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PubMed1971

Accumulation of untranslated lactose-specific messenger ribonucleic acid during catabolite repression in Escherichia coli.

When Escherichia coli K-12 Hfr.H was induced to synthesize beta-galactosidase in the presence of glucose, an untranslated lactose-specific mRNA (lac-mRNA), protected from decay, was found to accumulate progressively within the cells. The lac-mRNA accumulation was unaffected by the carbon source on which the cells had been grown before the induction. The amount of the lac-mRNA available for translation was affected by catabolite repression and 3':5'-cyclic AMP, but it remained unclear whether this was a direct effect on the formation of the lac-mRNA or a consequence of the effect on its translation.

Acridines↗

PubMed1997

Ca2+/calmodulin-binding proteins in yeast. Catabolite repression and induction by carbon sources.

Soluble calmodulin-binding proteins from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were analyzed in cells grown on glucose, maltose and galactose as carbon source. A large number of polypeptide chains showed affinity for calmodulin by affinity chromatography and overlay techniques. Amongst these, polypeptides of 115, 67 and 45 kDa were only detected during the second exponential phase of growth on glucose or non-fermentative carbon sources, suggesting that they might be subjected to catabolite repression. Polypeptides of 195 and 22 kDa were only observed in cells grown on maltose, whereas 88 kDa polypeptide was only observed in galactose-grown cells. Among the calmodulin -binding polypeptides, eight were phosphorylated in a Ca2+/calmodulin -dependent manner (220, 200, 175, 100, 62, 55, 31 and 16 kDa). Ca2+/calmodulin dependent [gamma-32P] incorporation was dramatically decreased in yeast cells submitted to a heat treatment.

Calmodulin↗

PubMed1982

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mutants Resistant to Catabolite Repression: Use in Cheese Whey Hydrolysate Fermentation.

Mutants of an industrial-type strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which rapidly and completely fermented equimolar mixtures of glucose and galactose to ethanol were isolated. These mutants fell into two general phenotypic classes based upon their fermentation kinetics and enzyme induction patterns. One class apparently specifically effects the utilization of galactose and allows sequential utilization of first glucose and then galactose in an anaerobic fermentation. The second class of mutants was resistant to general catabolite repression and produced maltase, invertase, and galactokinase in the presence of repressive levels of glucose. These mutants were completely dominant and appear to represent an as yet undescribed class of mutant.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1968

Evidence for an altered operator specificity: catabolite repression control of the leucine operon in Salmonella typhimurium.

A mutation, GD-1, in the leucine operon imposed unusual growth characteristics upon a leucine auxotrophic strain bearing the leucine operator mutation, leu-500. The strain with the GD-1 mutation was able to grow on a minimal salts medium when citrate was the sole carbon source, but required leucine when glucose was present. Tests with a large number of carbohydrates suggest that in the strain bearing the GD-1 mutation the leucine biosynthetic enzymes are under catabolite repressor control. Recombination studies indicate that the GD-1 mutation is a secondary alteration of the leucine operator at or very close to the site of the leu-500 mutation. Mutations at the supX locus (previously termed su leu 500 and located on the chromosome between the cysteine B and tryptophan gene clusters) result in elimination of the catabolite repression effect. The data are interpreted as an indication that the GD-1 and leu-500 mutations alter the leucine operator with respect to its specificity of response to repressors.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1990

Glucose-mediated catabolite repression of the tricarboxylic acid cycle as an explanation for increased acetic acid production in suicidal Aeromonas strains.

Growth in the presence of glucose, even under highly aerobic conditions, significantly reduced the activities of three tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, citrate synthetase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase, in suicidal but not nonsuicidal Aeromonas strains. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, however, was significantly increased. The activities of all of the enzymes, as well as the glucose-mediated increase in acetic acid production, were shown to be regulated by catabolite repression. The regulator protein is the same one which regulates the utilization of several sugars.

Acetates↗

PubMed1991

Expression of the DAL80 gene, whose product is homologous to the GATA factors and is a negative regulator of multiple nitrogen catabolic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression.

We have cloned the negative regulatory gene (DAL80) of the allantoin catabolic pathway, characterized its structure, and determined the physiological conditions that control DAL80 expression and its influence on the expression of nitrogen catabolic genes. Disruption of the DAL80 gene demonstrated that it regulates multiple nitrogen catabolic pathways. Inducer-independent expression was observed for the allantoin pathway genes DAL7 and DUR1,2, as well as the UGA1 gene required for gamma-aminobutyrate catabolism in the disruption mutant. DAL80 transcription was itself highly sensitive to nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR), and its promoter contained 12 sequences homologous to the NCR-sensitive UASNTR. The deduced DAL80 protein structure contains zinc finger and coiled-coil motifs. The DAL80 zinc finger motif possessed high homology to the transcriptional activator proteins required for expression of NCR-sensitive genes in fungi and the yeast GLN3 gene product required for functioning of the NCR-sensitive DAL UASNTR. It was also homologous to the three GATAA-binding proteins reported to be transcriptional activators in avian and mammalian tissues. The latter correlations raise the possibility that both positive and negative regulators of allantoin pathway transcription may bind to similar sequences.

Allantoin↗

PubMed1975

Kinetics of the onset of catabolite repression in Escherichia coli as determined by lac messenger ribonucleic acid initiations and intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels.

The rates of synthesis of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) and the intracellular levels of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) soon after the addition of glucose or glycerol to exponentially growing cultures of Escherichia coli have been determined. Within 10 s of its addition, glucose, but not glycerol, lowered the apparent initiation frequency of lac messenger ribonucleic acid. The glucose-generated reduction in initiations is identified as catabolite repression by its reversibility with cAMP. The intracellular cAMP levels respond virtually identically to glucose and glycerol additions. Thus, no correlation was observed between the rate of messenger ribonucleic acid initiation and the level of cAMP.

Cyclic AMP↗

PubMed1991

Analysis of the creA gene, a regulator of carbon catabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans.

The complete nucleotide sequence derived from a genomic clone and two cDNA clones of the creA gene of Aspergillus nidulans is presented. The gene contains no introns. The derived polypeptide of 415 amino acids contains two zinc fingers of the C2H2 class, frequent S(T)PXX motifs, and an alanine-rich region indicative of a DNA-binding repressor protein. The amino acid sequence of the zinc finger region has 84% similarity to the zinc finger region of Mig1, a protein involved in carbon catabolite repression in yeast cells, and it is related both to the mammalian Egr1 and Egr2 proteins and to the Wilms' tumor protein. A deletion removing the creA gene was obtained, by using in vitro techniques, in both a heterokaryon and a diploid strain but was unobtainable in a pure haploid condition. Evidence is presented suggesting that the phenotype of such a deletion, when not complemented by another creA allele, is leaky lethality allowing limited germination of the spore but not colony formation. This phenotype is far more extreme than that of any of the in vivo-generated mutations, and thus either the gene product may have an activator activity as well as a repressor function or some residual repressor function may be required for full viability.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1984

Promoter mutation causing catabolite repression of the Salmonella typhimurium leucine operon.

Two mutations that affect expression of the Salmonella typhimurium leu operon were investigated. leu operon DNA from these mutant strains was cloned, and nucleotide sequences of the leu control regions were determined. leu-500, which eliminates expression of all four leu genes simultaneously, is a point mutation in the -10 region of the leu promoter. leu-2012 is a point mutation within the -35 region of the leu promoter. leu-2012 suppressed leucine auxotrophy caused by leu-500 only when the medium contained a carbon source that does not cause catabolite repression. A cya mutation (adenylate cyclase deficiency) introduced into the leu-500 leu-2012 strain caused leu enzymes to be made only if cAMP was supplied exogenously. A leu-500 leu-2012 strain containing a crp mutation (cAMP receptor protein deficiency), on the other hand, could not make leu enzymes even in the presence of cAMP. In vitro transcription experiments demonstrated that the leu-2012 mutation created a new transcription initiation site. RNA polymerase utilized this site in vitro in the absence of added cAMP receptor protein and cAMP.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1975

Isolation of a catabolite repression mutant of yeast as a revertant of a strain that is maltose negative in the respiratory-deficient state.

A character originating from Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1403-7A is described which interferes with maltose growth in the respiratory-deficient state. This character is inherited in an apparently non-Mendelian way, but at present no statement can be made concerning the localization of this character on a plasmid or the involvement of multiple genes. As a revertant of this character, a flaky mutant was isolated, showing a heavy flocculation during growth on liquid medium and resistance to catabolite repression for maltase, alpha-methyl-glucosidase, invertase, and succinate dehydrogenase. In wild-type cells, repression (caused by growth on 2% glucose) and derepression (caused by growth on 2% galactose) can be correlated with a lower and a higher level of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), respectively. In cells of flaky mutant, growth on these carbon sources results in the same levels of cAMP as observed for the wild type. Consequently, in this mutant derepression in the presence of 2% glucose is not reflected in a higher level of cAMP.

Cell-Free System↗

PubMed1989

Cloning of the creA gene from Aspergillus nidulans: a gene involved in carbon catabolite repression.

The creA gene from A. nidulans has been cloned by complementation of a non-revertable mutant allele using a genomic library and marker rescue techniques. The rescued sequence was subcloned and a 2.3 kb fragment identified which complements several creA mutant alleles. Northern analyses showed that creA encodes a transcript of approximately 1.8 kb in length and that the levels of this transcript varied by up to two fold depending on the carbon source. Transformants containing more than two extra copies of creA grew as wildtype on a range of carbon sources, but there was evidence for tighter carbon catabolite repression.

Aspergillus nidulans↗

PubMed1992

Expression of extracellular phospholipase from Serratia liquefaciens is growth-phase-dependent, catabolite-repressed and regulated by anaerobiosis.

Many members of the genus Serratia synthesize and excrete a number of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. One of these is the phospholipase A1 from Serratia liquefaciens, the expression of which is growth-phase-dependent. Through the use of gene fusions and primer extension analysis we show that the expression of phospholipase is subject to positive transcriptional regulation of a dual promoter system; one promoter positioned approximately 600bp upstream from the phlA gene is responsible for the induction of phospholipase expression under anaerobic conditions, and the other promoter positioned 50bp upstream from the phlA gene is subject to catabolite repression and induced during the transition from exponential to late log-phase of bacterial growth. On the basis of sequence homology and behaviour in the relevant Escherichia coli mutants, we suggest that distant promoter to be Fnr-controlled and the proximal phlA promoter to be a member of the FIbB-controlled flagellar-chemotaxis regulon.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Glucose catabolite repression of glucoamylase biosynthesis by the yeast Endomycopsis fibuligera].

The effect of glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, alpha-methyl glucoside, glycerol, nonmetabolizing glucose analog--2-deoxy-D-glucose, and cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on the glucoamylase biosynthesis by the yeast Endomycopsis fibuligera 20-9 was investigated. The sugars tested induced repression of the enzyme synthesis. The repressive effect of glucose, sucrose and maltose was reversed partially or completely by cAMP. The strongest derepressive effect of cAMP was noted in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The transport of glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose in yeast cells was also investigated. Those compounds were found to compete for the entry into the cell. It is concluded that glucoamylase synthesis in Endomycopsis fibuligera 20-9 was susceptible to catabolite repression. Its possible mechanism discussed.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed1986

Cloning and molecular characterization of csm mutations allowing expression of catabolite-repressible operons in the absence of exogenous cyclic AMP.

The cyclic AMP (cAMP) suppressor mutation (csm) of Escherichia coli has been cloned from strain NCR30 in the HindIII-EcoRI site of pBR322. This mutation has been mapped in or near the crp gene. Wild-type crp DNA hybridized to recombinant plasmids pGM5 and pGM25 containing the cloned csm mutation. These recombinant plasmids encoded a protein product of identical molecular weight and charge as that of the wild-type cAMP receptor protein. Transformants of cya crp deletion strains harboring pBM5 or pGM25 exhibited phenotypic characteristics common to strain NCR30. These included the expression of catabolite-repressible enzymes, such as arabinose isomerase, tryptophanase, beta-galactosidase, and threonine deaminase; the expression of chemotactic and motility genes; cAMP sensitivity; and the accumulation of toxic levels of methylglyoxal. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the Csm suppressor phenotype was attributable to the insertion of a guanosine residue 17 base pairs downstream from the termination codon of the crp structural gene. The guanosine insertion is located in the stem region of the presumed transcriptional termination loop. This stem region contained a unique BssHII restriction site which was used to construct an in vitro deletion in the wild-type crp insert in plasmid pHA7. The resulting plasmid, pGM459, renders transformants having a phenotype common to that conferred by the chromosomal or cloned csm mutation. Our results indicate a novel role for the 3' flanking region of the crp structural gene in the expression of the cAMP receptor protein.

Arabinose↗

PubMed1996

Expression of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum polygalacturonase pg1 gene: possible involvement of CREA in glucose catabolite repression.

Northern-blot analysis of RNA isolated from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum grown on either glucose or polygalacturonate as the sole carbon source showed that pg1, encoding a neutral polygalacturonase, was not expressed during growth in both media. In contrast, transcripts of this gene were detected during infection of sunflower germlings. Analysis of the promoter sequence revealed a number of cis-acting sequences known to regulate the expression of many fungal promoters. Protein-DNA-binding experiments showed that proteins extracted from mycelia grown on polygalacturonate or glucose interacted with different regions of the promoter. The GST-CREA fusion protein, containing the two zinc fingers of the Aspergillus nidulans repressor CREA involved in carbon catabolite repression, forms several complexes with DNA fragments carrying the consensus 5'-SYGGRG-3'. These results suggest that a CREA homolog may be involved in the regulation of pg1.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Phosphorylation of HPr by the bifunctional HPr Kinase/P-ser-HPr phosphatase from Lactobacillus casei controls catabolite repression and inducer exclusion but not inducer expulsion.

We have cloned and sequenced the Lactobacillus casei hprK gene encoding the bifunctional enzyme HPr kinase/P-Ser-HPr phosphatase (HprK/P). Purified recombinant L. casei HprK/P catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of HPr, a phosphocarrier protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system at the regulatory Ser-46 as well as the dephosphorylation of seryl-phosphorylated HPr (P-Ser-HPr). The two opposing activities of HprK/P were regulated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, which stimulated HPr phosphorylation, and by inorganic phosphate, which stimulated the P-Ser-HPr phosphatase activity. A mutant producing truncated HprK/P was found to be devoid of both HPr kinase and P-Ser-HPr phosphatase activities. When hprK was inactivated, carbon catabolite repression of N-acetylglucosaminidase disappeared, and the lag phase observed during diauxic growth of the wild-type strain on media containing glucose plus either lactose or maltose was strongly diminished. In addition, inducer exclusion exerted by the presence of glucose on maltose transport in the wild-type strain was abolished in the hprK mutant. However, inducer expulsion of methyl beta-D-thiogalactoside triggered by rapidly metabolizable carbon sources was still operative in ptsH mutants altered at Ser-46 of HPr and the hprK mutant, suggesting that, in contrast to the model proposed for inducer expulsion in gram-positive bacteria, P-Ser-HPr might not be involved in this regulatory process.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed1995

Carbon and energy uncoupling associated with cell cycle arrest of cdc mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be linked to glucose-induced catabolite repression.

Several cell division cycle (cdc) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cdc28, cdc35, cdc19, cdc21, and cdc17) at the restrictive temperature (37 degrees C) in the presence of 1% glucose and defined medium divert most of the carbon (approximately 50%) to ethanol production with low biomass growth yields (Yglc) that correlate with carbon and energy uncoupling and arrest of cell proliferation. The cdc mutants studied are shown to be glucose-repressed, while this was not the case for the wild-type A364A (WT). At 37 degrees C, in the presence of 1% glycerol, derepressed cdc28 mutant cells did not show arrest of cell division and carbon and energy uncoupling since the Yglc levels measured were similar to those of the WT strain. These results suggest that the increased fermentative ability and carbon and energy uncoupling exhibited in the presence of glucose by cdc mutants with respect to those exhibited by the WT may be due to catabolite repression.

Carbon↗

PubMed2006

Characterization and use of catabolite-repressed promoters from gluconate genes in Corynebacterium glutamicum.

The genes involved in gluconate catabolism (gntP and gntK) in Corynebacterium glutamicum are scattered in the chromosome, and no regulatory genes are apparently associated with them, in contrast with the organization of the gnt operon in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In C. glutamicum, gntP and gntK are essential genes when gluconate is the only carbon and energy source. Both genes contain upstream regulatory regions consisting of a typical promoter and a hypothetical cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP) binding region but lack the expected consensus operator region for binding of the GntR repressor protein. Expression analysis by Northern blotting showed monocistronic transcripts for both genes. The expression of gntP and gntK is not induced by gluconate, and the gnt genes are subject to catabolite repression by sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, as was detected by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Specific analysis of the DNA promoter sequences (PgntK and PgntP) was performed using bifunctional promoter probe vectors containing mel (involved in melanin production) or egfp2 (encoding a green fluorescent protein derivative) as the reporter gene. Using this approach, we obtained results parallel to those from qRT-PCR. An applied example of in vivo gene expression modulation of the divIVA gene in C. glutamicum is shown, corroborating the possible use of the gnt promoters to control gene expression. glxR (which encodes GlxR, the hypothetical CRP protein) was subcloned from the C. glutamicum chromosomal DNA and overexpressed in corynebacteria; we found that the level of gnt expression was slightly decreased compared to that of the control strains. The purified GlxR protein was used in gel shift mobility assays, and a specific interaction of GlxR with sequences present on PgntP and PgntK fragments was detected only in the presence of cAMP.

Blotting, Northern↗