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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Penile spines affect copulatory behaviour in a primate (Callithrix jacchus).

Androgen-dependent, keratinized "spines" occur on the glans penis in many rodents, primates and other mammals. Since penile spines overlie dermal tactile receptors, they may play a role in copulatory behaviour. An experiment was conducted to test this hypothesis. Sixteen sexually experienced adult male marmosets were paired with ovariectomized females before, and after, removal of penile spines (using thioglycollate cream applied to the glans under anaesthesia) or a sham operation. Spine removal resulted in an increased duration of preintromission pelvic thrusting (mean +/- s.e.m. from 6.87 +/- 1.09 to 14.94 +/- 3.32 s, p = 0.05) and of intromitted thrusting (from 1.73 +/- 0.11 to 2.0 +/- 0.11 s, p less than 0.05). Three males exhibited partial intromissions during some postspinectomy tests, an effect which had not been observed prior to the operation. Sham operations had no behavioural effects. Results indicate that penile spines play a significant (but not indispensible) role in sensory feedback during copulation in this primate species.

Androgens↗
PubMed1993

Sexual and aggressive behaviour of adult male marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) castrated neonatally, prepubertally, or in adulthood.

During early postnatal development, males of some primate species exhibit higher levels of plasma testosterone than females. The possible significance of this for behavioural development was examined in male marmosets castrated neonatally (NC), prepubertally (PC), or in adulthood (AC) and reared in their natal groups. Age-matched intact (AI) adult males served as controls. All males were removed from their natal groups as adults for pair testing with unfamiliar conspecific males and females. NC males did not mount, but were frequently aggressive during tests with females. NC males also elicited aggression from females but rarely from intact males. PC and AC males attempted copulation during the majority of tests with females; less aggression occurred but more so in tests with PC males than between females and AC males. Aggression between PC or AC males and intact males was much more frequent than when NC males met intacts in paired encounters. Results show that secretion of testicular hormones during infancy in male marmosets has important effects upon the development of sexual and aggressive behaviour. Castration in infancy has measurably different effects upon behavioural development than castration performed later in life (prepubertally or in adulthood).

Aggression↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between cone pigments and behavioural sensitivity in a New World monkey (Callithrix jacchus jacchus).

Microspectrophotometric measurements of visual pigments and behavioural measurements of spectral sensitivity are reported for individual marmosets from 3 family groups. The sex differences and polymorphism that characterise the long-wave cone pigments in this species are well reflected by variations in the behavioural sensitivities. With one exception, the pattern of inheritance is compatible with a genetic model in which the long-wave pigment is specified by a single polymorphic locus on the X-chromosome. Measurements are also reported for the spectral absorbance of the marmoset lens, and these are used to reconstruct short-wave behavioural sensitivity from the microspectrophotometric measurements of the short-wave cones.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Termination of pregnancy in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) following administration of antiserum to chicken riboflavin carrier protein.

The presence of protein(s) which is immunologically and functionally similar to the well characterised avian riboflavin carrier protein has been demonstrated in female common marmosets during pregnancy. The protein(s) that interacts with [14C]riboflavin has an immunological homology to chicken riboflavin carrier protein. The termination of pregnancy in four out of six marmosets following administration of antiserum to chicken riboflavin carrier protein supports the hypothesis that vitamin carrier protein ensures an uninterrupted supply of the vitamin to the growing embryo and that immunoneutralization of maternal riboflavin carrier protein leads to fetal death and termination of pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin in postnatal marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain.

Antisera to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin were used to elucidate the distribution of these intermediate filament proteins in postnatal marmoset brains of various ages. The ependyma of the lateral ventricles was unique in being equally immunoreactive for both GFAP and vimentin at all ages. Vimentin alone was consistently demonstrated in endothelial and leptomeningeal cells at all ages. In neonates, vimentin immunoreactivity greatly exceeded that of GFAP and was located primarily in radial glia in the subependymal plate of the anterior cerebrum. Their vimentin-positive processes formed thick fascicles in the corpus callosum but separated into fine fibres on entering the cortex. GFAP immunoreactivity in these cells and processes was very limited. With age, GFAP-positive cells increased in number and displayed the typical stellate appearance of astroglia. The vimentin-positive radial glial population decreased considerably during this period and by 6 months had virtually disappeared. The GFAP reaction in adult brain was even more widespread, largely due to the increased number of positive astrocytes in the white matter. Vimentin immunoreactivity in the adult was greatly diminished and positive radial glia were not detectable. A major change in intermediate filament protein expression, therefore, occurs in the early postnatal period and probably reflects phases in the differentiation of radial glial precursors into astrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cell proliferation in the subependymal layer of the postnatal marmoset, Callithrix jacchus.

Cells of the subependymal layer (SEL) have been shown to be capable of continued postnatal cell division throughout life in rodents. To determine if the primate brain behaves similarly, proliferative activity in the SEL of the marmoset has been investigated by tritiated thymidine autoradiography and bromodeoxyuridine immunocytochemistry. Both methods revealed the presence of DNA-synthesizing cells at all postnatal ages studied. The labelling index (LI), low at birth, reached a peak of almost 4% at one month but decreased gradually thereafter. In animals older than two years the LI was extremely low and labelled cells were rarely seen anywhere in the brain. The cell density of the SEL, in contrast to the low LI, was highest in neonates and decreased linearly with increasing age. Bromodeoxyuridine immunoreactivity revealed the distribution of proliferating cells in the SEL and neighbouring regions. Such cells were most abundant around the anterior lateral ventricle where the SEL was most evident. Proliferating cells were numerous in neonates, though not adjacent to the ependyma where counts for the LI were made, and were mainly located dorsally and ventrally at the junctions of the corpus callosum and caudate nucleus.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Effects of variable linoleate intake on aortic PGI2-like activity and fatty acid composition: difference between rat and marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Two animal species, the laboratory rat and a non-human primate (the common marmoset) were compared with respect to the influence of dietary lipid supplementation on both fatty acid composition and prostanoid synthetic capacity of aorta. Standard chow (REF. diet) was supplemented (12% w/w) with either sheep fat (SF) or sunflower seed oil (SSO). Differences were apparent in the aortic phospholipid fatty acids from both animal models, as a result of the diet, although the type and the extent of changes displayed a considerable species variation. For example, after the SSO diet, the proportion of linoleic acid in rat aorta displayed only a modest increase whilst in marmosets it was doubled. No change was apparent in the proportion of arachidonic acid in rats, whereas the marmosets showed a reduction (P less than 0.05) with both lipid supplements. Rats fed the SF diet showed a considerable increase in aortic PGI2-like activity compared to REF. And SSO supplemented groups. In contrast, no dietary induced changes were observed in the aorta from marmosets despite compositional changes. The results indicate no direct association between the synthesis of PGI2-like activity and membrane lipids and demonstrate the need for careful selection of the proper animal model, particularly in nutritionally orientated experiments.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary lipids and adipose tissue fatty acids in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

The fatty acid composition of marmoset monkey perirenal fat was examined after long-term feeding of different lipid supplemented diets. Saturated fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced linoleic acid; n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation decreased oleic acid but did not reduce the saturated fatty acid content of perirenal fat. Dietary supplementation with fish oil also reduced the level of linoleic acid but increased the level of palmitic acid as well as that of the long-chain n-3 PUFAs. Perirenal fat levels of linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are reliable measures of n-6 and n-3 PUFA intake respectively, but the levels of saturated fatty acids palmitic and stearic do not accurately reflect the marmosets dietary intake.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

A novel population of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurones in the basal forebrain of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

We have observed in the basal forebrain of the common marmoset a group of neurones which display tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (THir) with three different polyclonal antibodies and one monoclonal antibody, and which express TH mRNA as shown by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The population of cells is composed of large multipolar neurones and is located predominantly in the substantia innominata and at the ventral, medial and lateral margins of the external segment of the globus pallidus. The cell morphology and the distribution of THir cells corresponds closely to the caudal portion of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Adjacent sections demonstrate both THir and choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the cells in this group, as well as strong acetylcholinesterase activity but not dopamine immunoreactivity. These observations indicate that many cholinergic neurones in the posterior nucleus basalis of Meynert of the marmoset contain tyrosine hydroxylase, and suggest that both acetylcholine and catecholamine may be synthesised as co-localised neurotransmitters within the same magnocellular neurones. We observe no THir cells in similar areas of the basal forebrain of either rhesus or talapoin monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Purification and properties of cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus).

One form of cytochrome P-450 from phenobarbital-induced marmoset liver was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity and compared with the major inducible form isolated from rat liver. Whereas spectral properties and molecular weights, as well as catalytic activities towards aminopyrine and ethylmorphine N-demethylation are quite similar, rates of O-dealkylation with enzymes from the two species are considerably different. While ethoxycoumarin deethylation for the marmoset cytochrome is about one-fortieth of that for the rat, ethoxyresorufin and even pentoxyresorufin dealkylations for the marmoset form are not detectable. By contrast, aldrin epoxidation as catalyzed by this cytochrome is about three times as high as that obtained from the rat.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1995

Calcium-binding proteins in the spiral ganglion of the monkey, Callithrix jacchus.

Calcium-binding proteins can act as intermediaries between changing levels of free intracellular calcium ions and the physiological response of neurons. Some of these proteins, among them calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV), can act as calcium buffers. A survey of previous studies in rodents and human fetuses leads to the impression that many spiral ganglion cells co-express CB, CR, and PV. The findings of the present study suggest that, in the adult marmoset, the expression of CB is restricted to a small number of cells, most likely type II ganglion cells, and that at least some of the numerous type I ganglion cells co-express CR and PV. In the neonate marmoset, large numbers of putative type I ganglion cells from the apical cochlear turn transiently expressed a light and granular labeling for CB-like immunoreactivity, in addition to the cells we believe to be type II ganglion cells exhibiting a strong and solid CB-like staining. The spiral ganglion cells in all developmental stages co-expressed the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase. Furthermore, a small population of CB-LI axons of unknown origin was found to terminate near the CB-immunoreactive ganglion cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

New hyperprolactinemia and anovulation model in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and effect of cabergoline.

We aimed to develop an anovulation model, using sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia in common marmosets. The serum prolactin level gradually increased during the twice-daily administration of sulpiride and reached a plateau after 4 days. Sulpiride produced as big a response at 10 mg kg(-1) as at 50 mg kg(-1). In this study, the length of the ovarian cycle was approximately 30 days in normal common marmosets. Serum progesterone and estradiol levels showed no consistent change during the first 2 months of treatment with sulpiride. When treatment with sulpiride had been continued for more than 2 months, serum progesterone and estradiol levels fell to within the range seen in the follicular phase of the normal cycle and absence of ovulation was recognized by laparoscopy. A single oral administration of cabergoline (at doses between 0.01 and 0.1 mg kg(-1)) dose dependently reduced the elevated serum prolactin level. Bromocriptine (at an oral dose of 10 mg kg(-1)) also reduced the serum prolactin level at 4 and 8 h after its administration. With bromocriptine, the prolactin level had recovered at 24 h, but with cabergoline at doses of 0.05 mg kg(-1) or more, it had still not recovered at 48 h. In anovulatory common marmosets, oral administration of cabergoline at a daily dose of 0.05 mg kg(-1) restored ovarian function and resulted in ovulation in 100% of the group (following a reduction in the serum prolactin level). Bromocriptine at a daily oral dose of 10 mg kg(-1) resulted in ovulation in 67% of the group, but this dose was about 200 times higher than the dose of cabergoline. We could produce an anovulatory model induced by sulpiride repeatedly administered over a long time period. It is suggested that, in this anovulatory model in common marmosets, cabergoline has a potent and long-lasting action as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, and thus could be a useful drug for the treatment of galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea and/or anovulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Controlled ovulation in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) with human chorionic gonadotropin following prostaglandin-induced luteal regression.

Controlled induction of ovulation in the marmoset monkey was attempted with a single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 50 IU) given on day 7 after prostaglandin-induced luteal regression. Animals given hCG (n = 12) ovulated within a 2-day period (days 9 and 10 after prostaglandin) compared with a 4-day period (days 9 to 12) in the control group (n = 12). The mean interval to ovulation was similar in both groups. There was no difference in the timing of the preovulatory estradiol (E2) peak between groups, although E2 levels on the day of hCG injection were lower than in controls on the day of the onset of the luteinizing hormone surge. All animals given hCG ovulated and 11 of 12 became pregnant. Ten of 11 embryos recovered surgically from six of these animals were normal blastocysts; 5 of the remaining 6 animals carried pregnancies to term. The results are of practical importance for experiments involving follicular and oocyte maturation and the collection and transfer of embryos.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Births following the transfer of cultured embryos obtained by in vitro and in vivo fertilization in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

The aim of this study was to determine whether marmoset monkeys are a suitable primate model for in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo culture, and transplantation studies. A prostaglandin analogue given in early pregnancy and human chorionic gonadotropin given near the end of the ensuing follicular phase were used for controlling the reproductive cycle, timing oocyte collection, and synchronizing the cycles of oocyte donors and embryo recipients. Five embryos obtained by IVF were transferred at early stages to the uterus of three recipients, and two gave birth to live infants. Some of the embryos were cultured to advanced blastocyst stages. In vivo fertilized oocytes were also cultured and transferred to two recipients, and one gave birth. We concluded that the marmoset is one of the best primates for such investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Psychosocial stress and urinary cortisol excretion in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix kuhli).

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the hallmarks of the physiological responses to psychosocial stressors. The most common method of assessing HPA function is via the measurement of plasma cortisol levels. However, venipuncture involves capture and restraint, which can modify HPA function. We validated a noninvasive procedure for monitoring HPA responses to stressors by measuring excretion of free urinary cortisol. Samples collected throughout the day displayed marked circadian variation, with low cortisol values in first-void samples, followed by a mid-morning peak in cortisol excretion. Concentrations of excreted cortisol declined throughout the day. Exposing marmosets to mild and moderate stressors (11 h isolation in a small cage and manual restraint) increased excreted cortisol concentrations in a dose-dependent fashion: isolation in a small cage led to elevated cortisol in afternoon samples, while manual restraint and isolation produced elevated cortisol in both morning and afternoon samples. The marmoset HPA is differentially sensitive to rather subtle variations in stressors, and these results show that urinary cortisol excretion is a valid and sensitive index of the HPA response to these stressors.

Animals↗