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PubMedDate not supplied

SEM study of a self-etching primer adhesive system used for dentin bonding in primary and permanent teeth.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interfacial micromorphology of direct esthetic restorations bonded to primary or permanent tooth dentin with a self-etching primer adhesive system. METHODS: Superficial dentin at the occlusal surface of 15 primary and 15 permanent molars was exposed with a carbide bur. Prompt-L-Pop was applied in one half of each surface. A control bonding system, Single Bond or Vitremer Primer, was used in the other half Teeth were restored either with a composite resin (Filtek Z250), a compomer (Hytac), or a resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitremer). Twenty-five scanning electron microscope fields from 5 teeth were evaluated blindly by two investigators for each condition. RESULTS: In this study, a significant difference in quality of the interfacial seal was not observed when restorations performed in primary teeth were compared to restorations in permanent teeth. Interfacial gaps were observed in most restorations bonded with Prompt-L-Pop and restored with Filtek Z250 (9/10), Hytac (9/10), or Vitremer (5/10). No interfacial gaps were observed in teeth bonded with Single Bond and restored with Filtek Z250 (0/10) or Hytac (0/10), while all teeth bonded with Vitremer Primer and restored with Vitremer presented gaps (10/10). To understand the reason for the interfacial gaps observed with Prompt-L-Pop, we examined if this system generated a hybrid layer at the dentin/restorative material interface. All surfaces bonded with Single Bond and restored with Filtek Z250 or Hytac presented a visible hybrid layer. In contrast, 0/10 (Z250) and only 3/10 (Hytac) restorations bonded with Prompt-L-Pop showed signs of a hybrid layer. CONCLUSION: The self-etching primer adhesive system Prompt-L-Pop failed to generate sealed interfaces consistently between the dentin of primary and permanent teeth and the composite resin or the compomer evaluated in this study.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Surface roughness of aesthetic restorative materials: an in vitro comparison.

The purpose of this study was to compare the surface roughness of three types of aesthetic restorative material. Six standard samples of two brands of each type of material were prepared namely: hybrid composites (Prodigy, Z100), compomers (Compoglass F, Hytac Aplitip) and glass ionomer cements (Photac-Fil, Vitremer) in a perspex mould (N = 36). Upper and lower surfaces were covered with Mylar strips which, in turn, were covered with glass slides and compressed to express excess material. After light curing, specimens were stored in distilled water for 14 days. Thereafter, one side of each specimen was polished sequentially with medium, fine and super fine Soflex discs (treatment). Untreated surfaces served as controls. All surfaces were examined with Talysurf and the surface roughness (Ra) of each specimen was recorded. Three measurements were made of each specimen. A 4-way ANOVA and Tukey's Studentised range test were used to analyse the data. Statistically significant effects were found for both type of material (P = 0.0001) and for treatment process (P = 0.0065). Among unpolished specimens: Compoglass F is significantly rougher than Vitremer, Z100, Prodigy and Hytac Aplitip, and compomers are significantly rougher than hybrids. Among polished specimens: Photac-Fil is significantly rougher than Z100 but does not differ from Compoglass F, Vitremer, Prodigy and Hytac Aplitip, and glass ionomers are also significantly rougher than hybrids. The smoothest surface is obtained when curing materials against a Mylar strip.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Effect of mouthwash and accelerated aging on the color stability of esthetic restorative materials.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the color stability of esthetic restorative materials after immersion in mouthwashes and accelerated aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Compomers and resin-based composites (RBC) were measured at baseline and repeatedly after immersion in three kinds of mouthwash (Listerine, Peridex, Rembrandt Age Defying) for 24 hrs and 7 days, and after aging for 150 kJ/m2. Color was measured according to CIE L*a*b* color scale on a reflection spectrophotometer. RESULTS: After immersion for 7 days, the mouthwash groups did not produce significantly higher color changes than the distilled water group, except with some mouthwashes used with Tetric-Ceram. After immersion for 7 days and aging for 150 kJ/m2, the mouthwash groups did not produce significantly higher color changes than the distilled water group. Aging in weathering chamber produced color change (deltaE*) of 1.1-3.9, which was mainly influenced by the material. With some exceptions, the color changes from immersion of the RBCs and compomers in mouthwashes were not perceptible (deltaE*<3.3).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of delayed polishing on gap formation of cervical restorations.

This study evaluated the effect of polishing after one-day storage in water on the gap formation around a Class V restoration completely bordered by enamel (coronal cavity) using one resin-modified glass ionomer, one compomer and one conventional glass ionomer as a control. The study also examined gap formation of these materials in two different cervical restorations-a cervical cavity incisally bordered by enamel and cervically bordered by dentin and a root surface cavity completely bordered by dentin. When the specimens of the two types of glass-ionomer material were polished immediately after the setting procedure, 100-120 gaps around the coronal restorative cavity were observed. In contrast, only 10-20 gaps were observed when the specimens were polished after one-day storage. Significant differences in the two glass-ionomer restorative materials were observed between immediate polishing and polishing after one-day storage. The compomer not show this pattern. Restorations placed in enamel/dentin and all-dentin gave results similar to those in all-enamel.

Bicuspid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surface finish of a new hybrid aesthetic restorative material.

This study compared the surface finish of a new hybrid aesthetic restorative material (Reactmer) over time to four different types of existing materials. The latter included a composite (Spectrum TPH), a compomer (Dyract AP) and conventional (Fuji II) and resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Fuji II LC). Six specimens of each material were fabricated and stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for one week. The materials were subsequently finished with a series of Sof-Lex contouring and polishing disks. The average surface roughness (Ra, microm) of each specimen was measured at three days and three months by a surface profilometer. Storage medium was distilled water at 37 degrees C during the hiatus periods. Data was analyzed by ANOVA/Scheffe's and independent samples t-tests at significance level 0.05. At both time periods, Fuji II and Fuji II LC were significantly rougher than Spectrum, Dyract and Reactmer. For all materials, surface roughness at three days was not significantly different from that at three months. The surface finish of the giomer (Reactmer) was significantly better than conventional/resin-modified glass ionomer cements and comparable to the composite and compomer evaluated. The quality of surface finish for all materials was not significantly affected by long-term storage in water.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Enamel and dentin bond strengths of single application bonding systems.

PURPOSE: To investigate the bonding ability to enamel and dentin of new single application bonding systems (Reactmer and One-Up Bond) and compare these with a commercial compomer (Clicker/F2000), and 2-step resin-based composite bonding systems (Fluoro Bond/Lite-Fil II A and Single Bond/Z100). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Labial surfaces of extracted bovine teeth were ground on wet 600-grit SiC paper to expose a flattened area of enamel or dentin and then washed and dried with oil-free compressed air. These surfaces were treated according to each adhesive system's instructions and the restorative materials were condensed into a Teflon mold (2 mm height, 4 mm internal diameter) and then irradiated. The finished specimens were stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for 24 hours from the start of light exposure to the material. Then these specimens were tested in a shear mode at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/minute. The mean and standard deviation were subjected to an ANOVA followed by the Duncan test (P< 0.05). RESULTS: The bond strengths of the single application bonding systems were 12.3 to approximately 14.5 MPa for enamel, and 13.7 to approximately 13.8 MPa for dentin. These values were comparable to those of the compomer (12.6 MPa for enamel, and 13.1 MPa for dentin), but lower than those of the two-step resin composite bonding systems (16.8 to approximately 21.7 MPa for enamel and 18.1 to approximately 18.4 MPa for dentin).

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro bonding efficacy of three restorative materials to primary dentin using a one-bottle adhesive system.

The shear bond strength to primary dentin of a new single-bottle adhesive with three restorative materials (composite resin, compomer, and amalgam) was evaluated. Statistical analysis of the data showed significant differences among the means of the groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Composite resin and compomer were not significantly different from each other but both were statistically higher than amalgam. The fracture mode was not related to the shear bond strength values. The mean shear bond strengths obtained in this study were statistically comparable to those obtained in a previous study which used the same experimental design but included permanent teeth.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Posterior resin-based composite: review of the literature.

The use of direct posterior resin-based composite has increased primarily due to patient esthetic desires and product improvements. Other factors (substantiated or not) contributing to increased use of resin-based composite are environmental and health concerns with dental amalgam. New visible light cured resin-based composite products are introduced yearly, as manufacturers continue to improve this tooth-colored restorative material. This paper will characterize current posterior resin-based composite materials (hybrid, microfill, flowable, and packable), review recent in vitro and clinical research, and recommend indications for these materials. In addition, the literature on compomers will be reviewed and recommendation made for their use. The data indicates that composite resin is a technique sensitive restorative material that can be used in large preparations if proper manipulation and isolation can be maintained. Compomers may also be used as an esthetic posterior restorative if proper isolation is provided.

Bicuspid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of professionally applied topical fluorides on surface hardness of composite-based restoratives.

This study investigated the effects of professionally applied topical fluorides on the surface hardness of a composite (Spectrum TPH), a compomer (DyractAP) and a giomer (Reactmer). Thirty specimens of each material were fabricated and stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for one week. These specimens were then randomly divided into five groups of six and treated for 36 hours at 37 degrees C with one of the following: distilled water (control), 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) foam, 0.9% neutral foam, 1.23% APF gel and 0.4% stannous fluoride gel. The treated specimens were subsequently subjected to microhardness testing (load = 500 gf; dwell time = 15 seconds). Results were analyzed using ANOVA/Scheffe's test (p<0.05). The effects of topical fluoride application on surface hardness was material dependent. For all materials, treatment with APF gel and foam significantly reduced surface hardness when compared to the control. KHN values after exposure to APF gel were consistently the lowest and ranged from 4.53 to 15.97. Control KHN values were higher, ranging from 32.88 to 47.47. The surface hardness of the compomer was also significantly reduced after exposure to neutral foam. Therefore, the use of professionally applied topical fluorides, especially APF gel and foam, may be detrimental to the long-term durability of composite-based restoratives.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2002

[Long-term results of front teeth restoration using light-curing composite materials].

200 patients (500 restorations of front teeth) were examined. All the restorations were made of light-curing composite materials (microfills, hybrids, compomers, and combination of microfills and hybrids) from 5 do 9 years ago. Clinical and esthetical parameters were evaluated. We had to replace 96 restorations of 500 (19.2%), only 50 (10%) restorations were marked as "excellent". Direct veneers made of microfilled composite materials showed the best results (30%--"excellent" restorations). The restorations of devital teeth and V-class restorations of compomer material show the worse result (20% restorations replaced).

Compomers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An in vitro comparison of metal and transparent matrices used for bonded class II resin composite restorations.

This study compared excess formation of direct bonded Class II restorations using different matrix systems-metal or transparent. Sixty freshly extracted, non-carious, posterior human teeth were used. In all of the teeth, standardized MOD-cavities were prepared with the gingivoproximal margins located 1.0-1.5 mm cervical to the cemento-enamel junction. The prepared teeth were randomly assigned to six groups. Half were restored using metal matrices and wooden wedges; the other half were restored using transparent matrices and reflective wedges. Three different material systems were used to fill the cavities: 1) a hybrid composite (Tetric) plus an adhesive bonding agent (Syntac Classic), 2) a flowable composite (Tetric Flow) plus Syntac Classic and 3) a compomer (Dyract AP) together with an adhesive bonding agent designed for compomers (Prime & Bond NT). After the specimens were preserved in saline solution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assessed the amount of overhang formation at the restoration margins. The data collected indicated the use of transparent matrices resulted in significantly higher amounts of excess material at the restoration margins compared with metal matrices. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the materials when the same matrix was used. All of the dental restorations examined displayed material overhang. Based on these findings, the authors concluded that the type of matrix exerts a major impact on overhang formation, with metal matrices resulting in significantly less excess material buildup.

Compomers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Marginal discrepancies and leakage of all-ceramic crowns: influence of luting agents and aging conditions.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the marginal discrepancies and leakage of all-ceramic crowns cemented with different luting agents after fatigue tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight all-ceramic crowns were cemented onto natural molars. Zinc-phosphate cement, compomer cement, and an adhesive composite resin luting system were used in 16 specimens each. Sixteen metal-ceramic crowns were cemented with zinc-phosphate cement as a control. Half of the specimens in each group were fatigued in a chewing simulator for 600,000 loading cycles with 3,500 thermocycles. The others received the 3,500 thermocycles only. An impression-replica technique and SEM were used for evaluation of the marginal discrepancies. Leakage of the specimens was microscopically assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between marginal discrepancies of the groups, with the exception of porcelain shoulder margins in the metal-ceramic group, which had significantly larger discrepancies (P < .01). There was no significant effect of the fatigue tests on marginal discrepancies. However, significant differences of leakage were found between the groups cemented with the different luting agents after both fatigue tests. The adhesive composite resin luting system demonstrated the least leakage. The compomer cement showed an intermediate level of leakage, and the zinc-phosphate cement showed severe leakage that extended through the dentinal tubules to the pulp chambers. No significantly different effect of the two fatigue tests on the leakage was found. CONCLUSION: The adhesive composite resin luting system showed clinically acceptable marginal discrepancies and an excellent ability to minimize leakage of all-ceramic crowns.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of fluoride-releasing dental materials using a new in vitro method.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to research the antimicrobial activity of fluoride-releasing dental materials on strains of mutans streptococci using a new in vitro method. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Using microplaques for the cell cultures, specimens were made with a conventional glass ionomer (Ketac-Cem), a photo-cured ionomer (Vitremer), and a compomer (Dyract). Three groups were made, each focusing on a distinct situation: In the first group, the antimicrobial activity was tested after curing; in the second, the materials were exhausted from their disposable fluoride for 14 days; and in the third group, fluoride was reincorporated into the specimens after a topical application of 2% sodium fluoride gel for 4 minutes. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the photo-cured ionomer had the best antimicrobial activity of all groups, followed by the conventional glass ionomer and compomer groups, respectively. All materials studied presented antimicrobial activity in all stages of the experiment, which was statistically proven using the Student's t test. CONCLUSIONS: The fluoride-releasing materials studied in the current report demonstrated antimicrobial activity on strains of mutans streptococci in every group studied. This new method demonstrated more accuracy and practicability than others commonly used.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of delayed polishing periods on interfacial gap formation of Class V restorations.

This in vitro study evaluated the effect of the initial polishing period through 30 minutes, 3 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 1 week after setting on the gap formation around Class V restorations. Three resin-modified glass ionomers, one compomer, one conventional glass ionomer and one microfilled composite were used as controls. When specimens of the two types of glass ionomers and a microfilled composite were polished immediately after the setting procedure, this study showed 100-140 gaps around the X-section of the restorations. In contrast, only 10-40 gaps around the Class V restoration were observed when the specimens were polished after 12 hours of storage. Significant differences were observed between polishing immediately and polishing after 12 hours of storage in the two glass ionomer restorative materials. The compomer did not show this pattern. No significant differences were observed among the six polishing periods of the sum number of gaps at the cavity-restoration interfaces. The tendency of Silux Plus was similar to the two types of glass ionomer materials; namely, when the specimen was polished and inspected after storage in water for 24 hours or one week, the authors observed almost 30 gaps around the restorative cavities.

Bicuspid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of power density on shrinkage of dental resin materials.

This study compares volumetric changes and rates of shrinkage during different stages of polymerization of dental resin composites and compomers exposed to the same total energy by using two different combinations of power density and exposure duration. A hybrid composite and its equivalent flowable and a compomer and its equivalent flowable were exposed using a halogen curing unit set at 400 mW/cm2 for 40 seconds and 800 mW/cm2 for 20 seconds: delivering 16 J/cm2 in both cases. Volumetric changes were recorded every 0.5 seconds using a mercury dilatometer. Ten replications per test condition were performed and the data were subjected to ANOVA. Statistically significant differences in shrinkage values and rates among different power densities were determined by means of paired t-tests at a 95% confidence level. Significantly more shrinkage (p<0.05) was found for the higher filled materials, Z250 and Dyract AP, when higher power density was used. However, no significant differences were found between their flowable counterparts when exposed to various power densities. Of the four materials, only Dyract AP exhibited no significant difference in shrinkage rate when various power densities were used. All the other materials exhibited significantly higher rates (p<0.05) at the higher power density.

Compomers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variables contributing to the quality of fissure sealants used by general dental practitioners.

This study investigated the factors that could influence microleakage, penetration ability and the formation of resin tags of different sealants used in routine oral health care. One hundred and two caries-free extracted molars were divided into 34 groups of three teeth each. A questionnaire and three teeth were submitted to 34 dentists participating in the study. They completed the questionnaire anonymously based on their own clinical procedures. The teeth were then treated, corresponding to the questionnaires. The types of sealants were categorized into three groups: classical sealant, flowable composite and flowable compomer. The molars were thermocycled in water (5,000 cycles between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C), then stained with 5% methylene blue for 24 hours. Each tooth was then sectioned longitudinally at three sites. Fissure type, microleakage and penetration ability of the sealants was evaluated with a computer-linked light microscope (25x magnification). Formation of resin tags at the enamel-sealant interfaces was examined using SEM. Variables thought to influence performance of the sealants were analyzed by multiple regression analyses. Classical sealants showed significantly lower microleakage than flowable composites and flowable compomers. Conventional etching with phosphoric acid was critical for sealant success. Agitating the etchant could improve the quality of sealing by decreasing microleakage significantly. In addition, the fissure types had a significant effect on the penetration ability of sealants.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of surface finish of new aesthetic restorative materials.

This study compared the surface finish of eight different types of aesthetic restorative materials. The materials included resin-modified (Fuji II LC [FL], GC) and highly viscous (Fuji IX GP Fast [FN], GC) glass ionomer cements, a compomer (F2000 [FT], 3M-ESPE), minifilled (Z100 [ZO], 3M-ESPE) and microfilled (A110 [AO], 3M-ESPE) composites and materials based on recently introduced ormocer (Admira [AM], Voco), nanomer (Filtek Supreme Translucent [FST], 3M-ESPE) and nanocluster technology (Filtek Supreme [FS], 3M-ESPE). Sixteen specimens (3-mm long x 3-mm wide x 2-mm deep) of each material were divided into two equal groups. Specimens in Group 1 received no further treatment after polymerization against a matrix strip, while the specimens in Group 2 were roughened with 320 grit grinding paper using a lapping device and were finished/polished with a graded abrasive disk system (Super-Snap, Shofu). The mean roughness (Ra, microm) of materials was determined using a surface profilometry. Data was analyzed by ANOVA/Scheffe's test at significance level 0.05. Mean Ra values ranged from 0.04 to 0.16 microm for Group 1 specimens and 0.15 to 0.68 microm for Group 2 specimens. Results of statistical analysis were as follows: Group 1-FS, FST, FL, FN, AM > FT, AO, ZO; Group 2-FN, FT, FL > AO, FS, ZO, AM, FST (> indicates significantly greater Ra values). For the finished/polished composite materials, Ra values observed for AM and FST were significantly lower than for AO and FS. The surface finish of glass ionomers and compomer was significantly poorer than composites. Composite materials based on ormocer and nanomer technology were significantly smoother than those based on microfillers and nanoclusters.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Volumetric polymerisation shrinkage of different dental restorative materials.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Polymerisation shrinkage is a critical limitation of dental resins and may contribute to micro leakage. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to record and compare volumetric changes of various dental composites and compomers, exposed for 40 seconds to a commercial halogen light source. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven light-polymerised composites and compomers were evaluated using a dilatometer that recorded the polymerisation shrinkage every 0.5 second. The mercury column pressure was measured electronically with a pressure-sensitive transducer, and the data recorded and stored in a computer. The computer also recorded the temperature, controlled the light-source and displayed the data in graphic format. Every material was tested ten times. The data were analysed by means of an ANOVA (P < 0.05). RESULTS: A high rate of shrinkage occurred for all materials in the first ten seconds of polymerisation. Surefil showed the lowest rate while TPH displayed the highest. Of the higher filled materials, Surefil (0.96%) showed the least shrinkage, followed by Z250 (0.99%), Dyract AP (1.18%), Herculite (1.27%), Compoglass (1.32%), Amelogen (1.34%) and TPH-Spectrum (1.6%). Overall, the flowable materials exhibited significantly more shrinkage (P < 0.05). For this group Compoglass Flow (2.3%) showed the least shrinkage followed by Filtec Flow (2.31%). Permaflo (3.6%) exhibited the most shrinkage followed by Dyract Flow (3%). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, it is concluded that significant differences exist among the polymerisation shrinkage of the most resins tested. An increase in the filler content of a material significantly lessens the polymerisation shrinkage while an increase in the monomer concentration causes significantly more polymerisation shrinkage. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The more flowable a composite material becomes, the more the restoration will shrink. Clinicians should take this into account when they decide on cavity design and materials to use.

Analysis of Variance↗