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Plasma pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular furosemide in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Single bolus intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) doses of furosemide (1.5 mg kg(-1)) were administered in a crossover design to three female and three male adult, dromedary camels. Plasma furosemide concentrations were assayed by HPLC and sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations were measured using ion-selective electrodes. Plasma furosemide concentration-time plots indicated multi-compartment disposition, and there was considerable intersubject variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters. The mean (SD) i.v. terminal elimination half-life was 118 (67) minutes. The systemic clearance was 5.4 (1.2) ml min(-1) kg(-1). and the steady-state volume of distribution was 0.43 (0.14) litre kg(-1). The mean absorption time after i.m. dosing was 33 (62) minutes, while the absolute bioavailability was 71 (20) per cent. The glucuronide metabolite of furosemide was not detected in plasma. Clearance was lower, volume of distribution was larger, and half-life was longer compared with published data for dogs, horses, rats and humans. Plasma potassium and sodium concentrations were significantly diminished (P<0.05) by an average of 35.6 per cent (two to six hours post-dose) and 11.3 per cent (eight hours post-dose), respectively. Plasma chloride concentrations were not significantly affected by furosemide administration.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Isolation and purification of the ovulation-inducing factor from seminal plasma in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).

The purpose of this study was to extract, identify and partially characterize a newly found ovulation-inducing factor, and thus gain our understanding of induced ovulation in biology. In our preliminary research, an ovulation-inducing factor (OIF) was isolated and purified from seminal plasma of the bactrian camel by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, HPLC and reverse-phase HPLC. The OIF is a peptide with 74 residues and GnRH-like bioactivity, which is heat-stable in camel seminal plasma because the OIF is wrapped up in several protein layers with different properties. However, purified OIF is degraded when it is exposed to oxygen or is heated in water. According to the analysis of amino acid components and partial amino acid sequence aminated N-terminus, and its molecular weight, the OIF is completely different from the native-LHRH, LH, HCG, PMSG and PGF-2alpha. The OIF is a novel ovulation hormone in the bactrian camel, but is similar to that reported in the bull.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Retrospective study on an unusual form of ovario-bursal pathology in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

A peculiar form of ovarian bursa pathology, called hydrobursitis, is described in the dromedary camel. This malformation is characterized by a collection of fluid within the ovarian bursa with encapsulation of the ovary. Retrospective study of all diagnosed cases in our laboratory shows that this malformation is responsible for reduced reproductive performance due to abortion, infertility and embryonic death. Hydrobursitis was diagnosed in 33 of 355 animals examined. The incidence of this lesion was higher in animals that aborted (9/24) or were barren for more than 2 years (13/37). Diagnosis by palpation per rectum and ultrasonography, is described. Gross pathological and biochemical studies on specimens collected at surgery or in the slaughterhouse showed that the fluid is hemorrhagic and that it could be a mixture of blood and follicular fluid. Bacteriological and cytological studies were inconclusive. The origin of this lesion is discussed in light of genetic, pathological and management factors. Loss of embryos in affected animals could be due to the effect of increased tension on the uterus caused by the accumulation of fluid which ranged in volume from 250 mL to 4240 mL. The condition was treated in several females by surgical ablation. Embryo transfer was used in females that were bilaterally affected and underwent a bilateral ovariectomy. Pregnancy and calving rates were 52.5% and 38.1% for unilaterally ovariectomized females bred after surgery and 33.3% and 22.2% for bilaterally ovariectomized females used as embryo recipients after surgery. These results show that involvement of the uterus in this malformation is very limited and that surgery can be considered for valuable animals if they are unilaterally affected.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2003

Changes in cumulus-oocyte complexes of pregnant and non-pregnant camels (Camelus dromedarius) during maturation in vitro.

The aim of the present study was to examine the cumulus morphology and the oocyte chromatin quality of camel cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) at the time of recovery, and to monitor changes in oocyte chromatin configuration and apoptosis in cumulus cells from camel COCs during in vitro maturation (IVM) (0, 12, 24, 32, 36, 42, and 48 p.IVM) depending on pregnancy of donors. A total of 1023 COCs were isolated from sliced ovaries after slaughtering of 47 pregnant and 43 non-pregnant camels in an abattoir. The mean number of COCs per donor was 10.3 in pregnant and 12.5 in non-pregnant donors. The cumulus morphology of COCs was independent of the type of donor and was divided in COCs with compact (26.9 and 28%), dispersed (39.3 and 46%), corona radiata cumulus investment (27.9 and 21.7%) and without cumulus (6 and 4.2%), respectively for pregnant and non-pregnant donors. The highest proportion of COCs exhibited dispersed cumulus (P<0.05). Oocytes with meiotic stages of diplotene >50% were found only in compact (55 and 56.5%) and in dispersed COCs (58.4 and 60%), respectively for pregnant and non-pregnant donors. During IVM (0-48h) the first significant onset of specific meiotic stages were different in oocytes from pregnant donors: metaphase 1 (24-32h), metaphase 2 (36-42h), versus oocytes from non-pregnant donors: metaphase 1 (24h), metaphase 2 (32-48h) (P<0.05). The level of apoptotic cells in cumuli of matured COCs increased during IVM and was higher in matured COCs from non-pregnant donors for each time point during IVM (P<0.01). Camel oocytes meiosis during IVM is accompanied by a drastic increase of apoptosis in the surrounding cumulus cells 0-32 and 0-24h during IVM, respectively for pregnant and non-pregnant donors. The oocytes of pregnant camels require 36h of maturation to reach levels of >50% metaphase 2 stage in comparison to oocytes from non-pregnant donors where 32h are sufficient. The earlier onset of apoptosis in the COCs derived from non-pregnant donors possibly determines the faster progression of the oocytes through the final stages of meiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Serum progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations during pregnancy of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).

Serum progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol during pregnancy in the Bactrian camel were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum progesterone concentrations increased by 15 d after artificial insemination (AI) and remained elevated throughout most of gestation, the mean concentrations (3.06 +/- 0.49 to 8.51 +/- 4.80 ng/mL) were similar to those reported for many species during the same stage of pregnancy. Serum 17 beta-estradiol increased significantly from 11 m.o. of pregnancy with peak mean concentrations of 617.47 +/- 32.56 pg/mL at the 11.5 m.o.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Implantation and early placentation in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The ovaries and uteri were removed from four pregnant camels on days 14, 25, 35 and 56 after ovulation. The day 14 and 25 uteri were perfuse-fixed with 3 per cent glutaraldehyde: 3 per cent paraformaldehyde whereas the day 35 and 56 specimens were opened dorsally for photography before biopsies of allantochorion attached to endometrium were taken and fixed in either 3 per cent glutaraldehyde: 3 per cent paraformaldehyde or Bouin's fluid. Samples of each uterus were then processed and sectioned for light and transmission electron microscopy. By day 14 the majority of the trophoblast had become closely apposed to the luminal epithelium of the endometrium to form the start of an epitheliochorial placenta with microvillar interdigitation initiated in some places. By day 25 a well-developed microvillar junction had formed between the fetal and maternal tissues. The fetus was situated in the middle of the left uterine horn in the day 35 and 56 specimens and, histologically, large multinucleate giant trophoblast cells had developed at frequent but irregular intervals along the, otherwise single-cell, trophoblast. These giant cells were often situated over the mouth of an endometrial gland but their actual function in pregnancy is not yet known.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Innervation of the pancreas of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) by neuropeptide-Y, galanin, calcitonin-gene-related-peptide, atrial natriuretic peptide and cholecystokinin.

The distribution of neuropeptide-Y (NPY), galanin (GAL), cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the pancreas of the camel was investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. NPY-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the pancreatic ganglia and also in the interacinar regions of the exocrine pancreas. NPY was discernible in fine varicose nerve fibres ending on NPY-negative cells and in the walls of blood vessels. ANP immunoreactivity was observed in nerve fibres situated on the basolateral surfaces of the acinar cells. CCK-8, GAL and CGRP immunoreactivity were observed in neurons and varicose nerve fibres in the walls of blood vessels. Of all the neuropeptides investigated, only NPY appeared to be densely distributed in the pancreas of the camel. It is concluded that the pattern of distribution of these neuropeptides in the camel pancreas is similar to those observed in the pancreata of other mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma arginini from camels (Camelus dromedarius) with pneumonia.

Post-mortem examinations of 100 camels with pneumonic lesions were made at a local abattoir for Mycoplasma species. Sixteen isolates with indistinguishable biochemical and immunological characters were identified. The biochemical profile of these isolates showed that they were sensitive to digitonin, negative for urease production, glucose fermentation, and phosphatase activity but were positive for arginine hydrolysis. The identity of these isolates was further confirmed by disk growth inhibition test using a panel of specific antisera against selected reference Mycoplasma spp. Based on the biochemical profile and growth inhibition results, the camel isolates were identified as M. arginini. The pathological findings associated with M. arginini isolation consisted mostly of chronic interstitial pneumonia. The isolation rate of M. arginini from these specimens was 8.8%. These results suggest that the role of M. arginini in pneumonia in camels should be explored in greater detail.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Immunohistology of the splenic compartments of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The cellular composition of the different splenic compartments is well characterized in several species, but the spleen of the camel has not been studied due to the lack of specific antibodies detecting its leukocyte subsets. Therefore, 5microm frozen sections from 15 camel spleens (0.5-15 years) were studied for acid and alkaline phosphatases and for cross-reaction with antibodies specific for bovine (n=181), swine (n=14) and human (n=6) leukocyte determinants. Fifteen antibodies cross-reacted with camel spleen cells. These included 13 anti-bovine, two anti-human, but no anti-swine antibodies. The lymph follicles mainly consisted of B cells. The germinal centers showed a strong alkaline phosphatase activity. The periarterial lymphatic sheath harbored T lymphocytes. The marginal zone contained gammadelta T cells, CD45R0+, MHC class II DR+, CD44+, IL-A 24+ cells and few macrophages. The red pulp contained B, T, MHC class II DR+, IL-A24+ and gammadelta T cells and few macrophages. The periarterial macrophage sheaths contained many more macrophages than the marginal zone, so they may play a central role in the phagocytosis of the blood born particles. The alkaline phosphatase probably labeled activated B cells, but in contrast to other species no positive cells were found in the marginal zone. In general, lymphocyte compartmentalization in the camel spleen is similar to that in other species except for lower numbers of macrophages and the absence of alkaline phosphatase positive cells in the marginal zone. No age related differences were observed in the splenic compartments.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1999

Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) from the Canary Islands (Spain) using an antibody Ab-ELISA.

After the description in Grand Canary Island of a case of dromedary trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in 1998, an indirect enzyme immunoassay for the detection of specific anti-T. evansi IgG (Ab-ELISA) was used to assess the seroprevalence of this disease on the Canary Islands. Seroprevalence was 9.0% in the four studied islands (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura), varying from 10.0 to 7.5% by island (not significantly different). Prevalence using Ab-ELISA was higher than that observed when a parasitological method (microscopic observation of blood smears) was used (1.3%).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Application of the California mastitis test in intramammary Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus infections of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kenya.

A study was conducted on 207 lactating camels in six herds in Kenya to evaluate the California mastitis test (CMT) for the detection of intramammary infections (IMIs) caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus and to investigate the prevalence of both the pathogens in the camel udder. IMI with S. agalactiae was found in 12% of all camels sampled. IMI with S. aureus was present in 11% of all camels sampled. The herd-level prevalence of IMI varied between 0 and 50% for S. agalactiae and between 0 and 13% for S. aureus. Longitudinal observations over 10-12 months confirmed persistent infections for both pathogens. Observations in one herd suggested that camel pox was a contributing factor in spreading and exacerbating S. agalactiae udder infections.The CMT had quarter-level sensitivities of 77 and 68% for S. agalactiae and S. aureus in camels, respectively. The CMT specificities were 91% for both the pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Epidemiological studies on gastrointestinal helminths of dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in semi-arid lands of eastern Ethiopia.

A total of 752 dromedaries were examined and 75% were found to be harbouring nematode eggs. The mean EPG was 1831 and the range was from 100 to 21,200. The prevalence rates in the four-age groups examined were 59.6% (3-7 years), 72.4% (8-12 years), 76.1% (13-17 years) and 83.9% (18-22 years). The prevalence rate for females and males were 77.6 and 64.8%, respectively and for long dry, short rainy, short dry and long rainy seasons were 66, 80, 69 and 82.6%, respectively. The mean EPG of faeces was significantly (P<0.01) higher for older animals compared to other group of younger animals (3-7 years), for females compared to males, and for rainy compared to dry season. Sixteen dromedary gastrointestinal organs were used for identification and counts of helminths. Among the adult worms identified, from the abomasum, Haemonchus longistipes had a 94% prevalence rate. From the small intestine Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Impalaia tuberculata and Strongyloides papillosus were identified with prevalence rates of 75, 25, 63 and 20%, respectively. Moreover, cestodes such as Moniezia benedeni, Moniezia expansa, Avitellina spp. and Stilesia globipunctata with prevalence rates of 31, 13, 25 and 19%, respectively, were identified. I. tuberculata was identified for the first time in this country from a dromedary.The pathological lesions were more pronounced in higher infestations. Infestation level over approximately 1000 of H. longistipes and 15,000 in mixed infection of T. colubriformis and I. tuberculata, caused gross lesions of ulcerated and hyperaemic mucosa, and the odour of the fluid were fetid. The microscopic lesions observed were sloughing of epithelium, necrosis of glands, atrophy and loss of villi, haemorrhages and cellular infiltration mainly of eosinophiles and lymphocytes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Localization and migration route of Cephalopina titillator (Diptera: Oestridae) larvae in the head of infested camels (Camelus dromedarius).

The localization and migration routes of Cephalopina titillator larvae were studied in the heads of 45 naturally infested camels. Larvae were located in the pharyngeal cavity (95.6%), the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone (71.1%), the turbinates (28.9%) and the lower nasal meatus (6.7%). Out of 261 first-instar larvae, 73.7% were found in the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone and 26.3% in the turbinates, while 88.9% of second-instar larvae were observed in the pharyngeal cavity and 11.1% in the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone. Most third-instar larvae (91.9%) were found in the pharyngeal cavity, with a few larvae in the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone (6.5%) and lower nasal meatus (1.6%). The first moult occurred in the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone. The second moult was observed in both the labyrinth of ethmoid bone and the pharyngeal cavity. The migration route of these larvae in the infested head was discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A comparative kinetic study of ivermectin and moxidectin in lactating camels (Camelus dromedarius).

The plasma and milk kinetics of ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MXD) was evaluated in lactating camels treated subcutaneously (0.2 mg kg(-1)) with commercially available formulations for cattle. Blood and milk samples were taken concurrently at predetermined times from 12 h up to 60 days post-administration. No differences were observed between plasma and milk kinetics of IVM, while substantial differences were noted between plasma and milk profiles of MXD in that both the maximal concentration (Cmax) and the area under concentrations curves (AUC) were three to four-fold higher for milk than for plasma. The time (Tmax) to reach Cmax was significantly faster for MXD (1.0 day) than that for IVM (12.33 days). The Cmax and the AUC were significantly higher for MXD (Cmax = 8.33 ng ml(-1); AUC = 70.63 ng day ml(-1)) than for IVM (Cmax = 1.79 ng ml(-1); AUC = 30.12 ng day ml(-1)) respectively. Drug appearance in milk was also more rapid for MXD (Tmax = 3.66 days) compared to IVM (Tmax = 17.33 days). The extent of drug exchange from blood to milk, expressed by the AUCmilk/AUCplasma ratio, was more than three-fold greater for MXD (4.10) compared to that of IVM (1.26), which is consistent with the more lipophilic characteristic of MXD. However, the mean residence time (MRT) was similar in both plasma and milk for each drug.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evidence of Onchocerca fasciata (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in camels (Camelus dromedarius): I-prevalence, nodular lesions appearance and parasite morphology.

Examination of 3376 imported and 200 local Egyptian camels was carried out during the period extending between September 1997 and August, 1998. These animals were carefully examined for the presence of Onchocerca fasciata nodules and subsequently for O. fasciata adult parasites. Results of this study revealed that imported camels had the higher infection rate (2.75%), while those of local origin showed no palpable or detected Onchocerca nodules. Distribution of these nodules was mainly on the two sides of abdomen, hind limbs (concentrated in thigh region) and fore limbs particularly on the shoulders and nuchal ligament. This distribution varied according to the degree of infection. Searches for microfilariae were also performed using either blood samples, or in the subcutis and fascial sheath near or around the detected nodules.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2001

Factors affecting follicular population, oocyte yield and quality in camels (Camelus dromedarius) ovary with special reference to maturation time in vitro.

Three experiments were conducted to study a series of factors affecting in vitro reproductive parameters in camels. In Experiment 1, the effect of season and presence of a corpus luteum (CL) on ovarian follicular populations, oocyte yield and quality was studied using a total of 252 and 208 ovaries collected during the breeding and non-breeding season, respectively. Small, medium, large and the total number of ovarian follicles, oocyte yield and quality were measured. In Experiment 2, the effect of methods of oocyte retrieval and needle gauge on oocyte yield and quality was evaluated with oocytes recovered using slicing and aspiration with 18-, 19- or 20-gauge needle. Oocytes were evaluated microscopically and classified into three categories. The objective of Experiment 3 was to identify the optimum time for oocyte maturation in the dromedary camel. Oocytes were cultured in CR1aa medium at 38.5 degrees C under 5% CO(2) for 24, 32, 36, 48 and 72h. Maturation was calculated as the percentage of cumulus expansion and oocytes reaching metaphase II (MII). The number of small, medium, large and the total number of ovarian follicles were higher (P<0.01) during the breeding than non-breeding season. The recovery of total number of oocytes and Category I oocytes were also greater (P<0.01) during the breeding season. Ovaries without a CL possessed significantly (P<0.01) more ovarian follicles and more (P<0.05) small and large follicles. The total number of oocytes and Category I oocytes were also greater (P<0.01) in ovaries without CL. Slicing of camel ovaries increased (P<0.01) the yield of oocytes as compared to aspiration. The aspiration of follicles using a 20-gauge needle had greater yields of the total number of oocytes and Category I oocytes than when using 19- (P<0.05) and 18-gauge needle (P<0.01). The culture of camel oocytes for 36h produced higher (P<0.01) percentages of cumulus expansion and oocytes at MII. Increasing culture times up to 48 or 72h increased (P<0.01) the percentage of degenerated oocytes. In conclusion, the growth and development of ovarian follicles in the camel as well as yields of Category I oocyte were greater during the breeding season. Slicing or aspirations using a 20-gauge needle yielded greater numbers of total and Category I oocytes. Finally, maturation of oocytes in CR1aa medium for 36h produced higher percentages of cumulus expansion and oocytes at MII stage.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Seasonal effects on fertility and ovarian follicular growth and maturation in camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Camels are said to be seasonal breeders, but the extent to which season interferes with food supply to affect ovarian function is not fully documented. Hence, the three aims of this study were: (1) to define the breeding season of camels maintained in semi-arid conditions in southern Morocco; (2) to relate the proportion of females with active ovaries (i.e., with follicles > 5 mm), with ovulatory (11-17 mm) or cystic (> 18 mm) follicles to age and body conditions score; (3) to study the consequences of the interactions between age and body conditions score on the proportion of females ovulating and conceiving; and (4) to compare follicular maturation, using in vitro steroidogenesis by intact follicles as a marker during the transition into the breeding season (October) and peak breeding season (March). There was a clear breeding season in the two flocks studied, since over 80-90% of the matings occurred during the period from mid-November to mid-April. Collection of ovaries at slaughter (n = 238) demonstrated a significant seasonal effect on the proportion of females with active ovaries (increasing from 73.5% in October-December to 89% in January-May), but no changes in the proportion of females with ovulatory follicles. Lean females (BCS < 2.5) had a delayed initiation of ovarian function in October-December. In addition, the proportion of females with cystic follicles was also affected by season (peaking during April-May). Neither age nor body condition modulated the frequency of cysts. Finally, the proportion of females conceiving increased steadily as season progressed (peaking at 57% in April-May). Body condition score did not affect this proportion, but young females (< or = 5 years old) had a low ability to conceive. Morphological features of large follicles were unaffected by season. Ovulatory follicles contained around 10(7) granulosa and theca cells. In vitro testosterone output by intact follicles was unrelated to follicle size and season. In vitro oestradiol output increased with increasing follicle size and was larger in follicles obtained during peak breeding season than at its initiation. This may indicate that early breeding season follicles display a low aromatase activity in their granulosa cells. Whether the low oestradiol output of early breeding season follicles is resulting in the low fertility observed at this period remains to be determined.

Age Factors↗