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Results for “Cognitive Dissonance”

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PubMed2000

Narratives of smoking relapse: the stories of postpartum women.

Many women who stop smoking during pregnancy relapse soon after the birth of their infants. Using narrative research, experiences of smoking relapse were explored using interviews with 27 postpartum women. The stories of relapse were analyzed to identify important components, paying attention to commonalities, differences, and areas of emphasis. Five general story lines were identified: (1) controlling one's smoking (starting with a "puff" and consciously restricting the amount smoked); (2) being vulnerable to smoking(relapsing because of an inability to resist cigarettes); (3) nostalgia for one's former self(relapsing to recapture feelings of freedom and happier times); (4) smoking for relief(relapsing to manage emotions and stress); and (5) never really having quit (relapsing because they did not quit for themselves). The findings of this study provide support for the claim that the experiences of smoking cessation and relapse among postpartum women may be unique and, consequently, may require specialized intervention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

A content analysis of smoking craving.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a content analysis of smoking craving in order to investigate more precisely the subjective nature of the construct with the goal of informing assessment. Thirty-two smokers interested in cessation treatment provided free response written descriptions of the level of craving they normally experience. These responses were analyzed for subjective content along five theoretical domains: physiological, affective, cognitive, behavioral, and synonyms (of craving). Although there were no differences in the relative proportion of broad content terms smokers used to describe their craving (e.g., cognitive versus affective), this analysis revealed considerable diversity in the specific terms smokers used. Some smokers described their craving in purely physiological terms whereas others used primarily cognitive terms, and still others used affective terms. To assume that smoking craving is qualitatively similar across persons, then, may mask important variations that define the individual experience of craving.

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed1993

Effects of high calorie preloads on selective processing of food and body shape stimuli among dieters and nondieters.

Preloaded and nonpreloaded dieters (restrained eaters) and nondieters (unrestrained eaters) completed a modified version of the Stroop task to measure selective biases in cognitive processing. In two separate studies, a milkshake preload led to increased cognitive interference for body shape words, especially for restrained eaters. There were no differences between restrained and unrestrained eaters in Stroop interference for either common or forbidden food words, whether subjects were preloaded or not. Taken together, these results indicate that chronic dieting is associated with selective processing of body shape words.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes toward people with disabilities.

Attitudes toward people with disabilities are learned, emotionally toned predispositions. This study compares such attitudes held by nursing faculty, beginning nursing students, graduating nursing students, registered nurses, and people with disabilities. Results of the study indicate that persons with disabilities were significantly more positive in their attitudes. Faculty held the least positive attitude, closely followed by graduating nursing students.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

The stages of the prediagnostic period in chronic, life-threatening childhood illness: a process analysis.

This is one of a series of articles explicating a theory of family behavior under conditions of sustained uncertainty brought about by the diagnosis of a chronic, life-threatening illness of a child. The procedures of the grounded theory method were used to collect and analyze data. The analysis illuminated a perceptual-interpretive-behavioral process that made visible the emergence and intensification of the uncertain state during the prediagnostic period. This process, which may consist of up to three stages, most frequently began with the parents' initial awareness of the child's illness cues and terminated with the diagnostic announcement. The stages were categorized as Lay Explanatory (I), Legitimating (II), and Medical Diagnostic (III). The duration of stage III was found to be a significant factor in explaining the variation in parental response to the diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Infants' responsiveness to line junctions in curved objects.

Several empirical studies demonstrate that infants under 6-7 months of age are unable to extract static-monocular depth information from their environment. The aim of this study was to extend these findings by using a three-dimensional structure indicated by curved Y junctions. Infants 5 and 8 months of age were habituated to the line drawing of a cylinder. During test trials, the infants viewed two displays, one in which a surface marking had been deleted from the habituation figure and one in which an edge had been erased. An ANOVA revealed that the 8-month-old subjects looked significantly longer at the dishabituation display lacking the edge, whereas the 5-month-olds did not. The results provide evidence that 8-month-old infants distinguish between lines indicating edges and lines indicating markings and that they are able to use line junctions to perceive line drawings as depictions of three-dimensional objects in the picture plane.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1979

Seeking reassuring or threatening information about environmental cancer.

This study examined information seeking as a potentially adaptive response to a new environmental health threat. College students in a state with a particularly high cancer rate were offered an opportunity to obtain either a reassuring or a threatening informational message concerning the cancer rate. Interview were later conducted with students who had and had not requested a message (N = 502). The results suggested that unconcern rather than defensiveness was the principal reason for not seeking information. Although a majority of both information seekers and nonseekers preferred the threatening message, the choice of message did depend on an individual's beliefs concerning the seriousness of the cancer threat. Most respondents selected the message which supported their own view of the issue. A preliminary model proposed to explain the data emphasized the ambiguity and controversy surrounding most environmental and health warnings.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

Nicotine psychobiology: how chronic-dose prospective studies can illuminate some of the theoretical issues from acute-dose research.

RATIONALE: To illustrate how prospective cigarette smoking research can illuminate some of the theoretical dilemmas about nicotine psychobiology from acute dose research. METHODS AND RESULTS: When briefly deprived smokers are administered nicotine, they display a range of psychobiological 'gains', with improved cognitive performance, feelings of contentment, and reduced feelings of stress or depression. However, abstinence leads to decrements in all these functions. The balance between the deficits of nicotine deprivation and the gains of reinstatement has been debated for decades. Yet, it still remains controversial whether nicotine is psychobiologically beneficial, neutral or detrimental. Some illumination may be provided by prospective research. Taking up smoking during adolescence is often followed by increased feelings of stress and depression, whereas quitting is often associated with subsequent mood gains. Short-term prospective studies reveal that the essence of nicotine dependency is repetitive psychobiological vascillation. The mood gains of smoke inhalation represent the temporary reversal of abstinence effects, and the frequent experience of negative states in between cigarettes explains why smoking can increase psychobiological distress. This may also be linked with Diathesis-Stress models. If withdrawal symptoms reflect the exacerbation of natural predispositions, then 'disadvantaged' smokers will suffer the worst abstinence symptoms and develop the strongest nicotine dependency. This explanation contrasts with the self-medication model, which focuses on the immediate benefits of smoke inhalation, rather than the overall costs of nicotine use. CONCLUSIONS: The frequent experience of negative psychological states in between cigarettes helps to explain why nicotine dependency is associated with a range of psychobiological problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Context and culture--the influence on role transition for first-line nurse managers.

The role of nurse managers at all levels is the subject of much debate in Australia. It has been argued that their role is not essential and increasingly new organisational structures are being implemented which do not include nurse managers. This paper describes reasons why nurses, who are mainly female, face conflict when making the transition to the role of manager in the male dominated health care system of today. It argues that the values which nurses are able to bring to these positions are those increasingly valued by the community they serve. It is not nurses who should change, but the values held by the organisations in which they are employed if society's needs are to be well served.

Australia↗
PubMed1995

Conflicting attitudes to corneal and organ donation: a study of nurses' attitudes to organ donation.

The demand for transplantable organs and tissues is steadily increasing and action is necessary to improve the organ and tissue donation rates. Previous research has suggested that nurses have a substantial influence on the rates of donation in the clinical area. Nurses (N = 150) were asked to complete a number of measures to assess positive and negative attitudes towards cadaveric organ donation, with 112 (74.6%) responding. The findings identified conflicting attitudes particularly in relation to corneal donation; 25% of the respondents would not donate their corneas. Reasons given included fear of disfigurement, religious factors such as the need to see into the next life, and dislike of the thought of donation of eyes but without knowing why. The majority of the respondents were in favour of donation generally and many carried or had signed donor cards. Nurses are usually the professionals who have the most contact with the patient in the clinical and are therefore able to identify potential donors. It seems likely that nurses with conflicting attitudes to donation are less likely to undertake the emotional costs involved when relatives of potential donors are approached re donation, than those who have more positive attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Weaving a tangled web: the psychology of deception and self deception in psychogenic pain.

Accounting for the unusual economy of secondary gain or reinforcement, understanding abnormal illness behavior and evaluating for the role of the unconscious and primary gain are three important problems which complicate the understanding of psychogenic pain. These problems might be addressed in part by an examination of the experimental studies of the social psychology of deception of self and others. The forced compliance situation, in which subjects who lie for a certain level of compensation persist in telling the lie in other settings, is one of the best studied of these experimental situations. Ways in which this experimental work might apply to problems in understanding pain patients are explored. Possible applications of this research to treatment are discussed along with areas for further research.

Cognitive Dissonance↗