CARTOONS HELP THE MARYLAND COUNCIL TELL STORY OF COSTS.
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Complementary Therapies↗
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The word 'cancer': reframing the context to reduce anxiety arousal.
This study investigated reaction to the word 'cancer' versus the phrase 'a cancer' in two ways: (1) assessing associations to the spoken words 'cancer' or 'a cancer'; and (2) presenting participants with a situation where one person says to another in print. 'I have cancer' or 'I have a cancer'. The participants were a convenience sample of 112 adults (i.e. aged 18 years or over), 55 males and 57 females, recruited via a mall intercept survey in the Perth (Western Australia) central business district. Participants were randomly assigned to either the 'cancer' condition or the 'a cancer' condition. Both methods confirmed that cancer arouses primarily negative affective responses in the vast majority of people. It was hypothesised that using 'a cancer' might lead to less negative affect associations than just the word 'cancer'. This was found to be the case for the spoken word association technique, but not for the printed cartoon technique.
Adult↗
Cartoon appreciation in suicidal and control groups.
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Attitude to Health↗
Cartoon therapy. Not-so-loony tunes.
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Aged↗
Preferences as expectation-driven inferences: effects of affective expectations on affective experience.
Presents a model arguing that affect and emotion are often formed in an expectation-driven fashion. A pilot study and 2 experiments manipulated undergraduate Ss' affective expectations (e.g., how funny they expected a set of cartoons to be) and whether Ss' expectations were confirmed (e.g., whether the cartoons really were funny). When the value of a stimulus was consistent with an affective expectation, people formed evaluations relatively quickly. Even when the value of a stimulus was discrepant from an affective expectation, people sometimes assimilated the value of the stimulus to their expectations. Other times, such as when making a more fine-grained evaluation of the cartoons, people noticed that they were discrepant from their affective expectations. Under these conditions, people appeared to have more difficulty forming preferences. They took longer to evaluate and spent more time thinking about the cartoons.
Adult↗
Happy families: a twin study of humour.
The objective of this study was to estimate how much of an individual's appreciation of humour is influenced by genetic factors, the shared environment or the individual's unique environment. A population-based classical twin study of 127 pairs of female twins (71 monozygous (MZ) and 56 dizygous (DZ) pairs) aged 20-75 from the St Thomas' UK Adult Twin Registry elicited responses to five 'Far Side' Larson cartoons on a scale of 0-10. Within both MZ and DZ twin pairs, the tetrachoric correlations of responses to all five cartoons were significantly greater than zero. Furthermore, the correlations for MZ and DZ twins were of similar magnitude and in some cases the DZ correlation was greater than that of the MZ twins. This pattern of correlations suggests that shared environment rather then genetic effects contributes to cartoon appreciation. Multivariate model-fitting confirmed that these data were best explained by a model that allowed for the contribution of the shared environment and random environmental factors, but not genetic effects. However, there did not appear to be a general humour factor underlying responses to all five cartoons and no effect of age was seen. The shared environment, rather than genetic factors, explains the familial aggregation of humour appreciation as assessed by the specific 'off the wall' cognitive type of cartoons used in this study.
Adult↗
Something funny happened to reward.
The human reward system has been shown to be activated by a wide range of reinforcers, including food, money, sex, drugs, and beauty. Now, a recent fMRI study has found mesolimbic reward activation associated with humorous cartoons, providing a neurobiological link between theories of humour and hedonic processes in the brain.
Brain Mapping↗
Humorous stimuli and depression: an examination of Beck's premise.
Investigated the premise that an ancillary characteristic of depression is a diminished humor response (N = 40). A 2 X 2 X 2 (High-Low Beck Depression Inventory Scores X Aggressive-Non-aggressive Cartoon X Self-Other Humor Target) design was used. Results indicated that there were no differences between those with higher and lower scores on the Beck in ratings of the cartoons in terms of enjoyment, funniness, or laughter. Additional analyses that used the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist revealed relationships between the affects of anxiety, hostility, and depression, and cartoon type and target. The results raise questions, too, as to the relationship of responses to humorous stimuli and depression.
Adolescent↗
The effectiveness of humor in persuasion: the case of business ethics training.
In this study, persuasion theory was used to develop the following predictions about use of humor in persuasive messages for business ethics training: (a) cartoon drawings will enhance persuasion by creating liking for the source, (b) ironic wisecracks will enhance persuasion by serving as a distraction from counterarguments, and (c) self-effacing humor will enhance persuasion by improving source credibility. Canadian business students (N = 148) participated in 1 of 4 versions of "The Ethics Challenge," a training exercise used by the Lockheed Martin Corporation. Three versions were modified by adding or removing cartoon drawings (of cartoon characters Dilbert and Dogbert) and humorous responses (Dogbert's wisecracks). Removing the cartoon drawings had little effect on persuasiveness. Removing ironic wisecracks had more effect, and interfering with the self-effacing combination of cartoons and wisecracks had the strongest effect. The results suggest that researchers should ground their predictions in existing theory and that practitioners should differentiate among humor types.
Adult↗
Empathy: can it be learned and retained?
The effects of a one-semester course aimed at empathic discrimination and communication was measured 18 months after its completion. An experimental group of physical therapy students who had participated in the course and a control group who had not were given the Allied Health Professions Empathy Discrimination index and the Cartoon Listening Test. The results indicate that students who participated in the course were better able to respond empathically. Formal preparation in communication skills as described was both effective and lasting.
Empathy↗
Instructional design strategies for developing an interactive video educational program for pregnant teens: a pilot study.
One hundred forty-six teens attending an urban maternity hospital's prenatal clinic completed a questionnaire designed to assist in the development of educational programs utilizing computer-assisted television instruction or interactive video. Ninety-five percent of the teens agreed that additional information about desirable health behaviors during pregnancy would be helpful. Forty-six percent preferred obtaining information from a health professional at the hospital. Although 90% said that the race of the narrator for a film show was unimportant, responses regarding racial preference corresponded to the racial distribution of participants. Seventy-six percent of the teens preferred the narrator to be younger than 35 years of age, and 54% preferred a female narrator. Race was associated with video game experiences, preferences about the narrator's age and race, and favorite television shows. Age was not associated with responses to any of the questions. Although only 19% had ever used a computer, 98% stated they would like to try a computer with assistance. More than half (55%) knew how to type and 83% had played video games; of those who had played video games, 93% said they enjoyed doing so. Eighty-three percent of the respondents always or sometimes enjoyed cartoons. Favorite television shows and cartoon characters were identified. The design implications of the teens' preferences to the development of instruction using computers coupled with other emerging technologies are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Appreciation of risqué cartoon humor in male and female repressors and sensitizers.
Male and female nondefensive sensitizers, defensive repressors and nondefensive repressors were instructed to rate the degree of humor in each of 40 cartoons. The cartoons, which previously had been equated for funniness, either contained sexual themes or were completely devoid of sexual content. As hypothesized, female repressors rated sexual cartoons as less humorous than nonsexual cartoons. In addition, female sensitizers rated sexual cartoons as funnier than did female repressors. No differences were found for male Ss. Results were interpreted according to an approach-avoidance model of repression-sensitization.
Female↗
The use and image of mature adults in health care advertising (1954-1989).
Health care professionals who treat older (over 65) patients are influenced by the journals they read. Advertising directed at health care professionals during the period 1954 to 1989 was subjected to a content analysis. Advertising in health care journals was expected to reflect the demographic changes in American society with increasing numbers of older models and to present positive images of older people. Contrary to content analyses of magazine cartoons (Smith 1979) and general readership magazines (Bramlett-Solomon and Wilson 1989; Gantz, Gartenberg, and Rainbow 1980; Ursic, Ursic, and Ursic 1986), this study did find a significant use of older people in health care advertising and positive role portrayal.
Advertising↗
What's funny about case management?
Humor is an effective tool to prevent and resolve burnout, a common problem associated with the practice of case management. Easily accessed by almost everyone, humor has many physiological and psychological benefits. The conscious use of humor in an organization requires a commitment at all levels in order for the organization to benefit as a whole. Offering formal seminars, using humor in company newsletters, and encouraging cartoon or joke sharing impacts on the physical and mental health of the employees. Techniques for bringing laughter to the workplace are outlined, as well as examples from the practice of case management.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
The humour effect: differential processing and privileged retrieval.
The effects of humour on memory and heart rate were explored as a function of experimental design. In within-subject manipulations, original humorous cartoons were better remembered than the literal translations and weird cartoons, whereas literal and weird cartoons were equally well remembered. Good recall of humorous cartoons occurred at the expense of recall of non-humorous cartoons. Secondary heart-rate deceleration was larger in response to original cartoons than to literal and weird cartoons. Neither the memory nor the heart-rate effects were found in between-subjects comparisons. The results were consistent with differential processing resulting from within-list contrasts. However, retrieval processes also favoured good recall of humorous material.
Heart Rate↗
[The practice of teleconferencing in clinical pathology--networking among cancer-center-hospitals in various parts of Japan].
In the last several years, we have been able to use a telemedicine system on a network among cancer-center-hospitals connected by light fibers(so-called Cancer Network) and attend teleconferences from each site in Japan at the same time using the same images. Every week we have many medical conferences using this network system. On the practical use of teleconferences, the ratio of clinical pathological images is very high, especially histopathological appreciation is important; that is, surgical slide conference, clinico-pathological conference, orthopedic tumor conference, image conferences about digestive organs, presentation of current topics in laboratory medicine and other issues are carried out by clinicopathological images. At present, images on teleconference are still-pictures and images in High Definition Television are clear and high capacity, and of sufficient quality for pathological diagnosis. However, the coincidence-rates of histopathological diagnosis among 15 pathologists between the tele-image method and direct microscopic method varied from 38-80%. It is necessary to try to experience the images of still-picture and also animated cartoon. In the near future, the present network may extend to cover a wide areas and attend to teleconferences in every medical facilities. By attending this network system, we are able to use clinicopathological information for clinical diagnosis, treatment, research and education.
Cancer Care Facilities↗
[The use of the procedures of functional biocontrol in the combined treatment of amblyopia].
Thirty children with dysbinocular and anisometric amblyopia were treated making use of a method based on the use of a physiologically based functional bioregulation. It is known that in this condition EEG changes recorded in the occipital sectors of the brain are indicative of a weakened specific activation reaction. To improve vision acuity, the patients were trained to enhance activation reaction by EEG monitoring that was used to create an external feedback (EEG status-dependent brightness of the screen when watching an animated cartoon). The results show that functional bioregulation method may be used both alone and in complex with other methods, reducing the treatment duration and helping attain a desirable effect in cases previously treated without success.
Adolescent↗
Violence and sexual violence in pornography: is it really increasing?
Literature and research on the question of the increasingly violent nature of pornography is reviewed. In addition, the paper reports the findings of a content analysis of all cartoons and pictures in Hustler Magazine from 1974 through 1987. Results indicate that sexually violent cartoons and/or pictorials constitute a relatively small proportion of the total cartoons and pictorials. Moreover, no monotonic increase was found in such depictions over the 14-year period examined. In fact, a relatively small and constant proportion of violent and/or sexually violent depictions over this period is reported. These findings are examined in relation to previous research and societal concern about alleged increases in violent pornography as an explanation for increases in rape rates.
Erotica↗