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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The development of an instrument for assessing Community-Based Education of undergraduate students of Community and Health Sciences at the University of the Western Cape.

CONTEXT: In Community-Based Education (CBE) students are expected to develop problem solving, communication and critical thinking capabilities. Assessment provides an opportunity for students to improve these skills, it helps them to gain increased motivation, high achievement, it reduces anxiety over grading, and it improves communication between learners and teachers. The aim of this study was to develop a common instrument for assessing undergraduate students of Health Sciences in their placements for CBE. OBJECTIVES: (1) Identify the skill requirements of students in CBE; (2) Develop a common instrument for assessing undergraduate students in Health Sciences. METHODS: The study was based in the Faculty of Community and Health Sciences at the University of the Western Cape. Existing documents relevant to the assessment of CBE were collected and analyzed to provide background information. Focus group discussions were held with lecturers from various departments, key persons from the departments and students were audiotaped and later the data analyzed into emerging themes. This was followed with a workshop by relevant experts in CBE, to identify the essential items to be included in the proposed assessment tool. The instrument was piloted with two departments in various community settings. RESULTS: The participants identified knowledge, transferable skills, professionalism and attitudes as important elements for assessment. The instrument piloted was very comprehensive and suitable for use by students of any profession in a range of communities. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that the instrument can be used to assess students in any learning experience based in a community setting.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Community consultation in HIV prevention research: a study of community advisory boards at 6 research sites.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand how community advisory boards (CABs) can be used to improve the quality of HIV prevention trials. DESIGN: Data collected included descriptive and epidemiologic reports, ethnographic observations, and face-to-face semistructured qualitative interviews with 67 CAB and research team members. Interviews were coded for themes related to community-based consultation. SETTING: The study was conducted at 6 sites of the HIV Prevention Trials Network-Los Angeles, California; Birmingham, Alabama; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Harare, Zimbabwe; Lima, Peru; and Chiang Mai, Thailand. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six CAB members and 31 research team members, identified with the assistance of research staff at each site, were recruited for interviews across the 6 sites. RESULTS: Both "broad community" and "population-specific" models were identified as strategies for CABs to represent potential participants in HIV prevention trials. CABs viewed their role as a bridge between the research team and trial participants. CABs improved prevention clinical trials by assisting in protocol development, recruitment, and retention. In addition, CABs both identified and helped resolve ethical issues in clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: When given time to develop, CABs appear to be a good strategy for building partnerships between researchers and communities for collaborative research projects. This approach has the potential to build sustainable capacity to identify and address ethical issues in research as well as community needs.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2004

The clinical home community: a model for community-based education.

BACKGROUND: Escalating health care costs, racial inequities and socioeconomic disparities have limited access for many to even the barest of health care services. The paradigm shift to a health promotion, disease prevention, and health restoration model within a community-based framework demands greater integrated learning experiences for nursing students that are centred where clients live, work, and play. AIM: To describe the process of developing, implementing and evaluating a rural New England University's experience of piloting a clinical home community model within its existing baccalaureate curriculum. CONTENT: The model describes how it is possible to break free from traditional acute care settings in hospitals and mental health institutions. Students are provided with maternal-child and adult mental health experiences that are available in a targeted clinical home community setting where consumers are increasingly seeking health care. The concepts that directed curriculum revision from a traditional to a community-based educational framework are discussed. OUTCOMES: Strengths and limitations of the model are presented within the context of student, faculty and consumer partnerships. Implications for global development of the clinical home community model in nursing are proposed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

A study of community differences in stress among the elderly: implications for community health nursing.

It has long been known that stressful states are linked to physical and mental health. An important dimension of emotional stress is community environment. That is, communities can produce stress in individuals but can also provide the coping resources that help modify these stressors. We examined differences in stress responses among a random samples of 900 elderly living in nine metropolitan and nine non-metropolitan, randomly chosen communities in six northeastern states. Respondents were asked if, in the past year, they had experienced anything upsetting or stressful in their lives connected with family and friends, their health, and their finances. The findings support the existence of community differences in stress responses for these elderly respondents, and show evidence of a link between community structure and individual behaviors.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Community analysis in community health nursing practice: the GENESIS model.

A community-analysis strategy, GENESIS (general ethnographic and nursing evaluation studies in the state), is a comprehensive, holistic portrait of communities obtained through secondary analysis of existing data and qualitative methods. The GENESIS method is delineated and examples of studies are presented. To explicate the method and illustrate the findings, an aggregate-focused GENESIS study and two studies in which entire communities were the targets are compared and contrasted. Other defining concepts of nursing, such as caring and health, are redefined or explicated to make them congruent with the recognition that for community health nurses, the community is the client.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Fostering youth leadership to address workplace and community environmental health issues: a university-school-community partnership.

Many communities of color are disproportionately exposed to workplace and community environmental hazards. This article presents the results of a pilot project designed by a university-school-community partnership to develop youth leadership to confront these exposures. Using a popular empowerment education approach, students applied peer education, research, and organizing skills learned in the classroom to community-based internships in a service-learning model. Evaluation results from pretests and posttests, focus groups, and in-depth interviews demonstrated that students shared what they learned about young workers' rights and environmental justice with family and friends. They developed a critical analysis of environmental inequities, created a citywide youth coalition that advocates around legal, educational, and environmental issues affecting youth, and implemented campaigns to enforce child labor laws and to prevent school construction on contaminated land. This multifaceted model can serve as an important foundation to develop youth leaders to influence environmental policies in a variety of communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

North Staffordshire Community Beds Study: longitudinal evaluation of psychiatric in-patient units attached to community mental health centres. I: Methods, outcome and patient satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates two in-patient units attached to community mental health centres (CMHCs) that were designed to supplement acute in-patient care and to integrate with community-based after-care services. AIM: To examine the comparative outcome of patients with severe mental illness (SMI) admitted to the two units. METHOD: All patients with SMI admitted to the acute psychiatric wards serving the two CMHCs, those transferred to the community in-patient units and those admitted directly to these units (n = 110) were compared with patients (n = 67) admitted to acute wards serving two similar catchment areas without associated community beds. Baseline clinical and social measures were made and repeated at six and 12 months. Satisfaction with services was assessed at 12 months. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significantly better outcomes, significant reduction in unmet need and better satisfaction with services. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the community beds appears to have significant benefits for patients with SMI.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) story: review of community oncologists' experiences with clinical research trials in cancer with an emphasis on the CCOP of the National Cancer Institute between 1982 and 1987.

PURPOSE: To review the growth of community physicians' involvement in National Cancer Institute (NCI) clinical research trials as a significant contribution to cancer control, and to show their impact, not yet fully realized, on cancer morbidity and mortality in the United States. DESIGN: Background information, based on the personal experience of participants, as well as a review of pertinent literature, portrays the evolution of the clinical research component of community oncology in the United States over the last 25 years. RESULTS: Data from Community Clinical Oncology Programs (CCOPs) I and II have been used to outline some of the results of this far-reaching program. CONCLUSION: The CCOP was introduced at an appropriate time to expand the clinical trial resources of the NCI, while at the same time helping community oncologists practice state-of-the-art cancer management found in the research protocols. This in turn provided improved resources to manage cancer patients, as most of them are treated in their own communities. CCOPs have also indirectly had a positive impact on the trial processes of the NCI cooperative groups and comprehensive cancer centers, and have helped to widen the scope and hasten progress in cancer-control research and practice.

Cancer Care Facilities↗
PubMed1996

Community health centers and quality of care: a goal to provide effective health care to the community.

The uniqueness of community health centers provides for a sound environment for total quality management (TQM). Structure, process, and outcome are valued equally under TQM. With strong management leadership and a framework for quality of care, community health care specialists (e.g., advanced practice nurses) can easily incorporate the TQM measurement criteria in their daily practice routines. By applying the principles of TQM, the community health center will advance toward its goal of enhancing the effectiveness of health care delivery to a community and its members in partnership with the community.

Community Health Centers↗
PubMed1992

Perceptions of the community on the pricing of community mental health services.

In the past few years there has been a decrease in governmental support of Community Mental Health centers. Because of this, there has been some concern, on the part of Community Mental Health professionals, as to the overall impact of this decreased governmental support. Research has been conducted that speculates on how best to handle this mini-crisis. One article suggests moving to an overall marketing approach to help combat this dollar support decline (Day and Ford 1988). Others provide methods for surveying Community Mental Health users (Ludke, Curry & Saywell 1983). William Winston (1988) suggests an overall psychographic segmentation approach to developing market targets. There has also been research detailing promotional methods for expanded marketing coverage (Moldenhauer 1988), however little has been written defining the pricing impact on Community Mental Health services. This study addresses the perceptions of Community Mental Health Center users toward the price variable of the marketing mix.

Colorado↗
PubMed1999

Community-level HIV intervention in 5 cities: final outcome data from the CDC AIDS Community Demonstration Projects.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated a theory-based community-level intervention to promote progress toward consistent condom and bleach use among selected populations at increased risk for HIV infection in 5 US cities. METHODS: Role-model stories were distributed, along with condoms and bleach, by community members who encouraged behavior change among injection drug users, their female sex partners, sex workers, non-gay-identified men who have sex with men, high-risk youth, and residents in areas with high sexually transmitted disease rates. Over a 3-year period, cross-sectional interviews (n = 15,205) were conducted in 10 intervention and comparison community pairs. Outcomes were measured on a stage-of-change scale. Observed condom carrying and intervention exposure were also measured. RESULTS: At the community level, movement toward consistent condom use with main (P < .05) and nonmain (P < .05) partners, as well as increased condom carrying (P < .0001), was greater in intervention than in comparison communities. At the individual level, respondents recently exposed to the intervention were more likely to carry condoms and to have higher stage-of-change scores for condom and bleach use. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention led to significant communitywide progress toward consistent HIV risk reduction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Community integration and quality of life: a comparison of persons with psychiatric disabilities in housing programs and community residents who are neighbors.

Fifty-one persons with psychiatric disabilities in housing programs in the Ottawa-Carleton area were compared with a matched sample of 51 community residents on several aspects of community integration and subjective quality of life. Matching criteria included sex and location (i.e., living within one square block). Results showed persons with psychiatric disabilities reporting lower levels of social contact with neighbours and general life satisfaction than community residents. Both groups showed similar levels of physical presence and sense of community in the neighbourhood. Implications of the findings for planning and improving community mental health services are discussed.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Counting community benefits. CHA survey reveals members' commitment to providing care for the poor and other community services. Catholic Health Association.

In its 1990 National Community Benefits Survey, the Catholic Health Association (CHA) found that in recent years Catholic hospitals increased the amount of uncompensated care they provided, despite growing fiscal constraints. CHA also found that, in the two years since it introduced the Social Accountability Budget, 60 percent of Catholic healthcare facilities have used either CHA's process or a similar structured approach to reinforce, measure, and plan their contributions to the community. Of the hospitals that responded to the survey, 91 percent provided nonbilled services targeted to low-income populations in 1989, more than 75 percent provided free or discounted services to other populations with special needs, and about 82 percent made free or discounted services available to the broader community. In addition, the majority of Catholic facilities can now more accurately report the dollar value of the uncompensated care they provide. In Illinois 31 of the state's 52 Catholic hospitals were able to quantify the value of the benefits they provide to the poor and the broader community. Moreover, facilities and systems throughout the nation are intensifying their efforts to plan and coordinate programs to meet community needs and the needs of the poor.

Budgets↗
PubMed2001

Strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality from diabetes through health-care system interventions and diabetes self-management education in community settings. A report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services.

Reducing morbidity and mortality and improving quality of life for persons with diabetes is an ongoing challenge for health-care providers and organizations and public health practitioners. Interventions are available that focus on persons with diabetes, health-care systems, families, and public policies. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services (the Task Force) has conducted systematic reviews of seven population-oriented interventions that can be implemented by health-care organizations and communities. Two of these interventions focus on health-care systems (disease and case management), and five focus on persons with diabetes (diabetes self-management education delivered in community settings). On the basis of these reviews, the Task Force has made recommendations regarding use of these seven interventions. The Task Force strongly recommends disease and case management in health-care systems for persons with diabetes. Diabetes self-management education is recommended in community gathering places (e.g., community centers or faith institutions) for adults and in the home for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Evidence was insufficient to recommend diabetes self-management education interventions in other settings (i.e., schools, work sites, and recreational camps) or in the home for adults with type 2 diabetes. This report provides additional information regarding these recommendations, briefly describes how the reviews were conducted, provides sources of full reviews of interventions and information to assist in applying the interventions locally, and describes additional diabetes-related work in progress.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Community outreach: a call for community action.

For a variety of reasons, end-stage renal disease disproportionately affects minority populations. Factors such as socioeconomic status, cultural differences, and genetic variations, are all involved. In addition, there are often real and perceived barriers for these patient groups in fully accessing the healthcare system. Thus, there is a real need for the development of specific outreach programs that target these high-risk communities. In developing such programs, it is important to realize that there is not a homogeneous 'ethnic community', but rather, like any large demographic grouping, a diverse population. These differing communities will all have different requirements and needs and, thus, outreach programs need to be wide-ranging and adapted for individual, local communities, to ensure that all target audiences are reached. The core aims for these outreach programs must be raising disease awareness and education among minority patients. To achieve this goal, a wide range of organizations need to be actively involved, including national and--importantly--local, community-based patient organizations, and hospital management corporations, as well as local radio and television companies to advertise the outreach initiatives. However, any outreach campaign will need to be combined with policy changes and further research into kidney disease among minority groups if real improvements in outcomes are to be achieved.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed1992

From hospital to community: a follow up of community placement of the long term mentally ill.

AIM: To evaluate the planned movement of long stay patients with chronic mental disorders from Sunnyside Hospital into staffed residential accommodation in the community. METHOD: Sixty-nine long stay psychiatric patients were followed up over 18 months to assess their social functioning, psychiatric symptomatology, resource use, relapse rate, satisfaction with their care, and impact on the community. RESULTS: Social functioning and psychiatric symptomatology scores on the social behaviour schedule remained stable overall. Relapse rates were low, and rehospitalisation rare. Use of community and area health board resources tended to decrease. Over 90% of patient responses indicated satisfaction with their new living arrangements. Over 50% reported no contact with outside friends, though over the follow up period about 70% maintained at least monthly contact with relatives. CONCLUSION: Careful community placement of the long term mentally ill, with ongoing supervision, can have a successful outcome from clinical, patient and community perspectives.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2005

Community psychiatry in Singapore: a pilot assertive community treatment (ACT) programme.

Severe mental illnesses cause their sufferers dismal functional impairment. The Global Burden of Disease lists schizophrenia among the top 10 contributors to health burden and disability around the world. In the Institute of Mental Health (IMH) of Singapore, 9 out of 10 Class-C beds are occupied by patients whose hospitalisation periods last 300 days on average. Whilst de-institutionalisation has not seen its expected level of success overseas, the provision of community-based psychiatric care has been shown to be more cost-effective than hospital-based inpatient care. As such, there is a need for increased emphasis on community psychiatric services, both to provide and to effectively utilise available resources to assist patients with severe mental illnesses in living and functioning within the community. In line with several other efforts, a pilot Assertive Community Treatment or ACT Programme was launched by IMH in November 2003. This article details the aims, set-up and services of this pilot project funded by the Health Service Development Programme (HSDP) for 3 years, which receives referrals from IMH psychiatrists. With the services provided by the ACT team including psychosocial rehabilitation, it is hoped that patients will continue to receive adequate psychiatric care as well as maintain sufficient skills for self-care and independent living within the community despite the well-documented deteriorating course of psychotic illnesses like schizophrenia.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2005

Medical education through community experience: an update on the community research projects at the USDSM Sioux Falls Campus.

Community Research Projects are a requirement and an integral part of the year long, ambulatory third-year course in Sioux Falls, SD, called Primary Care Ambulatory Program (PCAP). Since 1997, this community research project has sought to increase a student's understanding of a community health issue by allowing the student to pose and answer a research question, while providing some type of service or education to the targeted community. Projects at all three clinical campuses were previously featured in the June 2001, issue of the South Dakota Journal of Medicine. This report is an update on the activities and progress of the community research projects at the Sioux Falls campus since that initial report.

Ambulatory Care↗