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PubMed1998

William Lawless: an Irish and French revolutionary.

William Lawless, professor of anatomy and physiology (1794-98) at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), and a member of the United Irishmen, fled to France to avoid arrest and was expelled retrospectively by the College authorities. His subsequent career was that of a combatant officer in Napoleon's armies. He died on 27 December 1824 and was buried in Paris in the cemetery of Pere Lachaise. His name has recently been restored to the College rolls.

France↗
PubMed2000

[Syphilis in Europe in antiquity: the fetus of Costebelle and other new gifts from osteoarchaeology].

Tomb Nr 1 of the ancient cemetery of Costebelle, attributed to the 4th century AD, contained the skeleton of a pregnant female and that of her foetus in the pelvic cavity. This was aged seven months, was almost complete and showed an exceptional example of bony lesions suggestive of infection. Its etiology suggested the likelihood of early congenital syphilis. This case raises the question of the theory of the importation of venereal disease into Europe, about a 1000 years later, by the crews of Christopher Columbus. The foetus of Costebelle is not an isolated example : other osteo-archaeological findings make a case for the existence of a treponeme (venereal or non venereal) in Europe before 1493.

Americas↗
PubMed2001

Veterans Benefits and Health Care Improvement Act of 2000. Final rule.

This document amends various Department of Veterans Affairs(VA) regulations concerning the definition of the term "active military, naval, or air service"; the payment limitation based on the value of certain incompetent veterans' estates; the plot allowance for certain individuals buried in State veterans' cemeteries and the limitation on payment of pension for certain recipients of Medicaid-covered nursing home care. The amendments are necessary to reflect statutory changes contained in the Veterans Benefits and Health Care Improvement Act of 2000.

Burial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Grmek, medical history, and paleopathology].

Mirko Drazen Grmek died on 6 March 2000, defeated by an implacable enemy (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which had been diagnosed just 18 months earlier). He has now found peace in his final resting place, the Montparnasse cemetery in Paris. His immense body of work reveals an omniscient man of great wisdom, a cosmopolitan polyglot who devoted his life to the history of science, with particular emphasis on medicine and disease. He looked at paleopathology for what that discipline could bring to the study of populations in antiquity, and succeeded in anchoring it in history with his definitive concept of "pathocenose", created in 1969. Several years later, his most important work, "Les Maladies à l'aube de la civilisation occidentale", (1983) set forth with definitive and convincing illustrations the importance of paleopathology, which will therefore be forever associated with one of the most outstanding medical history books of the XXth. century.

France↗
PubMed1975

Cancer in United States Jews.

The published studies of cancer of United States Jews are reviewed. Despite the lack of religious designation on death certificates, case reports, and census returns, a number of indirect methods for measuring the problem have been devised, which produce fairly consistent findings. In general, for American Jews, these show deficits in cancer mortality, among males, for the buccal cavity and pharynx and prostate and, among females, for the breast, uterine cervix and corpus, and bladder. Excesses in mortality, noted for both sexes, are esophagus, stomach, colon, pancreas, lymphomas, and leukemia and, in females, the lung and the ovary. The standardized mortality ratios for cancer of selected sites for Russian-born residents of upstate New York, 1969 through 1971, are presented as an indirect measure of the problem in the United States Jews. Statistically significant excesses were found in males for stomach and colon, with a striking deficit in cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx. Among females, excesses were noted for stomach, pancreas, and lung with a sharp deficit in the uterine cervix. On the basis of the religious affiliation of the cemetery of burial, estimates of the Jewish and non-Jewish components of the 800 deaths in Russian-born residents were determined. Expected deaths in these two subgroups by sex, for each cancer site, were then calculated by use of the site-specific proportionate mortality of upstate New York for these years. This revealed a significant excess among Jewish males for colon cancer, with a deficit in lung cancer, while among the non-Jewish male components stomach cancer mortality was the only site significantly in excess. Among Jewish females, stomach and lung cancers were in excess, with a deficit in cancers of the breast and cervix uteri. In non-Jewish Russian-born females, the only site significantly in excess was stomach, with breast cancer showing a deficit.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

[Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang's autobiography (1850) in the light of hand-written and printed sources].

The archival collection of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius (Wilno) contains many manuscripts relating to the scientific work of Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang (1776-1859), professor of pharmacy and pharmacology of the Wilno University in the years 1807-1831, the founder and main figure in the Wilno pharmacognostic school, a botanist with substantial achievements in wide-ranging research on the flora of the Wilno region, as well as a historian of pharmacy. The most interesting of the manuscripts include Wolfgang's Autobiografia [Autobiography], written in 1850, and a list of his publications covering a total of 57 items (including some that have hitherto remained unknown), a work entitled Historya Farmakologii i Farmacyi [History of pharmacology and pharmacy], and a particularly valuable manuscript (666 + 12 sheets) entitled Farmakologiia [Pharmacology]. Worth mentioning are also two catalogues of books from Wolfgang's library: one compiled by Wolfgang himself (37 sheets) and the other by Adam Ferdynand Adamowicz. The content of the autobiography manuscript is contained on five sheets. The author of the present article analyzes the document, comparing the information contained in it with the biographies of J. F. Wolfgang that hhave been published so far (these being primarily the biography by Dominik Cezary ChodYko, published in 1863, and that by Witold W3odzimierz G3owacki of 1960). The text of the autobiography is quoted in full, together with numerous comments. The analysis of the manuscript as well as the biographical data contained in the above-mentioned biographies indicate that Wolfgang had great achievements as a scientist (in both research and organizational work), as a champion of public causes and as an educator of a generation of botanists-pharmacognostics. It also transpires from the autobiography, as well as from the research by historians, that he was a very good and trustful person, who readily granted access to his research to his collaborators and pupils. This eventually turned against him: he laments the loss of the materials of his floristic research "at untrustworthy hands" and deplores the fact that they were published under the name of other scientists. Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang died on 17 May 1859, in his estate at Po3uknie. He was buried at the no longer extant Lutheran graveyard at Pohulanka. A symbolic grave of Wolfgang is to be found at the Rossa Catholic cemetery in Wilno (sector XIV, grave no. 157).

Autobiographies as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Microbial communities on the monuments of Moscow and St. Petersburg: biodiversity and trophic relations].

Stone monuments situated in the Alexander Nevsky Abbey, the Summer Garden, and the Smolenskoe Cemetery, St. Petersburg, and marble and limestone sculptures and tombstones situated in the Novodevichy Convent and the Donskoy Monastery, Moscow, were investigated for their microbial contamination. The architectural objects studied date to the 12th century. The monuments in the Alexander Nevsky Abbey were found to be severely contaminated with micromycetes belonging to 24 genera (primarily of the class Deuteromycetes). The analysis of the samples taken from the monuments of the Donskoy Monastery by the serial dilution technique showed that they were contaminated with bacteria at a density of (1-1.7) x 10(5) cells/g. This value, however, turned out to be 1 to 2 orders greater when the bacterial population was evaluated by the luciferin-luciferase method. We succeeded in identifying 12 bacterial genera; however, this number may be increased in the course of further studies. Some preventive measures to control the biodeterioration of stone heritage are discussed.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

Cortical bone age estimates from historically known adults.

Adult skeletal remains from 19th century historic cemeteries were used to test the accuracy and precision of age estimations based on the cortical bone histological technique proposed by Thompson [6, 7]. Comparison of estimates made from anterior microscopic fields versus peripheral fields (N = 29 femora) indicates general age agreement, with 6/29 demonstrating marked differences between sampling locations. Three cases of unilateral trauma show no consistent effect on bone age estimates. Among sixteen adults of known age, the ages of eight were accurately estimated; five were estimated to be significantly older and three were estimated to be younger than they were. It is argued that cortical erosion/diagenetic destruction may contribute to overestimation by obscuring the periosteal regions required for application of the technique. While not without its shortcomings, it is concluded that the Thompson technique is relatively robust and merits further development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The anthropological evidence for change through Romanisation of the Poundbury population.

Poundbury Camp cemetery was in use for about 500 Years and was the burial ground for an Iron Age Durotrigian group, a rural Roman settlement and an urban Romano-British community. Low variance of metrical characters and persistence of familial traits in the three groups suggest a continuity of the population and in situ growth. However evidence for an anthropological response to the cultural romanisation of the population has been found in a number of skeletal traits including squatting which was most often adopted by Durotrigian females. Dietary changes are indicted by variation in concentrations of trace elements, including lead, in the bones.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Infant death surveillance as an indicator of health care system effectiveness--a study conducted in northeastern Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the access to and quality of health care administered to infants based on postmortem data. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional census-based study was carried out to assess the infant deaths that occurred in the town of Bom Conselho, state of Pernambuco, between January 1st 1999 and December 31st 1999. Home interviews and inspection of medical records were used for data collection. Deaths were identified by consulting the Mortality Information System, health centers, public notary services, cemeteries, health workers, and midwives. RESULTS: Seventy-one of 72 deaths were investigated, with a loss of 1.4%. The majority (69.4%) of deaths occurred in the postneonatal period and 67.6% of them occurred at home. In 77.5% of the cases medical help was sought at least once, most frequently at emergency units (65.1%). However, 22.5% of the patients were not taken to any kind of health care service. Most health care services (90.9%) were less than one hour away from the patient's home, 78.5% were located in the town of residence and 97% of the consultations were carried out by doctors. Of 88 consultations, 39.8% resulted in hospitalization and 27.3% in discharge without arrangement of a follow-up appointment. In 84% of the cases the medication was provided free of charge. CONCLUSIONS: Death surveillance revealed restricted access to medical care and poor quality of health care administered to infants living in the referred town. The high rate of home deaths is related to access, whilst the journeys made by some of the mothers to health care units, during the illness that caused the death of their infants, points to the precarious organization of those services.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2003

A cephalometric comparison of skulls from different time periods--the Bronze Age, the 19th century and the present.

The aim of this study was to evaluate secular trends by means of orthodontic measurements on lateral cephalograms. We use roentgenograms from three populations: 22 Bronze Age skulls from a cemetery near Hainburg/Austria, 140 soldiers who served in the Hapsburg Imperial Army in the late 19th century, and 154 contemporary recruits of the Austrian Federal Army. Using conventional morphometric analysis, no statistically significant differences could be established. But applying geometric morphometrics to the 2D-coordinates of the pentagon composed of the landmarks Sella, Nasion, Articulare, Gonion and Menton, some biologically interpretable differences were detected, the size allometry between the 19th- and 20th-century populations being the only notable one. We conclude that landmarks should be digitized directly (and many more of them) and that conventional methods used in clinical orthodontics are inappropriate for addressing the scientific questions approached here.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed2003

[Mateo Orfila: a biography].

Mateo J. B. Orfila, illustrious doctor and chemical, native of Mahon, where he was born April 24th, 1787 and he died in Paris March 12th, 1853, buried in this city in the cemetery of Montmartre. He studied Medicine and Chemistry in Valencia, Barcelona and Paris. Chemical expert, toxicologist and medical jurist, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris during 18 years, in which he made the great Educational Reformation of Medicine that deserves to take his name, model for many Universities of France, Germany, Denmark, Scandinavia, etc... and in certain way of Spain and Italy. It carried out the Chair of Chemistry and Legal Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, he projected his teaching internationally toward the United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Scandinavia and North America. It diffused the toxicological knowledge and legal, experimental and clinical doctor, elevating his scientific range at universal level with methodical original, innovative constat, creator of the Toxicological Science. Author of countless works and publications of Chemistry, Legal Medicine and Intoxications in diverse countries, "doctor honoris causa" of the most noted universities and academies. Creator of new Chairs, Museums and Centers of Investigation. For their works he received honors like chemist, toxicologist and medical jurist. Orfila was "glory" of Spain, country where he was born, and of France, where it developed intense and fruitful work, in which occupied the most important positions, among others, Academic of the Academy of Medicine of France and President of it.

Chemistry↗
PubMed2004

Cryptosporidiosis: a brief literature review and update regarding Cryptosporidium in feces of Canada geese (Branta canadensis).

Canada geese are increasingly abundant in Ohio, with large nesting populations throughout the state, and goose feces contaminate grassy areas and pavements in many public, commercial, and residential sites. In 1999 the authors found a high prevalence of Giardia, Campylobacter, and especially Cryptosporidium in collected feces of Canada geese. The purpose of this follow-up study was to survey known Canada geese sites in three counties in Ohio (Lucas, Ottawa, and Wood) and to determine the prevalence of sites testing positive for Cryptosporidium. The sites included golf courses, cemeteries, public parks, and health care and teaching facilities. At each of 11 sites, 12 goose feces of wet and loose appearance were collected and manually compressed into one composite sample representing that site. The samples were tested for Cryptosporidium with a sensitive monoclonal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. In 2000 and 2001, nine of 11 sites (81.8 percent) and nine of 10 sites (90 percent), respectively, were positive for Cryptosporidium. The species or genotypes of Cryptosporidium found in the geese feces and their potential to infect humans is unknown. A survey of the literature indicates, however, that while C. parvum (human genotype) is the main cause of cryptosporidiosis in humans, C. parvum (zoonotic genotypes), C. meleagridis (bird genotype), and C. felis (cat genotype) have occasionally been isolated from infected people. Further research is required to define the public health importance of Cryptosporidium in feces of Canada geese and other bird species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Carl Adolph von Basedow--150th anniversary of his death].

Carl Adolph von Basedow was the son of an aristocratic family and was born 1799 in Dessau. He was the grandson of the famous pedagogue Johann Bernhard Basedow. He studied medicine at the university of Halle and spent two years in the surgical service of Paris hospitals--the Charité and the Hôtel Dieu. In 1822, he settled in Merseburg as a physician. He was soon acclaimed as a genial and skilled helper in all branches of medical practice. He performed his own post-mortem examinations and published findings on a number of different diseases. His famous contribution in the thyroid field appeared in 1840 entitled "Exophthalmos due to hypertrophy of the cellular tissue in the orbit". Exophthalmos, goiter and palpitation of the heart have become known as the Merseburg Triad. In 1848, he published the autopsy findings on a patient who died from "exophthalmic cachexia". In Germany and some other countries, the disease was named as Morbus Basedow since 1858. In 1854 he pricked in his finger in the postmortem room when examining a patient who had died of typhus and he succumbed to septicemia at the early age of fifty-five. The date of his death was April 11, 1854. On April 14, he was laid in the Sixtus Cemetery in Merseburg. Basedow postulated that a wrong mixing of the blood manifested in cell tissue congestion and glandular vegetation cause the manifestations of disease. If we abstract our modern knowledge and accept circulating antibodies and disturbance of the immune balance as a dyscrasia as well as the proliferation of lymphocytic clones and local cellulary infiltration in terms of immune thyroiditis and autoimmune orbitopathy as cell tissue congestion and glandular vegetations, then doubt arise whether we have indeed made much progress in the last 150 years. At least, respect for the genius of the general physician Carl Adolph von Basedow is becoming greater. We may all hope that in the contributions and the discussions, we shall learn where we stand at the end of the century and what new avenues of research are appearing on the horizon.

Germany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A 5,500 year old artificial human tooth from Egypt: a historical note.

Archaeological excavations at a Neolithic cemetery near Gebel Ramlah, Egypt yielded, among other finds, a life-size shell carving of a human tooth. Based on its spatulate crown and large conical root, the tooth most closely emulates a maxillary incisor. The crown's lingual and labial surfaces are suggestive of a left central incisor, whereas the occlusal view is more reminiscent of a left lateral incisor. The present report details the tooth's appearance and provides several interpretations concerning its function, including the possibility that it was intended to be a dental implant.

Dental Implants↗
PubMed2004

Factors affecting postmortem tooth loss.

Unassociated human bones are a particular problem during the exhumation of mass graves and a factor that limits anthropological and paleopathological analyses from archaeological contexts. Extensive anthropological literature has focused on the complex taphonomic factors that influences bone assemblages, but little attention has been paid to postmortem tooth loss and factors affecting this process. The following study focuses upon the influence of different factors on postmortem tooth loss. Three samples were investigated in the study: a medieval church cemetery containing 110 individual skeletal remains, and two samples from a series of mass graves made within the same time period in 1999, containing 402 bodies. The frequency of postmortem tooth loss was analyzed relative to postmortem interval for each sample, excavation methods, age distribution, and presence of bone loss associated with periodontal disease. Our results indicate that the degree of alveolar bone loss significantly affected both antemortem and postmortem tooth loss and that the frequency of postmortem tooth loss has the strongest correlation to time since death. These findings suggest that additional care should be taken when exhuming remains from older contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Age determination on long bones in a skeletal subadults sample (b-12 years).

The skeletal age on the basis of the diaphyseal length of long bones was assessed. To this aim a sample of subadults skeleton, dated to last century, coming from the cemetery of Bologna was studied. The sample is composed by 79 males and 70 females between 0 and 12 years, whose chronological age and sex are known. Some information can be obtained by the means, standard deviation and graphs of the specimens grouped in age classes. The comparison with other studies confirms the interest of using standards based on direct measurements on long bones of known age and similar to the skeletal populations under study.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗