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PubMed2006

Alcohol consumption is directly associated with circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein.

Findings on the association of alcohol consumption and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is thought to play a crucial role in the generation of atherosclerotic lesion, are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of total alcohol consumption and type of alcoholic beverage with circulating plasma LDL oxidation. This cross-sectional study included data of circulating oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) from a subpopulation of 587 men and women enrolled in a population-based survey conducted in 2000 in Girona (Spain). Multivariate analysis was performed to describe the independent association of alcohol consumption and ox-LDL. Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with high in vivo ox-LDL levels in the present population. The consumption of 10 g of alcohol was associated with an increase of 2.40 U/L of ox-LDL (p = 0.002). Adjustment for dietary variables, leisure-time physical activity, educational level, smoking, LDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, glycemia, triglycerides, diabetes, body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures only slightly modified this association (p = 0.003). In this full adjusted model the consumption of 10 g of alcohol per day was associated with an increase of 2.11 U/L of ox-LDL. Consumption of wine (ml/day) was associated with increasing ox-LDL levels (p = 0.029), however, attenuated after controlling for alcohol. No significant relationship of ox-LDL with alcohol-independent consumption of wine, beer, and spirits was observed. Alcohol consumption was independently and directly associated with circulating ox-LDL in the present population.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping: predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether fast food consumption and breakfast skipping are associated with weight gain during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. METHODS: A prospective study of 9919 adolescents participating in Waves II (age range 11-21 years) and III (age range 18-27 years) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. BMI z scores (zBMI) were computed using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Multivariate regression models assessed the relationship between Wave II fast food and breakfast consumption and change in fast food and breakfast consumption between Waves II and III and weight gain during the transition to adulthood. RESULTS: Marked increases in fast food consumption and decreases in breakfast consumption occurred over the 5-year interval. Greater days of fast food consumption at Wave II predicted increased zBMI at Wave III. Fewer days of breakfast consumption at Wave II and decreases in breakfast consumption between Waves II and III predicted increased zBMI at Wave III. CONCLUSIONS: Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping increased during the transition to adulthood, and both dietary behaviors are associated with increased weight gain from adolescence to adulthood. These behaviors may be appropriate targets for intervention during this important transition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

An empirical model for parameters affecting energy consumption in boron removal from boron-containing wastewaters by electrocoagulation.

In this study, it was investigated parameters affecting energy consumption in boron removal from boron containing wastewaters prepared synthetically, via electrocoagulation method. The solution pH, initial boron concentration, dose of supporting electrolyte, current density and temperature of solution were selected as experimental parameters affecting energy consumption. The obtained experimental results showed that boron removal efficiency reached up to 99% under optimum conditions, in which solution pH was 8.0, current density 6.0 mA/cm(2), initial boron concentration 100mg/L and solution temperature 293 K. The current density was an important parameter affecting energy consumption too. High current density applied to electrocoagulation cell increased energy consumption. Increasing solution temperature caused to decrease energy consumption that high temperature decreased potential applied under constant current density. That increasing initial boron concentration and dose of supporting electrolyte caused to increase specific conductivity of solution decreased energy consumption. As a result, it was seen that energy consumption for boron removal via electrocoagulation method could be minimized at optimum conditions. An empirical model was predicted by statistically. Experimentally obtained values were fitted with values predicted from empirical model being as following; [formula in text]. Unfortunately, the conditions obtained for optimum boron removal were not the conditions obtained for minimum energy consumption. It was determined that support electrolyte must be used for increase boron removal and decrease electrical energy consumption.

Boron↗
PubMed2003

Prior exposure to phencyclidine decreases voluntary sucrose consumption and operant performance for food reward.

Prior exposure to the psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine (PCP) produces a number of schizophrenia-like behaviors in animals. The goal of the present study was to determine whether prior exposure to PCP produces decreased reward function, thereby modeling one aspect of negative schizophrenic symptomatology. To this aim, the consequences of prior exposure to PCP were assessed on two types of appetitive consumptive behavior. In the first set of experiments, the effects of PCP (15 mg/kg, 20 h before testing) on sucrose consumption were tested for three consecutive days under conditions of deprivation and nondeprivation. In the deprivation condition, animals were water deprived for 4 h prior to injection of PCP or saline (SAL). Twenty hours following the injection (24 h after the onset of water deprivation), animals were allowed access to either 5% sucrose or water for 30 min. In the nondeprivation condition, 5% sucrose consumption was measured for 30 min, 20 h after PCP or SAL injection and water consumption was measured during the 23.5 h preceding sucrose consumption. PCP decreased both sucrose and water consumption under deprivation conditions on the second and third day of testing but selectively decreased sucrose consumption under nondeprivation conditions on all three testing days. LiCl (50 mg/kg, 20 h before testing) did not significantly reduce sucrose consumption in the nondeprivation paradigm, indicating that the effect of PCP was not due to conditioned taste aversion. In the second experiment, PCP (15 mg/kg, 20 h before testing) decreased operant performance when animals were switched from a continuous reinforcement schedule of food delivery to a fixed ratio (FR4) schedule. Apomorphine (APO, 30 microg/kg, 30 min before testing), a positive control, induced a similar performance deficit. However, the PCP-induced deficit was not apparent until the third day of FR4 testing while the APO deficit was apparent on the first day. The effects of PCP on sucrose consumption demonstrate PCP-induced decreases in reward function. However, the delayed appearance of the PCP-induced decrease in operant performance suggests that these results may be better explained by a PCP-induced attentional deficit, also characteristic of schizophrenic psychopathology.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Impact of meat consumption on nutritional quality and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

OBJECTIVE: To document the contribution of meat consumption to the overall nutritional quality of the diet and assess its impact on cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional survey of young adults in Bogalusa, La. SUBJECTS: We collected 24-hour dietary recalls from 504 19- to 28-year-olds from 1988 through 1991. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: We examined dietary composition by meat consumption quartiles. Analysis of variance and Newman-Keuls range tests were performed. RESULTS: Young adults consume an average of 6.5 oz meat daily; whites most often consumed beef and blacks most often consumed pork and poultry. Persons in the < 25th percentile for meat consumption consumed a diet closest to recommended levels--with 11% of energy from protein, 55% from carbohydrate, 32% from fat, 11% from saturated fatty acids, and 264 mg dietary cholesterol. In contrast, persons in the > 75th percentile for meat consumption consumed a diet with 18% of energy from protein, 40% from carbohydrate, 41% from fat, 13% from saturated fatty acids, and 372 mg dietary cholesterol. Intakes of heme iron and phosphorus were lower and calcium intake higher in persons in the < 25th percentile compared with those in the > 75th percentile for meat consumption. The percent of persons meeting two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for vitamin B-12, niacin, and zinc was greater in the > 75th percentile for meat consumption compared with the < 25th percentile for meat consumption. We noted no differences across meat consumption quartiles in blood lipids and lipoproteins, anthropometric measurements, and hemoglobin levels. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of moderate amounts of lean meat, along with healthier choices in other food groups, may be necessary to meet the current dietary recommendations.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Trends in breakfast consumption of US adults between 1965 and 1991.

OBJECTIVE: To examine breakfast consumption patterns and trends between 1965 and 1991 for adults in the United States. DESIGN: Trends analysis pooling three cross-sectional surveys. SETTING: Nationally representative samples obtained from the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) of 1965, the NFCS of 1977-1978, and the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. SUBJECTS: Adults aged 18 years and older: 6,274 in 1965, 18,033 in 1977-1978, and 10,812 in 1989-1991. All results reflect use of sampling weights, so results reflect nationally representative samples in each time period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Breakfast consumption, defined as the consumption of food and/or beverage between the hours of 5 AM and 9 AM, was the focus of the trends analysis. Population prevalence rates are reported for the entire population and population subgroups. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Probit analysis was used to identify factors associated with changes in breakfast consumption over time. RESULTS: Breakfast consumption declined in the 26-year period between 1965 and 1991 from 86% to 75% for US adults. Breakfast consumption increased with age, and the age differential increased over time. Urban-rural and South-non-South differences in breakfast consumption narrowed over time, whereas black-nonblack and college-noncollege differences increased slightly or remained constant. The nutritional quality of food consumed at breakfast has improved since 1965. CONCLUSIONS: Although part of the decline in breakfast consumption can be explained by personal and demographic determinants, other unknown factors contributed to the trends. Elucidation of such factors is necessary to predict differences in breakfast as a health-related behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Soft drink consumption among US children and adolescents: nutritional consequences.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether carbonated soft drink consumption is associated with consumption of milk, fruit juice, and the nutrients concentrated in these beverages. DESIGN: Data collected as part of the 1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals were analyzed. Information on food and nutrient intake was derived from 2 days of dietary recall data collected via an in-person interview. SUBJECTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative sample of people of all ages residing in the United States (response rate = 76.2%). Analyses were restricted to children aged 2 to 18 years (N = 1,810). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict the odds of low milk and juice consumption by soft drink consumption level. To determine whether intake of select nutrients varied by soft drink consumption, multiple linear regression modeling was conducted. Analyses were conducted using sample weights and software appropriate for the survey design. RESULTS: Energy intake was positively associated with consumption of nondiet soft drinks. For example, mean adjusted energy intake was 1,830 kcal/day for school-aged children who were nonconsumers of soft drinks compared with 2,018 kcal/day for children in this age group who consumed an average of 9 oz of soda or more per day. Those in the highest soft drink consumption category consumed less milk and fruit juice compared with those in the lowest consumption category (nonconsumers). CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition education messages targeted to children and/or their parents should encourage limited consumption of soft drinks. Policies that limit children's access to soft drinks at day care centers and schools should be promoted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The effect of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on oxygen consumption by the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii.

The oxygen consumption rate of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, was evaluated in response to body weight, temperature, activity, handling, diurnal rhythm, feeding and oxygen saturation level. There was a positive relationship between standard oxygen consumption (M(O(2))) and both body weight and water temperature. The relationship between total oxygen consumption and wet whole body weight was described by the equation: LogM(O(2))=0.595log W-0.396 (r(2)=0.83). The relationship between weight-specific oxygen consumption and temperature was described by the equation: LogM(O(2))=0.047T-2.25 (r(2)=0.94). Activity had a significant influence on the oxygen consumption rate, causing a three-fold increase above the standard rate at the temperature of acclimation (13 degrees C). However, at temperatures approaching the upper and lower extremes, lobsters had a decreased ability to increase their oxygen consumption rates during activity. Lobsters took 4.5-5 h to return to standard oxygen consumption rates after a period of emersion and handling. A strong diurnal rhythm to oxygen consumption was recorded. J. edwardsii displayed a classic postprandial increase in oxygen consumption. A peak (1.72 times standard M(O(2))) occurred 10-13 h after feeding with an increase above standard M(O(2)) being maintained for 42 h. In its rested state J. edwardsii was an oxygen regulator down to a critical oxygen tension of 58 Torr, whilst activity resulted in the critical oxygen tension increasing to 93 Torr.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

The BAOMS United Kingdom survey of facial injuries part 1: aetiology and the association with alcohol consumption. British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the age and sex distribution, timing, causes, geographical location, and nature of facial injuries in the UK and to determine the association of these factors with alcohol consumption by the patient or any other involved person. DESIGN: A 12-section proforma was completed on all patients with facial injuries covering their age and sex, time and day of injury and presentation, the cause and type of injury and where it occurred, the treatment the patient received, any other injuries, and alcohol consumption by the patient and any other involved person. The total attendances for the study week and the catchment population for each A&E department were recorded. SETTING: 163 of the A&E departments in the UK served by 137 of the UK's oral and maxillofacial departments. SUBJECTS: All patients who presented with facial injuries to these 163 A&E departments in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland over the study week from 09.00 hours on Friday 12 September 1997 to 08.59 hours on Friday 19th September 1997. RESULTS: 6114 patients with facial injuries presented over the week, out of a total of 152,692 A&E attendances. The male:female ratio was 68:32. This rose to 79:21 in assault cases. The mean age of all patients was 25.3 years, of males 23.2 years, and of females 29.8 years. Forty per cent of the facial injuries were caused by falls. A large proportion of these happened to the under-5 age group in the home. Eleven per cent of all falls were associated with alcohol consumption. Twenty-four per cent of the facial injuries were caused by assault. The commonest sites for assault were the street followed by public drinking establishments. More women than men were assaulted at home. Fifty-five per cent of assaults were related to alcohol consumption. Eight per cent of assaults were with bottles or glasses. Five per cent of the facial injuries occurred in road traffic accidents (RTAs). Fifteen per cent of RTA victims had consumed alcohol. The 15-25 age group suffered the greatest number of facial injuries caused by assault and RTAs and had the highest number associated with alcohol consumption. At least 22% of all the facial injuries in all age groups were related to alcohol consumption within 4 hours of the injury. In the over 15 age groups, alcohol consumption was associated with 90% of facial injuries occurring in bars, 45% on the street, and 25% in the home. Assault, RTA and alcohol consumption conveyed an increased risk of serious facial injury. CONCLUSIONS: Campaigns should be instituted to educate young people about the link between excessive alcohol consumption, assault, road traffic accidents and serious facial injury.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2000

Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and prognosis in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: The study evaluated the relationship between light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and prognosis in patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. BACKGROUND: Although chronic consumption of large amounts of alcohol can lead to cardiomyopathy, the effects of light-to-moderate alcohol consumption in patients with LV dysfunction are unknown. METHODS: The relationship between light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and prognosis was assessed in participants in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD), all of whom had ejection fraction values < or = 0.35. Baseline characteristics and event rates of patients who consumed 1 to 14 drinks per week (light-to-moderate drinkers, n = 2,594) were compared with those of patients who reported no alcohol consumption (nondrinkers, n = 3,719). The association between light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and prognosis was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards analysis, controlling for baseline differences and important covariates. RESULTS: Mortality rates were lower among light-to-moderate drinkers than among nondrinkers (7.2 vs. 9.4 deaths/100 person-years, p < 0.001). Among patients with ischemic LV dysfunction, light-to-moderate alcohol consumption was independently associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (RR [relative risk] 0.85, p = 0.01), particularly for death from myocardial infarction (RR 0.55, p < 0.001). The risks of cardiovascular death, death from progressive heart failure, arrhythmic death, and hospitalization for heart failure were similar for light-to-moderate drinkers and nondrinkers in this group. Among patients with nonischemic LV dysfunction, light-to-moderate alcohol consumption had no significant effect on mortality (RR 0.93, p = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption is not associated with an adverse prognosis in patients with LV systolic dysfunction, and it may reduce the risk of fatal myocardial infarction in patients with ischemic LV dysfunction.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

Effects of lifelong ethanol consumption on drinking behavior and motor impairment of alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats.

The effects of drinking ethanol throughout a lifetime on voluntary drinking behavior and ethanol-induced motor impairment were studied in alcohol-preferring AA (Alko, Alcohol) and alcohol-avoiding ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) rats of both sexes. At the age 3 months, the rats were tested for individual voluntary ethanol (10% vol./vol.) intake and ethanol-induced motor impairment (2 g/kg, i.p.). The rats were housed in group cages, half of them having 12% (vol./vol.) ethanol as the only source of fluid and the other half having free access to water. Food was always available for all animals. At the age of 23 months, their individual voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol-induced motor impairment were tested again. During forced drinking, the females of both strains consumed more ethanol than did the males. The ethanol consumption of the AA and ANA females and the ANA males increased significantly (P < .001) with age, but a slight decrease was seen in the ethanol consumption of the AA males. Time x strain interaction showed a significant (P < .05) difference in the ethanol consumption of male rats, with the AA males having a slight decrease in ethanol consumption with age, whereas the ANA males increased their ethanol consumption. After 19 months of forced ethanol exposure, AA males significantly decreased their individual voluntary ethanol consumption, and individual voluntary ethanol consumption by ethanol-exposed AA males was more pronounced (P < .001) than that of the AA rats that had free access to water (P < .05). For the female AA rats, those having free access to water significantly decreased their voluntary ethanol consumption (P < .05), but those having ethanol only did not. No significant changes in voluntary ethanol consumption with age or with different exposures were seen in the ANA rats. Body weights were higher in the groups having access to water than in the ethanol-only groups, but the differences were not significant within the AA and ANA strains. The ANA rats were significantly heavier in all groups. These results indicate that the voluntarily nondrinking ANA rats can drink almost as much ethanol as the voluntarily drinking AA rats when they are forced to drink ethanol and that lifelong forced ethanol drinking does not change their inherent drinking habits. When sensitivity to ethanol was measured with the tilting-plane test, the old AA female rats were more sensitive to ethanol than were the young ones. The young ANA females were more sensitive than the AA females when tested at 4 months. In males, aging did not produce any differences in ethanol sensitivity.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Green tea consumption and serum lipids and lipoproteins in a population of healthy workers in Japan.

PURPOSE: To examine the relation between green tea consumption and serum lipids and lipoproteins. METHODS: The subjects were 13,916 workers (8476 men and 5440 women) aged 40-69 years at over 1000 workplaces in Nagano prefecture, central Japan. They underwent health screening offered by a single medical institute between April 1995 and March 1996 and did not have morbid conditions affecting serum cholesterol levels. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides were measured at the screening. The consumption of green tea and other life-style characteristics were ascertained by a questionnaire. The data were analyzed with multivariate linear model. RESULTS: Daily consumption of green tea was reported by 86.7% of subjects. Green tea consumption was, statistically, significantly associated with lower levels of serum total cholesterol in both men and women while its associations with serum triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were not statistically significant. The inverse association of serum total cholesterol with green tea consumption appeared to level off at the consumption of more than 10 cups/day. Excluding the outlying subjects drinking more than 10 cups/day (0.4%), the regression analysis adjusting for age, body mass index, ethanol intake, smoking habit, coffee intake, and type of work showed that daily consumption of one cup of green tea was associated with a reduction in serum total cholesterol by 0.015 mmol/L (95% confidence interval 0.006 to 0.024, p < 0.001) in men and 0.015 mmol/L (0.004 to 0.025, p < 0.01) in women. After additional adjustment for selected dietary factors, the inverse association remained statistically significant; one cup of green tea per day was associated with a reduction in serum total cholesterol by 0.010 mmol/L (0.001 to 0.019, p = 0.03) in men and 0.012 mmol/L (0.001 to 0.022, p = 0.03) in women. CONCLUSION: Consumption of green tea was associated with lower serum concentration of total cholesterol in Japanese healthy workers age 40-69 years; however, green tea consumption was unrelated to serum HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Nut consumption in Spain and other countries.

In countries of the Mediterranean region, nuts have been consumed in moderate quantities since ancient times. Epidemiological studies show lower risk of cardiovascular diseases in populations with frequent nut consumption, independent from other dietary components. This article assesses nut consumption in Spain and other countries using different sources of data collected at the country, household or individual levels. The per capita consumption of nuts in Spain in 2001 was 7.9 g/person/d. The varieties most widely consumed are walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts and peanuts. Results of the eVe study estimate an average nut consumption in the Spanish population aged 25-60 years of 3.3 g/person/d. No significant statistical differences were observed between men and women. Consumption is higher in men aged between 35 and 44 years (4.5 g/d) and in women aged between 45 and 54 years (3.5 g/d). In the population of 2-24 years, according to the enKid study, nut consumption is estimated at 4.9 +/- 18.5 g/person per d. The age group with the highest consumption is teenagers between 14 and 17 years. The northeastern, northern and eastern regions of Spain show the highest consumption. According to FAO balance sheets, in 2001, Lebanon (16.5 kg/person per year) and Greece (11.9 kg/person per year) were the countries in the Mediterranean region with the highest consumption of nuts, followed by Spain (7.3 kg/person per year), Israel and Italy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A kinetic model for substrate and energy consumption of microbial growth under substrate-sufficient conditions.

The growth of heterotrophic microorganisms can be classified into substrate-limited and substrate-sufficient growth according to the relative availability of the substrate (carbon and energy source) and other nutrients. It is generally observed that the consumption rates of substrate and energy (ATP) are higher under substrate-sufficient conditions than under conditions of substrate limitation. The excess substrate and ATP consumption is often influenced by the residual concentration of substrate in a relatively wide range. To account for these effects, a kinetic model is proposed to describe substrate and ATP consumption rates of microbial growth under substrate-sufficient conditions. According to the model, the specific substrate consumption rate of a substrate-sufficient culture can be expressed as the sum of the substrate rate under substrate-limited conditions at the corresponding specific growth rate and an additional consumption rate due to excess substrate. The same kinetic form also applies to the specific ATP consumption rate and to the specific oxygen consumption rate of an aerobic culture, respectively. The linear equations for substrate and ATP consumption rates of Pirt and of Stouthammer and Bettenhousen can be used for substrate-limited growth. The excess of substrate and ATP consumption rates at carbon surplus can be described in a form similar to that of Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The proposed kinetic model has been verified with experimental data from three continuous cultures representing both anaerobic and aerobic microbial growth on substrates with low and high degrees of reductance. Using this model, the parameters maximum growth yield and maintenance requirement (both in terms of substrate and ATP) of a culture under different growth limitations can be better defined and quantified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2004

GSTM1 null genotype, red meat consumption and breast cancer risk (The Netherlands).

OBJECTIVE: We studied whether polymorphisms in N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 and Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genes modify the association between meat consumption and breast cancer. METHODS: A nested case control was conducted in a Dutch prospective cohort. Breast cancer cases (229) and controls (264) were frequency matched on age, town and menopausal status. RESULTS: There is no relation between any type of meat consumption ( i.e., total meat, processed meat, fresh meat, red meat and white meat) and breast cancer risk. Neither presence of NAT1 or NAT2 rapid genotype, or GSTT1 null genotype, alone or in combination with meat consumption affects breast cancer risk. Absence of GSTM1 shows 46% increased breast cancer risk (OR = 1.46 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 1.02-2.09)). When stratifying according to combined 'GSTM1 genotype-meat consumption' categories, breast cancer risk is slightly increased with consumption of red meat both in women with genotype GSTM1 presence (OR = 1.49 and 1.75 for intermediate and high versus low consumption) and in GSTM1 null genotype (OR = 1.18 and 1.02). These increases are statistically not significant. In postmenopausal women a suggestion of an effect of red meat consumption is observed: effects are slightly stronger, although still not statistically significant and without a clear dose-response relation: OR = 1.79 (95% CI = 0.92-3.50) and 1.46 (1.46 (95% CI = 0.76-2.82) for intermediate and high compared to low red meat consumption respectively. Reliable evaluation of interaction is not possible due to the small number of cancers. CONCLUSION: GSTM1 null genotype increases breast cancer risk. Red meat consumption slightly increases breast cancer risk, but the relation is not statistically significant and GSTM1, NAT1, NAT2 and GSTT1 polymorphisms do not modify this relation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Patterns of alcohol consumption in middle-aged men from France and Northern Ireland. The PRIME study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the patterns of alcohol consumption in France and Northern Ireland. DESIGN: Four cross-sectional studies. SETTING: Sample of 50-59 y old men living in France and Northern Ireland, consuming at least one unit of alcoholic beverage per week. SUBJECTS: 5363 subjects from France and 1367 from Northern Ireland. INTERVENTIONS: None. RESULTS: Consumption of wine was higher in France whereas consumption of beer and spirits was higher in Northern Ireland. Alcohol drinking was rather homogeneous throughout the week in France, whereas Fridays and Saturdays accounted for 60% of total alcohol consumption in Northern Ireland. In both countries, current smokers had a higher consumption of all types of alcoholic beverages than non-smokers. Similarly, obese and hypertensive subjects had a higher total alcohol consumption than non-obese or normotensive subjects, but the type of alcoholic beverages differed between countries. In Northern Ireland, subjects which reported some physical activity consumed significantly less alcoholic beverages than sedentary subjects, whereas no differences were found in France. Conversely, subjects with dyslipidemia consumed more alcoholic beverages than normolipidemic subjects in France, whereas no differences were found in Northern Ireland. In France, total alcohol, wine and beer consumption was negatively related to socioeconomic status and educational level. In Northern Ireland, total alcohol, beer and spirits consumption was negatively related whereas wine consumption was positively related to socioeconomic status and educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol drinking patterns differ between France and Northern Ireland, and also according to cardiovascular risk factors, socioeconomic and educational levels. SPONSORSHIP: Merck, Sharp & Dohme-Chibret (France), the NICHSA and the Department of Health and Social Service (Northern Ireland).

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Greater rise in fat oxidation with medium-chain triglyceride consumption relative to long-chain triglyceride is associated with lower initial body weight and greater loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue.

OBJECTIVE: Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) consumption has been shown to increase energy expenditure (EE) and lead to greater losses of the adipose tissue in animals and humans. The objective of this research was to examine the relationship between body composition and thermogenic responsiveness to MCT treatment. DESIGN: Randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial, with diets rich in either MCT or long-chain triglyceride (LCT) (as olive oil) for periods of 4 weeks each. SUBJECTS: A total of 19 healthy overweight men aged (x+/-s.e.m.) 44.5+/-2.5 y with a body mass index of 27.8+/-0.5 kg/m(2). MEASUREMENTS: EE and body composition were measured using indirect calorimetry and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively, at the baseline and end point of each feeding period. EE was measured for 30 min before consumption of a standard meal and for 5.5 h following the meal. RESULTS: Body weight (BW) decreased (P<0.05) by 1.03+/-0.25 kg with MCT consumption compared to 0.62+/-0.29 kg with LCT consumption. The difference in average EE between MCT and LCT consumptions was related to initial BW, such that men with lower initial BW had a greater rise in EE with MCT consumption relative to LCT on day 28 (r=-0.472, P=0.04) but not day 2 (r=-0.368, P=0.12). Similar results were obtained with fat oxidation on day 28 (r=-0.553, P=0.01). The greater rise in fat oxidation with MCT compared to LCT consumption on day 2 tended to be related to greater loss of BW after MCT vs LCT consumption (r=-0.4075, P=0.08). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that shunting of dietary fat towards oxidation results in diminished fat storage, as reflected by the loss of BW and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Furthermore, MCT consumption may stimulate EE and fat oxidation to a lower extent in men of greater BW compared to men of lower BW, indicative of the lower responsiveness to a rapidly oxidized fat by overweight men.International

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

The office candy dish: proximity's influence on estimated and actual consumption.

OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE: Although there is increasing interest in how environmental factors influence food intake, there are mixed results and misunderstandings of how proximity and visibility influence consumption volume and contribute to obesity. The objective of this paper is to examine two questions: first, how does the proximity and salience of a food influence consumption volume? Second, are proximate foods consumed more frequently because they are proximate, or are they consumed more frequently because people lose track of how much they eat? RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The 4-week study involved the chocolate candy consumption of 40 adult secretaries. The study utilized a 2 x 2 within-subject design where candy proximity was crossed with visibility. Proximity was manipulated by placing the chocolates on the desk of the participant or 2 m from the desk. Visibility was manipulated by placing the chocolates in covered bowls that were either clear or opaque. Chocolates were replenished each evening, and placement conditions were rotated every Monday. Daily consumption was noted and follow-up questionnaires were distributed and analyzed. RESULTS: There were main effects for both proximity and visibility. People ate an average of 2.2 more candies each day when they were visible, and 1.8 candies more when they were proximately placed on their desk vs 2 m away. It is important to note, however, that there was a significant tendency for participants to consistently underestimate their daily consumption of proximately placed candies (-0.9) and overestimate their daily consumption of less proximately placed candies (+0.5). DISCUSSION: These results show that the proximity and visibility of a food can consistently increase an adult's consumption of it. In addition, these results suggest that people may be biased to overestimate the consumption of foods that are less proximate, and to underestimate those that are more proximate. Knowing about these deviation tendencies is important for those attempting effectively monitor their consumption of fat and sugar.

Adult↗