for vascular events, 33% of individuals (39/118) had 3 or more of the above mutations. CONCLUSIONS: As in other European populations, prospective case-control studies to estimate the risk for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and ischemic episodes with respect to genetic and environmental risk factors should be performed. Thrombophilia screening should be applied for primary and secondary prevention of thrombotic episodes in susceptible individuals on the island of Cyprus. Individuals targeted for such screening include those with the following: a positive family history for thrombosis; a previous DVT or other ischemic episode; prior exposure to circumstantial risk factors and in the presence of echolucent plaques.

Adult↗
PubMed1965

STUDIES ON BLUETONGUE II. COMPLEMENT-FIXING ACTIVITY OF OVINE AND BOVINE SERA.

Sera of sheep and calves infected with the California type 10 and Cyprus type 3 viruses of bluetongue were tested by the regular and modified direct complement-fixation tests. To obtain satisfactory complement fixation it was necessary to use the latter test. Cross reactivity was found, therefore, the California type 10 antigen could be used in testing sera of animals infected with the Cyprus virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Variation in the number of FMR1 microsatellite repeats in three subgroups of the Hellenic population.

Microsatellites have been used for human evolution and origin studies by comparing their frequency, diversity, and allele size. In this study we report the analysis of three microsatellite loci, FMR1 CGG and flanking DXS548 and FRAXAC2, in three separate groups of the Hellenic population: Athens, representing the general Hellenic population; Epirus (northwest Greece); and Cyprus. Significant variations in frequency and diversity were found in the three groups. Compared with Athens, Epirus had a tendency for longer alleles and a higher heterozygosity for DXS548. Cyprus had a frequency of CGG alleles similar to Athens but a low heterozygosity and a limited number of alleles at DXS548 and FRAXAC2. Allele differences of microsatellite loci not only are present in remote populations but also are evident between groups belonging to the same population. Microsatellite analysis could be a useful tool for identifying the origin of the founder chromosomes in intra-population studies and the time elapsed from the establishment of each population subgroup.

Alleles↗