Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cefadroxil”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

[The comparison of blood levels between peripheral vein and tooth extraction wound after the oral administration of antibiotics (author's transl)].

The oral administration of 300 mg of clindamycin was undertaken on 23 patients, of 500 mg of cefadroxil on 11 patients and of 250 mg of talampicillin on 12 patients, and then tooth extraction was performed under local anesthesia. Blood samples were taken from the extraction wound and the peripheral vein at the same time and assayed by the bioassay method. The blood levels of clindamycin and cefadroxil indicated a similar pattern between the extraction wound and the peripheral vein, but the blood level of talampicillin reached peek level rapider than clindamycin and cefadroxil. The blood levels of the extraction wound were 60 - 80% as compared with the venous blood levels with each antimicrobial agent.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

[Isotypic regulation of antibodies and antibiotics].

Several reports have shown that antibiotics can in vitro interfere with many aspects of the immune response such as phagocytic processes, macrophage functions, T and B cell proliferation. Very few data on the effect of antibiotics on the antibody response were available. It is well known that the humoral immune response is sustained by different immunoglobulin isotypes (IgA, IgE, IgG or IgM) according to the antigen, its penetration route, the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue, the genetic background and the age of the host. Such an isotypic regulation was very recently demonstrated to be closely related to some cytokines like interferon-gamma, interleukins (IL)-2, -4 and -10. We tested the effect of some cephalosporins on in vitro cytokine-dependent immunoglobulin production. Neither cefadroxil nor cefalexine had any modulating effect on pokeweed mitogen-induced IgG and IgM production by normal human B-cells. In contrast, cefadroxil, and not cefalexine, blocked up to 90% of the in vitro IL-4-dependent IgE production by normal B lymphocytes. In the same way, this cephalosporin was able to inhibit the membrane expression of CD23 molecules (low affinity Fc-epsilon-receptors) which is involved in phagocytic processes and in IgE regulation. The first target cell of the effect of cefadroxil was clearly shown to be monocyte-macrophage lineage which were stimulated to produce prostaglandin E2 which down regulated CD23 membrane expression and IgE secretion. Such data showed that antibiotics were able to interfere with cytokine cascade which controlled the immunoglobulin isotype.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed2003

Enhanced intestinal absorption of drugs by activation of peptide transporter PEPT1 using proton-releasing polymer.

Utilization of carrier-mediated transport systems in the gastrointestinal tract to increase the bioavailability of drugs is of great interest. In the present study, an increased supply of the driving force for peptide transporter PEPT1 by utilizing a proton-releasing polymer, Eudragit L100-55, was employed to increase the intestinal transport activity. Intestinal absorption of zwitterionic cefadroxil and dianionic cefixime was studied in rats by using in situ ileal closed loops and by in vivo oral administration of the drugs concomitantly with Eudragit L100-55. The results showed that Eudragit L100-55 decreased the pH in the intestinal loops, and increased the disappearance of both cefadroxil and cefixime from the loops. In rats, the plasma concentration after oral administration was increased significantly by coadministration of Eudragit L100-55, whereas a proton-nonreleasing analogous polymer, Eudragit RSPO, did not have any effect. Furthermore, the increased absorption of cefixime caused by Eudragit L100-55 was blocked by simultaneous administration of cefadroxil, a PEPT1 substrate/inhibitor, in a concentration-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that improvement of intestinal absorption of peptide-mimetics via a peptide transporter is possible by optimizing the transporter activity through coadministration of a proton-releasing polymer that supplies the driving force for the transporter.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2003

Uptake of dipeptide and beta-lactam antibiotics by the basolateral membrane vesicles prepared from rat kidney.

The transport of dipeptides and beta-lactam antibiotics across the rat renal basolateral membrane was examined. The initial uptake of glycylsarcosine and cefadroxil by rat renal basolateral membrane vesicles was inhibited by the presence of all the di- and tripeptides and beta-lactam antibiotics that were tested in this study. However, the uptake of both substrates was not inhibited by glycine, an amino acid. The initial uptake of zwitterionic beta-lactam antibiotics, cefadroxil, cephradine, and cephalexin, was stimulated by preloaded glycylsarcosine (countertransport effect). On the other hand, the uptake of dianionic beta-lactam antibiotics, ceftibuten and cefixime, was not affected. A concentration-dependent initial uptake of glycylsarcosine and cefadroxil suggested the existence of a carrier-mediated mechanism, whereas the transport of ceftibuten did not show any saturated uptake. The transporter that participates in the permeation of dipeptides and beta-lactam antibiotics across basolateral membranes showed lower affinity than did PEPT1 and PEPT2. This is the first study that showed an evidence for a peptide transporter, expressed in the rat renal basolateral membrane, that recognizes zwitterionic beta-lactam antibiotics using basolateral membrane vesicles isolated from normal rat kidney.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Intestinal transport of cefuroxime axetil in rats: absorption and hydrolysis processes.

Studies were performed using three cefuroxime axetil solutions (11.8, 118 and 200 microM) in three selected intestinal segments and one cefuroxime axetil solution (118 microM) in colon of anaesthetized rats. First-order absorption rate pseudoconstants, k(ap) and effective permeability coefficients, P(eff), were calculated in each set. Absorption of cefuroxime axetil can apparently be described as a carrier-mediated transport, which obeys Michaelis-Menten and first order kinetics in the proximal segment of the small intestine and a passive diffusion mechanism in the mean and distal segments. The absorption kinetic parameters for cefuroxime axetil were obtained: Vm=0.613 (0.440) microM min-1; Km=31.49(28.31) microM and ka=0.011(0.003) min-1. Parameters characterizing degradation of the prodrug were obtained in each intestinal segment: proximal segment k(dp)=0.0049(0.0003) min-1, mean segment, k(dm)=0.0131(0.0007) min-1 and distal segment k(dd)=0.019(0.0009) min-1. Therefore, in situ intestinal absorption of cefuroxime axetil in the proximal segment of the rat in the presence of variable concentrations of cefadroxil has been investigated in order to examine the inhibitory effect of cefadroxil on cefuroxime axetil transport. The data suggest that cefadroxil and cefuroxime axetil share the same intestinal carrier.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of four cephalosporin antibiotics in pharmaceuticals and body fluids.

A rapid, accurate and sensitive method has been developed and validated for the quantitative simultaneous determination of four cephalosporins, cephalexin and cefadroxil (first-generation), cefaclor (second-generation) and cefataxim (third-generation), in pharmaceuticals as well as in human blood serum and urine. A Spherisorb ODS-2 250 x 4-mm, 5-microm analytical column was used with an eluting system consisting of a mixture of acetate buffer (pH 4.0)-CH(3)OH 78-22% (v/v) at a flow-rate 1.2 ml/min. Detection was performed with a variable wavelength UV-Vis detector at 265 nm resulting in limit of detection of 0.2 ng for cefadroxil and cephalexin, but only 0.1 ng for cefotaxime and cefaclor per 20-microl injection. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) (6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-7 sulfanyl-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1-1-dioxide) was used as internal standard at a concentration of 2 ng/microl. A rectilinear relationship was observed up to 8, 5, 12 and 35 ng/microl for cefadroxil, cefotaxime, cefaclor, cephalexin, respectively. Analysis time was less than 7 min. The statistical evaluation of the method was examined by means of within-day repeatability (n=8) and day-to-day precision (n=9) and was found to be satisfactory with high accuracy and precision. The method was applied to the determination of the cephalosporins in commercial pharmaceuticals and in biological fluids: human blood serum after solid-phase extraction and urine simply after filtration and dilution. Recovery of analytes in spiked samples was in the range from 76.3 to 112.0%, over the range of 1-8 ng/microl.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed2006

Molecular interactions between dipeptides, drugs and the human intestinal H+ -oligopeptide cotransporter hPEPT1.

The human intestinal proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter hPEPT1 has been implicated in the absorption of pharmacologically active compounds. We have investigated the interactions between a comprehensive selection of drugs, and wild-type and variant hPEPT1s expressed in Xenopus oocytes, using radiotracer uptake and electrophysiological methods. The beta-lactam antibiotics ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin and cefadroxil, the antineoplastics delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) and bestatin, and the neuropeptide N-acetyl-Asp-Glu (NAAG), were transported, as judged by their ability to evoke inward currents. When the drugs were added in the presence of the typical substrate glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar), the inward currents were equal or less than that induced by Gly-Sar alone. This suggests that the drugs are transported at a lower turnover rate than Gly-Sar, but may also point towards complex interactions between dipeptides, drugs and the transporter. Gly-Sar and the drugs also modified the kinetics of hPEPT1 presteady-state charge movement, by causing a reduction in maximum charge (Qmax) and a shift of the midpoint voltage (V0.5) to more negative potentials. Our results indicate that the substrate selectivity of hPEPT1 is: Gly-Sar > NAAG, delta-ALA, bestatin > cefadroxil, cephalexin > ampicillin, amoxicillin. Based on steady-state and presteady-state analysis of Gly-Sar and cefadroxil transport, we proposed an extension of the 6-state kinetic model for hPEPT1 function that globally accounts for the observed presteady-state and steady-state kinetics of neutral dipeptide and drug transport. Our model suggests that, under saturating conditions, the rate-limiting step of the hPEPT1 transport cycle is the reorientation of the empty carrier within the membrane. Variations in rates of drug cotransport are predicted to be due to differences in affinity and turnover rate. Oral availability of drugs may be reduced in the presence of physiological concentrations of dietary dipeptides in the gut, suggesting that oral delivery drugs should be taken on an empty stomach. The common hPEPT1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms Ser117Asn and Gly419Ala retained the essential kinetic and drug recognition characteristics of the wild type, suggesting that neither variant is likely to have a major impact on oral absorption of drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Delivery of peptide drugs to the brain by adenovirus-mediated heterologous expression of human oligopeptide transporter at the blood-brain barrier.

The feasibility of using adenovirus-mediated human oligopeptide transporter (hPEPT1) gene transfer to achieve peptide drug delivery to the brain across the blood-brain barrier was tested by examining the accumulation of model peptides in a rat brain endothelial cell line (RBEC1) and rat brain after transduction with a recombinant adenovirus encoding hPEPT1-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein fusion gene (AdhPEPT1-EYFP). In vitro uptake of [(3)H]GlySar was determined in RBEC1 transduced with AdhPEPT1-EYFP. In vivo, the accumulation of cefadroxil in rat brain was evaluated after transduction of AdhPEPT1-EYFP. At pH 6.0, the uptake of [(3)H]GlySar by RBEC1 transduced with AdhPEPT1-EYFP was increased 4-fold compared with that of nontransduced cells. At pH 7.4, uptake of [(3)H]GlySar in AdhPEPT1-EYFP transduced RBEC1 was 1.5 times higher than that of nontransduced cells. Unlabeled glycylsarcosine (10 mM) reduced the uptake of [(3)H]GlySar to a level comparable with that of nontransduced cells. At 30 min after intravenous administration of cefadroxil to rats transduced with AdhPEPT1-EYFP at 3.2 x 10(9) plaque-forming units/rat by an in situ brain perfusion method, the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp) of cefadroxil was increased about 2 times compared with that of nontransduced or AdGFP (control vector)-transduced rats, although this was not statistically significant. In contrast, Kp of [(14)C]inulin, a marker for extracellular fluid space, remained unchanged after adenoviral transduction. In conclusion, our results suggest that adenovirus-mediated heterologous expression of hPEPT1 in vivo could be a useful approach to deliver oligopeptides to the brain.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1988

[Eczema and hyper-IgE. Effect of cephalosporins].

Atopic dermatitis is a disease in which staphylococcal cutaneous superinfection and immune disorders, especially hyper IgE, are closely related. Cephalosporins are very effective on exacerbations of superinfections; among them, Cefadroxil diminishes immunoglobulins E in vivo. In vitro, this antibiotic promotes from the macrophage the PgE2 synthesis to which the T suppression is classically sensitive. In DNP-OVA sensitized rats which produce anti DNP IgE, the secondary response is inhibited by Cefadroxil. From clinical to research experiments, the hypothesis is the effect of cephalosporins, and especially Cefadroxil, on IgE synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Meta-analysis in the evaluation of treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis: a review.

Penicillin has been first-line therapy for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis for more than 40 years. Since the 1980s, there have been a number of reports suggesting that bacteriologic failure rates with penicillin may be rising. A number of alternative therapies have been proposed, including oral cephalosporins. To evaluate the efficacy of these agents, two meta-analyses have recently been performed. In the meta-analysis performed by Pichichero and Margolis, oral cephalosporins were reported to achieve a significantly greater bacteriologic cure rate than penicillin (92% with cephalosporins vs 84% with penicillin, P < 0.0001) when results from 19 studies were analyzed. A separate meta-analysis performed by Deeter et al reported that the oral cephalosporin cefadroxil monohydrate achieved significantly greater bacteriologic cure rates (94.8% cefadroxil vs 87.5% penicillin, P < 0.05) than oral penicillin when 9 trials in 1406 patients with streptococcal pharyngitis were analyzed. A review of 65 studies of the use of penicillin for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis has shown that bacteriologic failure rates in the period 1980 to 1993 were approximately 12% to 13%, slightly but not significantly greater than during the period 1953 through 1979. Oral cephalosporins such as cefadroxil monohydrate provide reasonable alternatives for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Chronic prostatitis: comments on infectious etiologies and antimicrobial treatment.

Twenty-three males with the clinical diagnosis of chronic prostatitis were evaluated for a bacterial etiology by the Stamey and Meares method. In addition, 16 patients, regardless of culture results, were placed on either cefadroxil or oral carbenicillin antimicrobial therapy. Culture results identified only four (17%) of 23 patients with bacterial prostatitis: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (2), Enterobacter agglomerans (1), and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (1). Four of seven patients who received oral carbenicillin and three of nine patients who received cefadroxil reported symptomatic relief. This study did not identify a common etiology for chronic prostatitis or a consistently effective antimicrobial treatment. Rather, we observed that the etiologic agent in most cases of chronic prostatitis (83%) could not be identified by routine bacteriologic culture. Future research efforts in chronic prostatitis must address not only treatment regimens but expand the search for etiologic agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Sensitive assay for measuring amoxicillin in human plasma and middle ear fluid using solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

We developed a sensitive assay to measure amoxicillin in human plasma and middle ear fluid (MEF) using solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase HPLC. Amoxicillin and cefadroxil, the internal standard, were extracted from 50-200 microliters of sample with Bond Elut C18 cartridges. The extract was analyzed on a 15 cm x 2 mm, 5 micron Keystone MOS Hypersil-1 (C8) column with UV detection at 210 nm. The mobile phase was 6% acetonitrile in 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH = 6.5) and 5 mM tetrabutylammonium. The average absolute recovery of amoxicillin and cefadroxil were 91.2 +/- 16.6% and 91.0 +/- 6.8%, respectively. The limit of quantitation was 0.125 microgram/ml with 200 microliters sample size. The linear range was from 0.125 to 35.0 micrograms/ml with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. These analytic conditions produced a highly sensitive amoxicillin assay in human body fluids without derivatization.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMed1999

Selective spectrofluorimetric determination of phenolic beta-lactam antibiotics through the formation of their coumarin derivatives.

A simple, sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric procedure was developed for the determination of amoxycillin, cefadroxil and cefoperazone. The method is based on the reaction between these drugs and ethyl acetoacetate, in acidic medium, to give yellow fluorescent products with excitation wavelengths ranging from 401 to 467 nm and emission wavelengths ranging from 465 to 503 nm. The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. The reaction obeyed Beer's law over the range of 10.0-20.0, 1.5-1.0 and 50.0-100.0 microg ml(-1) for amoxycillin, cefadroxil and cefoperazone, respectively. Interference's from other antibiotics, drugs and dosage forms additives, in capsules and vials dosage forms, were investigated. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations (capsules and vials) containing the above antibiotics, either alone or in combination with other antibiotics or drugs. The validity of the method was tested by the recovery studies of standard addition which were found to be satisfactory. The results of the proposed method demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise and reproducible as the official methods (USP XXIII) and those published for the non-official binary mixtures.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1999

Spectrofluorometric determination of alpha-aminocephalosporins in biological fluids and pharmaceutical preparations.

A selective and highly sensitive fluorometric method was developed for the determination of four alpha-aminocephalosporins, namely cefaclor, cefadroxil, cephalexin and cephradine. The method involves the reaction of the target compounds with fluorescamine at a specific pH, ranging from 7.8 to 8.4. The produced derivatives exhibit maximum fluorescence intensities at 472-478 nm after excitation at 370-372 nm. The method is highly specific because other alpha-aminocephalosporins whose alpha amino group was blocked do not react similarly and hence do not interfere. At the specific pH range of the reaction where no degradation may occur with that medium the proposed method can be utilised as a stability-indicating assay. The different experimental parameters affecting the derivatisation reaction were carefully studied and incorporated into the procedure. Under the described conditions, the proposed method is linear over the concentration range of 0.05(-1) microg/ml(-1) for both cefaclor and cephalexin, and 0.05-0.65 and 0.025-0.5 microg/ml(-1) for cefadroxil and cepharadine, respectively and the coefficients of determination were greater than 0.999 (n = 3). The recoveries of the title compounds from spiked serum ranged from 88.6 to 89.7% and from spiked urine from 92.2 to 93.3% with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 25-50 ng/ml(-1) and limit of detection (LOD) of 5 ng/ml(-1) (S/N = 2) for all drugs. The mechanism of the fluorometric reaction is proposed and the advantages of the proposed method are discussed.

Cefaclor↗
PubMed1998

The peptide transporter PepT2 mediates the uptake of the glutathione precursor CysGly in astroglia-rich primary cultures.

The intracellular content of glutathione in astroglia-rich primary cultures derived from the brains of newborn rats was used as an indicator for the ability of these cultures to utilize cysteinylglycine (CysGly) for glutathione synthesis. After a 24-h starvation period in the absence of glucose and amino acids, CysGly was able to substitute for cysteine plus glycine in the restoration of glutathione. Glutathione restoration from CysGly plus glutamate was only slightly affected by the dipeptides carnosine or serylglycine in a 200-fold excess. Captopril, a substrate of the peptide transporter PepT1, had almost no effect on glutathione restoration. In contrast, with increasing concentrations of alanylalanine or cefadroxil, known substrates of the peptide transporter PepT2, the amount of glutathione restored in the presence of CysGly and glutamate was strongly reduced. Cefadroxil in a 200-fold excess totally prevented the utilization of CysGly for glutathione restoration. The presence of mRNA for PepT2 in astroglia-rich primary cultures was demonstrated by application of RT-PCR. These results demonstrate that PepT2 is expressed in astroglia-rich primary cultures and that this transporter is highly likely to be responsible for the uptake of CysGly in these cultures.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Three-day antibiotic therapy in bacteriuria of old age.

A three day oral antibiotic course was given to 71 elderly bacteriuric subjects with no or only moderate mobility problems. Seven of 17 men (41%) and 34 of 54 women (63%) had strongly positive antibody coated bacteria (ACB) in the urine. Following sensitivity tests and randomization one of the following agents was given: cefadroxil 1 g tid (13 subjects): co-trimoxazole 160/800 mg bd (23 subjects); or norfloxacin 400 mg bd (35 subjects). One week after therapy urines were negative in 13 men (76.5%) and 37 women (68.5%). Patients who were fully mobile and/or were ACB(-) responded better than those with moderate mobility problems or who were ACB(+). At six months, urines were negative in six (40%) of 15 men and 15 (33.3%) of 45 women. Two men and six women of these 21 subjects had a positive urine at one month. Of the three agents tested cefadroxil was less effective in women. The study indicates that a three day course will clear bacteriuria in about 70% of patients at one week, but only about 25% will remain free of infection at six months; these are usually patients with adequate mobility and normal renal function.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Safety and tolerability of linezolid in children.

BACKGROUND: Linezolid, an oxazolidinone, is effective in the treatment of adults and children with community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia and uncomplicated and complicated skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), including infections caused by Gram-positive resistant pathogens. Because of the increasing use of linezolid, it is important to review the common adverse events (AEs) associated with its use in children with the use of data from clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: The safety and tolerability of linezolid in pediatric patients with Gram-positive infections were determined in four pediatric clinical studies. Study I included pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia; Study II included otitis media; Study III included SSSIs; and Study IV included complicated SSSIs, nosocomial pneumonia and bacteremia. METHODS: Studies I and II had no comparator arm. Study III was randomized and compared linezolid with cefadroxil. Study IV also was randomized and compared linezolid with vancomycin. Patients <12 years of age received linezolid 10 mg/kg; patients age 12 years and older received 600 mg (intravenous/oral). Dosing frequency (two to three times daily) varied depending on age and clinical diagnosis. The primary safety endpoints were AEs, drug-related AEs, serious AEs and selected laboratory tests. RESULTS: In the 4 studies 958 patients were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. In the linezolid vs. cefadroxil study (Study III), the most common AEs in patients treated with linezolid were diarrhea (7.8%), headache (6.5%) and upper respiratory tract infection (3.7%). In the linezolid vs. vancomycin study (Study IV), the most common AEs in the linezolid group were fever (14.1%), diarrhea (10.8%) and vomiting (9.4%). The most common drug-related AEs for linezolid in all 4 studies were diarrhea, vomiting, loose stools and nausea. None of these common AEs or drug-related AEs occurred more frequently in patients treated with linezolid than in those in the comparator group. CONCLUSIONS: Linezolid was safe and well-tolerated in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia, otitis media, SSSIs and infections caused by Gram-positive resistant pathogens.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2003

In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activity evaluation of a polyurethane matrix.

Various in-vitro and in-vivo methods for evaluation of the duration of antibacterial activity were compared using a controlled-release polyurethane matrix developed for the prevention of surface bacterial adhesion and growth. Cefadroxil was incorporated into this polyurethane matrix by a solvent casting method before the matrix was coated with polyurethane in tetrahydrofuran solution. The release of cefadroxil from the matrix into distilled water at 37 degrees C was measured by HPLC. The morphological change of matrices before and after release studies was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The duration of antimicrobial activity of the matrix against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by measuring the diameters of the inhibition zone and the optical density of the broth. The matrices were also implanted subcutaneously in rats and the duration of the antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the inhibition zone. The results showed that duration of antibacterial activity of the polyurethane matrix was successfully determined in-vitro by these methods, and the results differed from the conventional in-vitro release study. It was also possible to determine the duration of action of the matrix in-vivo by implanting the matrix in rats, and then measuring the antibacterial activity of the matrix at predetermined time intervals. While a good correlation was observed between the in-vitro and in-vivo methods used in this study to evaluate the duration of the antibacterial activity of the polymeric matrix, the conventional in-vitro release study did not coincide with these results.

Animals↗