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PubMed1987

[Urinary tract infections and microbiological characteristics of Proteus penneri isolated in Taiwan].

Proteus penneri has been reported to be involved in urinary tract infections and calculi formation. We analyzed 2,265 positive urine cultures from patients hospitalized in Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan and found that 47 patients (2.1%) were infected by P. penneri. Most of the patients were male with age over sixty and had been treated with various kinds of antibiotics. Most of the patient's urine were collected by catheter. They were alkaline (pH 8.0) and contained amorphous phosphate, triple phosphate and protein. All the isolates of P. penneri in Taiwan showed beta-hemolysis and slight swarming on sheep blood agar plate, and exhibited a green color on upper layer of sulfide-indole-motility medium after addition of Kovacs indole reagent. Except for nitrate reduction and N2 production, the biochemical characteristics of the P. penneri isolated in Taiwan were similar to those of P. penneri isolated otherwise. The Taiwan isolates of this organism were highly susceptible to cefotaxime, cefotazidime, cefotizoxime, moxalactam, nalidixic acid; but were resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefonicid, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cephalexin, cephapirin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, oxacillin, piperacillin, tetracycline, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, and cephalothin.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Studies on sub-MIC activities of beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycoside antibiotics against clinically isolated strain].

Sub-MIC range of 8 kinds of beta-lactam antibiotics and 3 kinds of aminoglycoside antibiotics against strain of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical source were determined by nephlometic method, and following results were obtained. When 10 strains of S. aureus tested to ampicillin (ABPC), hetacillin (IPABPC), mecillinam (MPC), cephalexin (CEX), cefotaxime (CTX), latamoxef (LMOX), cefatrizine (CFT), cephapirin (CEPR), gentamicin (GM), dibekacin (DKB) and amikacin (AMK), ratio of MIC to MAC were 36.8, 53.6, 156.8, 29.6, 61.6, 34.4, 50.0, 111.2, 9.2, 20.0 and 13.6, respectively. When 10 strains of K. pneumoniae tested to MPC, CEX, CTX, LMOX, CFT, CEPR, GM, DKB and AMK, ratio of MIC to MAC were 409.6, 10.4, 34.4, 123.2, 39.2, 167.2, 5.2, 5.6 and 13.2, respectively. When 10 strains of P. aeruginosa tested against CTX, LMOX, GM, DKB and AMK, ratio of MIC to MAC were 16.8, 38.4, 6.8, 3.2 and 10.4, respectively.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1972

Relative nephrotoxicity of cephalosporin antibiotics in an animal model.

An animal model is described in which mild transitory renal impairment is induced with glycerol and the nephrotoxic effects of cephalosporin antibiotics and furosemide studied. Cephaloridine and cephalothin were found to produce extensive acute tubular necrosis in rats when given in subnephrotoxic doses in combination with furosemide; this damage occurred at serum antibiotic levels not much higher than those obtained in clinical practice. No significant renal damage was found with cephalexin or Cephapirin given in equivalent dosage. It is suggested that the cephalosporin antibiotics should be used with caution in the presence of even minor transient renal impairment and particularly if furosemide is being given concurrently.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1979

Antimicrobial agents in rats. I. Serum levels of parenteral cephalosporins.

Eleven cephalosporins were tested for their pharmacokinetic properties in rats in order to obtain a basis for experimental evaluation of their in vivo activity. The compounds were administered to female Wistar rats in i.m. doses of 150 or 50 mg/kg. The cephalosporin concentrations in rat serum were determined by the agar-well-diffusion method. Essential differences concerning the serum levels, half-life and the area under the curve could be ascertained. Low serum levels and short half-life could be reported for cephapirin, cephalotin, and cephradin, whereas cefazolin, cefazedone, and cefuroxime produced high and longer lasting serum levels. All cephalosporins were quickly absorbed, most of them were beneath the minimum detectable concentration after 6 h. It is concluded that pharmacokinetic data should be taken into consideration in conjunction with experimental chemotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Studies on prophylaxis and therapy of pivmecillinam against post-prostatectomy urinary tract infection].

Patients received pivmecillinam (PMPC) after prophylactic use of various antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents following prostatectomy, and their clinical responses were assessed for effectiveness in the treatment and prevention of postoperative infection. The data were also analyzed to explore the relationship between bacterial isolates obtained during the postoperative course and the antimicrobial agents administered prophylactically against postoperative infection. Therapeutic effect of PMPC: Treatment of postoperative infections with PMPC was effective in 36 (53.7%) out of 67 patients who had undergone prostatectomy. Prophylactic effect of PMPC: The use of PMPC provided effective prevention of infection in 22 (64.7%) out of 34 patients from whom no bacterial pathogen had been isolated before postoperative antimicrobial chemotherapy. Therapeutic responses to PMPC, compared between different types of operative procedure: There was little or no difference in therapeutic effectiveness of PMPC against postoperative infection when compared between two types of operative procedure, transurethral prostatectomy and subcapsular removal of the prostate. Incidence and types of bacterial isolates following prophylactic chemotherapy with various agents after prostatectomy: Possibly because cephapirin (CEPR) and ticarcillin (TIPC) were mainly administered, alone or in combination, for prophylaxis against postoperative infection, Serratia and Pseudomonas were most frequently isolated. The findings offer suggestions as to the appropriate combination of antimicrobial agents to be used for prophylactic purposes. Effectiveness of PMPC in the presence or absence of a preoperative indwelling urethral catheter: The use of PMPC was more effective both in the treatment and prevention of postoperative infection in cases without preoperative indwelling urethral catheterization than in those with it.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Concurrent measurement of theophylline and caffeine in neonates by an interference-free liquid-chromatographic method.

A sensitive liquid-chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous measurement of theophylline and caffeine within 6 min. The excellent resolution of the method allows the complete separation of theophylline, internal standard, and caffeine from frequently encountered interfering drugs including acetaminophen, acetazolamide, acetylsalicylate, ampicillin, 8-chlorotheophylline, cefazolin, cephalosporin C, cephalothin, cephapirin, chloramphenicol, dyphylline, metronidazole, 3-methylxanthine, salicylate, sulfadiazine, sulfamerizine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, and theobromine. The chromatographic system involves a Waters' Radial-Pak C18 reversed-phase column and acetonitrile in 0.1 mol/L potassium phosphate buffer, pH 4.0, (9.5/90.5 by vol) as the mobile phase. The method can detect theophylline or caffeine concentrations as low as 0.5 mg/L in 50 microL of serum. Precision and accuracy are excellent.

Caffeine↗
PubMed1983

Case report: potential error in the estimation of antimicrobic concentrations by the microbiological assay method.

An 83-year-old man was admitted for gastrointestinal bleeding that required a segmental colectomy for correction. The patient was initially treated with gentamicin, clindamycin, and cephapirin for sepsis. Antibiotic coverage was changed to amikacin, clindamycin, and penicillin G for sepsis and anaerobic cellulitis. When renal function began to deteriorate, serum amikacin levels were determined by a radioenzymatic and bioassay method. The serum concentration of amikacin in the presence of penicillin G and clindamycin was overestimated when a multiantimicrobic-resistant Escherichia coli was used as the indicator organism in the microbiological assay.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Liquid-chromatographic determination of cephalosporins and chloramphenicol in serum.

A "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic technique involving a radial compression module is used for measuring chloramphenicol and five cephalosporin antibiotics: cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cephapirin, and cefamandol. Serum proteins are precipitated with acetonitrile solution containing 4'-nitroacetanilide as the internal standard. The drugs are eluted with a mobile phase of methanol/acetate buffer (30/70 by vol), pH 5.5. Absorbance of the cephalosporins is monitored at 254 nm. Standard curves are linear to at least 100 mg/L. The absorbance of chloramphenicol is monitored at 254 nm and 280 nm, and its standard curve is linear to at least 50 mg/L. The elution times for various other drugs were also determined, to check for potential interferents.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1982

Diagnosis and treatment of acute mastitis in a large dairy herd.

In a 270-cow dairy herd, milk samples from all cows with acute mastitis were cultured during a 12-month period. Of 119 isolates (from 166 quarters), 49% were gram-positive organisms, 39% were gram-negative organisms, and 12% were yeasts. Of all samples from cows with acute mastitis, 40% failed to produce colonies on culture media. Recovery of the common gram-positive pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (11% of isolations) and Streptococcus agalactiae (1% of isolations), was rather low. However, S epidermidis (14% of isolations) and streptococci other than Str agalactiae (9% of isolations) were recovered more frequently than expected, particularly in recently calved cows. Coliform organisms accounted for 35% of the total isolates and were the single most important cause of acute mastitis. Of 42 cows with coliform mastitis, 6 died despite intensive antibiotic and electrolyte therapy. There was no death loss among cows with mastitis caused by gram-positive organisms. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 95 isolates to 11 antimicrobials was determined by standardized methods. Organisms were most often susceptible to chloramphenicol, cephalothin, and gentamicin. A treatment regimen consisting primarily of oxytetracycline and/or sulfonamides systemically in conjunction with intramammary infusions of cephapirin was evaluated. Treatment response in 37 quarters was determined by culturing before treatment and at 4 or more days after treatment. Of 23 quarters initially culture-positive, 22 were negative on reculture. Treatment response appeared to agree with the results of the susceptibility testing.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

[Pharmacokinetic interference between furosemide and cephalosporins].

The effect of furosemid was studied on rats in comparison to that of etamid with respect to circulation in the body of some cephalosporins, such as cephalotin, cephaloridin, cephazolin, cephacetrile, cephapirin, cefradin and cefalexin. Furosemid and etamid were administered to the rats intraperitoneally in a dose of 100 mg/kg 30 minutes before exposure to the cephalosporins. Cefalexin was administered intragastrically in a dose of 100 mg/kg and the other cephalosporins were administered intramuscularly in a dose of 20 mg/kg. It was found that furosemid increased the blood levels of all cephalosporins in the rats and especially those of cephaloridine and cephacetrile, the levels being increased 5-6 times. The effect of etamid was analogous but less pronounced. Furosemid significantly decreased the renal excretion of some cephalosporins, i.e. cephaloridine, cephalotin, cephacetrile and cephazolin and had an insignificant effect on renal excretion of the other antibiotics. Etamid did not inhibit renal excretion of the cephalosporins.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Cost containment through restriction of cephalosporins.

The effect of a program designed to reduce hospital drug costs by limiting the selection of injectable cephalosporins and promoting the rational use of the selected agents was studied. Cefazolin sodium was chosen as the primary injectable cephalosporin, and guidelines for proper dosing were approved. Strict guidelines for the use of cephapirin sodium, cefamandole nafate, and cefoxitin sodium were also adopted; cephalothin sodium was deleted from the formulary. Clinical pharmacists reviewed all cephalosporin orders and consulted with prescribers whose orders did not conform to the guidelines. Total cephalosporin purchases for the first fiscal year of the program were $64,914, a decrease of $55,715 or 46.2% from the previous year's total of $120,629. Cost per patient day for cephalosporins decreased from $0.921 to $0.519 (43.6%) over the same period. The number of milligrams of cephalosporins used per patient day decreased from 398.16 to 178.77 (55.1%), while the number of patient days decreased by only 4.45% during the same interval. The estimated annual cost of monitoring the program was $1500. This program demonstrates that substantial cost savings can be achieved if guidelines for the use of injectable cephalosporins are clearly outlined and strictly enforced.

Cefazolin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sensitivity in vitro of 61 strains of Salmonella to aminoglycoside antibiotics and to cephalosporins].

The in vitro susceptibility of 61 strains of Salmonella from pathological specimens was tested by an agar dilution technique to four aminoglycoside and to seven cephalosporin antibiotics. Aminoglycosides were effective against these isolates. Ten strains of Salmonella wien were found resistant to cephapirine, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalotin, but susceptible to cepharidine and expecially to cefuroxim.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification and measurement of beta-lactam antibiotic residues in milk: integration of screening kits with liquid chromatography.

A procedure for identifying and quantitating violative beta-lactams in milk is described. This procedure integrates beta-lactam residue detection kits with the multiresidue automated liquid chromatographic (LC) cleanup method developed in our laboratory. Spiked milk was deproteinized, extracted, and subjected to reversed-phase LC using a gradient program that concentrated the beta-lactams. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephapirin, ceftiofur, cloxacillin, and penicillin G were, thus, separated into 5 fractions that were subsequently tested for activity by using 4 kits. beta-lactams in the positive fractions were quantitated by analytical LC methods developed in our laboratory. The LC cleanup method separated beta-lactam antibiotics from each other and from interferences in the matrix and also concentrated the antibiotics, thus increasing the sensitivity of the kits to the beta-lactam antibiotics. The procedure facilitated the task of identifying and measuring the beta-lactam antibiotics that may be present in milk samples.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of beta-lactam antibiotics in milk: a multiresidue approach.

In the United States, testing of all milk for residues of beta-lactam antibiotics is now mandatory. Although a number of screening tests for determination of beta-lactam antibiotic residues have been proposed, few reference methods of the required sensitivity (< 10 ppb) are available. Methods for determination of several beta-lactam antibiotics using an automated liquid chromatography (LC) cleanup have been described recently. This paper describes the integration of these methods into a single extraction and cleanup procedure. Milk was deproteinized with 0.2M Et4NCI and acetonitrile. The resulting filtrate was evaporated to about 1 mL, made to 4 mL, and filtered through a disposable filter cartridge. For cleanup, 2 mL filtrate was loaded onto a bonded C18 LC column in 0.01M KH2PO4 (A) and eluted with an acetonitrile (B) gradient using a program of 100 A:0 B(0-3 min) to 60 A:40 B (30 min). The beta-lactams were concentrated into narrow bands and separated from each other. A fraction corresponding to each compound of interest was collected and rechromatographed for analysis. The procedure has been applied successfully to determination of ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephapirin, penicillin G, penicillin V, ceftiofur, and cloxacillin. In principle it can be applied to the determination of any beta-lactam antibiotic or metabolite thereof by collecting the appropriate fractions.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Diffusion of cefamandole into the prostatic tissue (author's transl)].

From 21 patients with prostatic adenoma with an average age of 69 years, serum and prostatic tissue concentrations after a single i.v. dose of 2 grams of cefamandole were estimated. The mean serum concentrations 30 minutes after the infusion was completed, were measured with 104.8 and after 60 minutes with 51 microgram/ml. The corresponding concentrations in the prostatic adenoma tissue were after 30 minutes 32.87 and after 60 minutes 17.1 microgram/g. These data are compared with earlier findings with other caphalosporine antibiotics (cephradine, cephapirine, cephacetrile, cephalothin) in the same tissue materials at the same time points. The estimated concentrations of cefamandole in serum and prostatic tissue are suited for the treatment of infections caused by cefamandole sensitive microorganisms.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Detection of residual penicillins in milk by using a Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay.

A paper disk method based on a procedure described by the International Dairy Federation is presented for the detection of 4 beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, cephapirin, and cloxacillin) in whole milk. Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis, prepared as a stable spore suspension, was used as the test organism. Levels of 0.005 unit penicillin G/ml, 0.005 microgram ampicillin or cephapirin/ml, and 0.05 microgram cloxacillin/ml were readily detected in whole milk. Results were produced in 3-4 hr. The method offers several advantages, including greater simplicity, sensitivity, and rapidity, over methods now commonly used to detect residual levels of these drugs in milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Tissue distribution and residues of beta-lactam antibiotics in normal dairy cows.

Tissue residues and concentrations of benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, cephapirin, and cephacetrile were determined in normal dairy cows after parenteral administration of several forms of these drugs. Assay methods included the Sarcina lutea Kidney Test of Van Schothorst, the Bacillus subtilis BGA Tests at pH 6.0 and 8.0, the Escherichia coli Test and a Sarcina lutea Test performed at pH 8.0 of the agar, and specific quantitative assay methods. The E. coli test method demonstrated an insensitivity for the beta-lactam antibiotic residues. Identical results in residue testing of meat and kidney were obtained with the B. subtilis BGA tests and S. lutea test at pH 8.0, and these test methods replicated each other. The S. lutea Kidney Test was very often positive at times after treatment when the antibiotics were no longer detected in the meat. The qualitative and quantitative residue data from the renal cortex were higher than the data obtained from the muscle meat. The concentration relationship between renal cortex and muscle meat dependent on the formulation and type of drug used, and on the time of sampling after treatment. After treatment with products containing ampicillin trihydrate and procaine penicillin an unexpectedly long persistence of these drugs in the renal cortex was observed. It is suggested that, in the case of beta-lactam antibiotics, meat tests are more accurate indicators for the residue status of the carcass.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A screening method for beta-lactams in tissues hydrolyzed with penicillinase I and lactamase II.

Antibiotic residues above tolerance levels are not allowed in foods derived from farm animals. Microbial inhibition assays are used to screen antibiotics in U.S. regulatory laboratories. We developed a screening approach to classify beta-lactams through selective hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring with Penase or lactamase II, thereby inactivating the beta-lactam activity. Optimum conditions for hydrolysis of beta-lactams with Penase and lactamase II were determined. beta-Lactams were detected by a microbial inhibition assay and with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays before and after hydrolysis. beta-Lactams (10-100 ppb) were spiked in kidney extracts and hydrolyzed. Results indicate a pattern that tentatively classified the beta-lactams into 3 subgroups. Desfuroyl-ceftiofur-cysteine, a major metabolite of ceftiofur, was clearly detected. Penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and cloxacillin were distinguishable from cephapirin, ceftiofur metabolite, and high levels of hetacillin. Liver and kidney tissue samples were analyzed with the combined enzyme hydrolysis and screening assays, which tentatively identified the residues. This approach can speed up screening analysis of beta-lactam residues prior to identification and quantitation by chromatographic analysis, thus enhancing positive identification of residues to provide a safer food supply.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗