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PubMedDate not supplied

Color vision testing of healthcare personnel.

The purpose of the study was to identify and describe color vision testing of healthcare personnel who do glucose monitoring within a hospital. The subjects were 359 members of a nursing staff. Data were collected from nurses participating in a certification program for blood glucose monitoring. The lshihara plates were used to screen for a color vision deficiency. The results offered no evidence that screening of staff provided any benefit for patient care.

Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring↗
PubMed2005

[Long-term effects of iterative diving on visual field, color vision and contrast sensitivity in professional divers].

PURPOSE: To assess long-term functional effects of iterative diving, we studied visual field, color vision, and contrast sensitivity in 21 French Navy professional divers and 21 controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study investigated a population of 21 divers and 21 controls. All subjects were male. The inclusion criterion for divers was a total number of dives greater or equal to 1,000. Exclusion criteria for the two groups were glaucoma, ocular hypertension, smoking, and vasospastic risks. Additional exclusion criteria for controls were any history of diving practice and of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The visual field was examined with a Humphrey Central 30-2 threshold test. Moreover, we explored spatial contrast sensitivity using Metrovision Moniteur Ophtalmologique "STAT" program and color vision with desaturated 15 hue test. RESULTS: None of the divers had any loss of spatial contrast sensitivity. There was a high frequency of yellow-blue axis color vision defects (45.2%) in the diver group. Regarding visual field, corrected pattern standard deviation was significantly higher in divers (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that iterative diving may cause subclinical functional effects on vision. Further studies will be needed to determine the exact setting of this repercussion upon macula and/or the optic nerve.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Color vision and occupational chemical exposures. II. Visual functions in non-exposed subjects.

This paper presents data on visual functions (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and several tests of color vision), in a group of 199 non-exposed healthy subjects with an even distribution over the age range 18-65 years, and sex. Although subjects with obvious congenital color vision deficiencies were removed from the analyses (four males), females were superior to males on several of the color vision tests applied. Age influenced visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, while color discrimination was less affected. Correlations between functions of the right and the left eye in the individual subjects were rather low, ranging from 0.40 to 0.73. Correlations between visual acuity and contrast sensitivity on the one hand and color discrimination ability on the other hand were still lower (r < 0.20). These low correlations between functions in the two eyes support the need for testing each eye separately.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Color vision in patients with juvenile onset diabetes mellitus].

A considerable dependence was revealed between the occurrence of disturbances of color vision and the advancement of diabetic retinopathy. The examination of color vision represented in a great part the degree of the functional damage of the cones, a damage which was a consequence of increasing vascular changes at the eye fundus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Traumatically acquired color vision defect.

A 24-year-old man acquired a color vision defect shortly after an accident in which he struck the back of his head. Results of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test showed that the patient had poor color discrimination in both eyes. His color matches on the Nagel anomaloscope suggested a red/green disturbance. Results from increment threshold testing demonstrated on absence of the blue mechanism. Results of field sensitivity measurements confirmed that foveal vision was mediated by the red or green mechanism. This case showed both similarities and differences to previously reported cases of acquired color vision defects secondary to cortical trauma.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1975

Color vision testing in young children: a review.

It is often recommended that children be screened for possible color vision deficiencies as early as possible. This paper examines the validity of commercially-available color vision tests when used with young children (age three to seven years). It is concluded that with the possible exception of the anomaloscope, no test is entirely suited for children, in most cases because the test makes cognitive demands beyond the capability of the young child.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Color vision deficit in normal-tension glaucoma eyes.

Color vision deficit in 26 eyes with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) is compared with that in 21 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) using the color perimetry method developed by Iijima et al. Subjects had visual field defects confined to either the upper or the lower hemifield as determined by conventional white-on-white perimetry, and the stage of disease was relatively early with an average mean deviation (MD) of -7 dB. Except for intraocular pressure, there were no significant differences between NTG and POAG subjects in age, refraction, MD, and mean total deviation for spared and damaged hemifield. In the spared hemifield, the incidence of blue-yellow abnormality was significantly different between the two diseases (P = 0.01); in only 11% of the present NTG eyes versus 52% of the POAG eyes in the present study. In the damaged hemifield, however, the blue-yellow abnormality was found in about 75% of the eyes, whether NTG or POAG. This finding may further shed light on the pathogenesis of open angle glaucoma.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An artist with a color vision defect: Charles Meryon.

Charles Meryon, an important artist of the 19th century, had a congenital defect in color vision. Meryon recognized this defect during his study of art, and he gradually gave up painting in favor of etching. This biographical article includes reproductions of some of Meryon's etchings and one oil painting. "Ghost Ship." Two palates display the principal colors of the spectrum, as seen normally and as seen with a color vision defect. "Ghost Ship" reveals the color-defective artist's typical preference for blue and yellow.

Art↗
PubMed1988

Color vision testing with a computer graphics system: preliminary results.

We report a method for computer enhancement of color vision tests. In our graphics system 256 colors are selected from a much larger range and displayed on a screen divided into 768 x 288 pixels. Eight-bit digital-to-analogue converters drive a high quality monitor with separate inputs to the red, green, and blue amplifiers and calibrated gun chromaticities. The graphics are controlled by a PASCAL program written for a personal computer, which calculates the values of the red, green, and blue signals and specifies them in Commité Internationale d'Eclairage X, Y, and Z fundamentals, so changes in chrominance occur without changes in luminance. The system for measuring color contrast thresholds with gratings is more than adequate in normal observers. In patients with mild retinal damage in whom other tests of visual function are normal, this method of testing color vision shows specific increases in contrast thresholds along tritan color-confusion lines. By the time the Hardy-Rand-Rittler and Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue tests disclose abnormalities, gross defects in color contrast threshold can be seen with our system.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Observations on color vision testing in ocular hypertension and glaucoma.

Forty-eight patients aged from 60 to 69 years (58 eyes) with ocular hypertension (OHT) or primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and a control group of 16 persons (31 eyes) were studied with six color vision tests: Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates Part 2, Farnsworth Panel D 15, Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue (FM 100) test, Lanthony Desaturated Panel, Nagel (red-green) anomaloscope, and Besançon (blue) anomalometer. In the color vision tests, the newly diagnosed OHT eyes without treatment differed significantly from the control group in the blue anomalometer. The long-term OHT eyes with treatment had no significant difference from the normals in any of the tests. The newly diagnosed POAG eyes without treatment were significantly different from the normals in the FM 100 test as well as in the boxes I, II, III and IV of the test, in the Lanthony Desaturated Panel and in the blue anomalometer. The long-term POAG eyes with treatment only differed significantly from the normal eyes in the blue anomalometer. The box IV of the FM 100 test and blue anomalometer were observed to be the most useful of these six tests in finding the possible early beginning of the blue color vision defect in the group of newly diagnosed OHT.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Use of the Mollon-Reffin minimalist color vision test with young children.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the Mollon-Reffin Minimalist (M-R M) color vision test to determine how successfully young children can perform the task and to compare success rates with the American Optical Hardy Rand Rittler (HRR) test and a preferential-looking type test based on the F2 plates (the Pease-Allen color test [PACT]). METHODS: Participants included 146 children (aged 3-10 years) and 32 older subjects (aged 11-39 years). The M-R M test uses 3 series of colored caps coinciding with protan, deutan, and tritan confusion axes, with 6 saturations along each axis. The observer must identify a single colored cap from gray caps of varying lightness. The PACT test consists of 2 cards with targets for detecting red-green and blue-yellow color deficiencies. The tester judges the location of the target on the basis of the child's looking and/or pointing responses. The HRR was performed according to standard instructions, although a more flexible scoring protocol was also used. RESULTS: A significant difference in the children's performance between the "test" item of the 3 tasks emerged (Cochran Q test, P<.001): all children successfully completed the M-R M, 90% successfully completed the PACT, and 88% successfully completed the HRR. Few errors were made on the M-R M red-green series, even among children aged 3 to 4 years, although errors were made with the least saturated blue-yellow cap at all ages. Recommendations are made for the use of the M-R M with children. CONCLUSIONS: The M-R M test can be performed by young children and may prove to be especially useful for detecting and monitoring acquired color vision defects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Retinitis pigmentosa and color vision deficiency in Kamigoto island, Nagasaki Prefecture].

I studied two genetic diseases, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and color vision anomaly, in Kamigoto, one of the off-shore islands in Nagasaki Prefecture. The Prevalance of RP patients in this island was estimated to be one in 473 persons. Among the RP patients observed, familial cases whose disorders are transmitted through successive generations comprised 25.7%. Although it seems that the inheritance mode of RP in these familial cases is autosomal dominant, an autosomal recessive fashion showing quasi-dominance cannot be ruled out, because inbreeding frequently occurs on this island. There were at least two types of RP, one with late onset (40 years of age or later) and the other with early onset, and patients with the latter RP tended to have a poor prognosis. Only a few RP patients had posterior subcapsular cataract, and none had pseudexfoliation in spite of advanced age. Color vision anomalies were found in 3.86% of high-school boys and in 0.41% of girls in this island, and they included protanopia (4.2%), protanomaly (10.4%), deuteranopia (37.5%), and deuteranomaly (47.9%). The prevalence in boys was comparable to that in the general Japanese population, but the prevalence in girls was higher in Kamigoto than in other districts. It is most likely that the unique findings regarding the two disorders reflect geographical and/or social features in Kamigoto island.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The molecular genetics of red and green color vision in mammals.

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of red-green color vision in mammals, we have cloned and sequenced the red and green opsin cDNAs of cat (Felis catus), horse (Equus caballus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). These opsins were expressed in COS1 cells and reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. The purified visual pigments of the cat, horse, squirrel, deer, and guinea pig have lambdamax values at 553, 545, 532, 531, and 516 nm, respectively, which are precise to within +/-1 nm. We also regenerated the "true" red pigment of goldfish (Carassius auratus), which has a lambdamax value at 559 +/- 4 nm. Multiple linear regression analyses show that S180A, H197Y, Y277F, T285A, and A308S shift the lambdamax values of the red and green pigments in mammals toward blue by 7, 28, 7, 15, and 16 nm, respectively, and the reverse amino acid changes toward red by the same extents. The additive effects of these amino acid changes fully explain the red-green color vision in a wide range of mammalian species, goldfish, American chameleon (Anolis carolinensis), and pigeon (Columba livia).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Color vision changes in young subjects acutely exposed to 3,000 m altitude.

INTRODUCTION: Performance of mountaineers, civil aircraft pilots, and of the personnel involved in many military operations in high mountains may rely on color discrimination at these moderate levels. The authors aimed at investigating the effects of moderate altitude (3000 m) exposure on color vision. METHODS: Sixteen high school students, ages ranging between 14 and 17 yr, were enrolled in this study. Their color vision was examined with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (FM-100 Hue) test at 1060 and 3000 m above the sea level and the total number of errors (all 4 sectors together) compared. Number of errors was also calculated for each of 4 sub-sectors and compared between these two altitudes. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in total number of errors (p = 0.001) as well as in number of errors in sector 1 (p = 0.007) and sector 3 (p = 0.013) at 3000 m when compared with 1060 m. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate altitude (3000 m) adversely affected the total number of errors on FM-100 Hue color vision testing of an acclimatized group of young individuals in a photopic environment and this deterioriation was significant in the blue-yellow range.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The evolution of color vision in insects.

We review the physiological, molecular, and neural mechanisms of insect color vision. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses reveal that the basic bauplan, UV-blue-green-trichromacy, appears to date back to the Devonian ancestor of all pterygote insects. There are variations on this theme, however. These concern the number of color receptor types, their differential expression across the retina, and their fine tuning along the wavelength scale. In a few cases (but not in many others), these differences can be linked to visual ecology. Other insects have virtually identical sets of color receptors despite strong differences in lifestyle. Instead of the adaptionism that has dominated visual ecology in the past, we propose that chance evolutionary processes, history, and constraints should be considered. In addition to phylogenetic analyses designed to explore these factors, we suggest quantifying variance between individuals and populations and using fitness measurements to test the adaptive value of traits identified in insect color vision systems.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Adaptive color vision in Pullosquilla litoralis (Stomatopoda, Lysiosquilloidea) associated with spectral and intensity changes in light environment.

Some stomatopod crustacean species that inhabit a range of habitat depths have color vision systems that adapt to changes in ambient light conditions. To date, this change in retinal function has been demonstrated in species within the superfamily Gonodactyloidea in response to varying the spectral range of light. Intrarhabdomal filters in certain ommatidia within the specialized midband of the eye change spectrally, modifying the sensitivity of underlying photoreceptors to match the spectrum of available light. In the present study, we utilized Pullosquilla litoralis, a member of the superfamily Lysiosquilloidea that also has a wide depth range. Individuals were placed within one of three light treatments: (1) full-spectrum, high-intensity 'white' light, (2) narrow-spectrum 'blue' light and (3) full-spectrum, reduced-intensity 'gray' light. After 3 months, the intrarhabdomal filters in Row 3 ommatidia of the midband in blue- and gray-light-treated animals were short-wavelength shifted by 10-20 nm compared with homologous filters in animals in white-light treatments. These spectral changes increase the relative sensitivity of associated photoreceptors in animals that inhabit environments where light spectral range or intensity is reduced. The adaptable color vision system of stomatopods may allow animals to make the best use of the ambient light occurring at their habitat regardless of depth. The major controlling element of the plasticity in lysiosquilloid stomatopod color vision appears to be light intensity rather than spectral distribution.

Adaptation, Ocular↗