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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Towards the rational use of antibiotics: results of the first International Symposium on the Risk Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance.

The results of four expert working groups on the risk analysis process on anti-microbial resistance are described. They focus on the procedure recommended by the FAO/WHO CODEX Alimentarius Commission in 1999 including hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. In all four areas, the current scientific knowledge was evaluated and recommendations for risk management options were given. They will form the basis for mitigating the health risk caused by resistant micro-organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Computer assisted monitoring of contact dermatitis patients.

All contact dermatitis patients are told to avoid their specific allergens. As regards topical pharmaceutical agents, however, it is almost impossible for these patients to identify the products that contain their allergens. In order to provide reliable information for these patients, we have designed a computer assisted data system. The CODEX (COntact DErmatitis indeX) system consists of three computer readable files: a Product File containing the complete composition of the pharmaceutical products on the Belgian market that are applied on the skin and the mucous membranes, a Patient File with the patient's anamnesis, and a Literature File with cross-referenced material on contact dermatitis. Each patient is given a list of the products that contain his/her allergen(s). The data bases are analyzed statistically and updated periodically. Cosmetics in general are excluded.

Belgium↗
PubMed1982

Infant formula.

The modern infant formula has been evolved over many generations and major changes have taken place in the U.K. even in the last ten years to produce formulae which are predominantly of the low solute type. Modifications of scoop design and method of reconstitution, together with formulae changes, appear to have reduced considerably the problems associated with old type cows' whole milk formulae. From examination of nutritional guidelines and legislation available worldwide for infant formula, it is proposed that modifications of these guidelines are required especially with those proposed by Codex Alimentarius. Although it would seem sensible that mature breast milk analysis be used as a model for infant formula such a route may not give any improvement in the nutritional quality of milks currently available. Indeed perfect imitation of breast milk by artificial means is most unlikely. Possible areas for future research are briefly discussed.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed2025

Genomic and Immune Landscape of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Associated with Germline Pathogenic Variants in ATM.

PURPOSE: Germline pathogenic variants (PV) in ATM increase the risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but the underlying tumor biology of PDAC associated with germline PV in ATM has not been adequately explored. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Whole-genome, whole-exome, and RNA sequencing were performed on PDAC tumors from 25 germline ATM PV carriers diagnosed at Mayo Clinic between 2007 and 2017. Somatic and copy-number alterations, mutational signatures, transcriptomic subtypes, and the immune landscape were evaluated. RESULTS: High-quality whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing were obtained from 21 and 15 tumors, respectively. Biallelic inactivation of ATM was observed in 87%, KRAS PV in 90%, CDKN2A homozygous loss in 60%, and TP53 alterations in <10% of these tumors. A predominant clock-like mutational signature was present in all samples. Whole-transcriptome analysis identified that the aberrantly differentiated endocrine exocrine subtype accounted for 18% of PDAC and was consistently associated with >5-year overall survival. In addition, a 28-gene expression-based signature associated with overall survival was identified and further validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. Immune landscape analysis through CODEX identified enriched CD4 T-helper cell/tumor interactions and reduced B7H3-high cell/tumor interactions in ATM PV carriers compared with noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS: The observed absence of TP53 PV and enrichment for CDKN2A alterations in ATM tumors, along with differences in the mutational signatures, transcriptomic subtypes and immune landscape, improve our understanding of the mechanistic pathways involved in PDAC development in germline ATM PV carriers and help identify potential targeted therapeutic strategies.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Pre-Columbian medicine and the kidney.

Medicine in Mesoamerican cultures began in the year 1500 BC and ended with the conquest and destruction of Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1521 by Spain. Mesoamerica started with the Olmec civilization followed by the Teoitihuacanes, Toltecs, and Mayas and perished with the Nahoa Empire. The medicine used by the Aztecs (ticiotl) is undoubtedly the sum of all Mesoamerican medicine. The medical history of the ticiotl was recovered in the years that followed the conquest from the works of Bernardino de Sahagún and Francisco Hernández and the Cruz-Badiano codex. All these works describe the use of plants and herbs in the treatment of diseases, including, edema, urinary retention, kidney stones, and podagra. The Aztec doctors (titicih) were also well acquainted with innumerable diseases and were excellent healers of wounds and fractures. The works of modern historians confirm the theory of the ticiotl medicine and its application by the titicih and define the differences between the hippocratic-galenic medicine and the ticiotl medicine. The latter used a complex and philosophically elaborated medical theory based on the polarity cold/warm, different from the four-humor theory. They demonstrate that every culture is capable to understand and 'invent' the meaning of disease and its cure, even when it is different from our modern medical views.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed1994

Some plants described by Dioscorides for the treatment of renal diseases.

The original De Materia Medica of Dioscorides has been lost, but several copies remain. Unlike the original, these contain an alphabetical listing of plants and color plates. The source for the plants described in this paper is a 16th century translation into vernacular Italian and the Codex Neapolitanus. In all, 12 plants listed by Dioscorides for treatment of renal diseases can be positively identified.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed1994

Cultural links between Salerno and Montecassino.

A meeting on the History of Nephrology is an opportunity to discuss the links between science and faith which were split until the 6th century. However, this was changed by Cassiodorus and monasticism. From the times of Abbot Bertario (died 883 AD) in Montecassino, medicine was regarded as an art and a science. Codex 97 from Cassino offers a program of professional deontology, based on sensitivity, discretion, respect and responsiveness to the need of patients.

Christianity↗
PubMed1989

Irradiation and food processing.

After more than four decades of research and development, food irradiation has been demonstrated to be safe, effective and versatile as a process of food preservation, decontamination or disinfection. Its various applications cover: inhibition of sprouting of root crops; insect disinfestation of stored products, fresh and dried food; shelf-life extension of fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and fish; destruction of parasites and pathogenic micro-organisms in food of animal origin; decontamination of spices and food ingredients, etc. Such applications provide consumers with the increase in variety, volume and value of food. Although regulations on food irradiation in different countries are largely unharmonized, national authorities have shown increasing recognition and acceptance of this technology based on the Codex Standard for Irradiated Foods and its associated Code of Practice. Harmonization of national legislations represents an important prerequisite to international trade in irradiated food. Consumers at large are still not aware of the safety and benefits that food irradiation has to offer. Thus, national and international organizations, food industry, trade associations and consumer unions have important roles to play in introducing this technology based on its scientific values. Public acceptance of food irradiation may be slow at the beginning, but should increase at a faster rate in the foreseeable future when consumers are well informed of the safety and benefits of this technology in comparison with existing ones. Commercial applications of food irradiation has already started in 18 countries at present. The volume of food or ingredients treated on a commercial scale varies from country to country ranging from several tons of spices to hundreds of thousands of tons of grains per annum. With the increasing interest of national authorities and the food industry in applying the process, it is anticipated that some 25 countries will use some 55 commercial facilities to treat different foods on an industrial scale by 1990.

Food Irradiation↗
PubMed2005

GeneSeer: a sage for gene names and genomic resources.

BACKGROUND: Independent identification of genes in different organisms and assays has led to a multitude of names for each gene. This balkanization makes it difficult to use gene names to locate genomic resources, homologs in other species and relevant publications. METHODS: We solve the naming problem by collecting data from a variety of sources and building a name-translation database. We have also built a table of homologs across several model organisms: H. sapiens, M. musculus, R. norvegicus, D. melanogaster, C. elegans, S. cerevisiae, S. pombe and A. thaliana. This allows GeneSeer to draw phylogenetic trees and identify the closest homologs. This, in turn, allows the use of names from one species to identify homologous genes in another species. A website http://geneseer.cshl.org/ is connected to the database to allow user-friendly access to our tools and external genomic resources using familiar gene names. CONCLUSION: GeneSeer allows access to gene information through common names and can map sequences to names. GeneSeer also allows identification of homologs and paralogs for a given gene. A variety of genomic data such as sequences, SNPs, splice variants, expression patterns and others can be accessed through the GeneSeer interface. It is freely available over the web http://geneseer.cshl.org/ and can be incorporated in other tools through an http-based software interface described on the website. It is currently used as the search engine in the RNAi codex resource, which is a portal for short hairpin RNA (shRNA) gene-silencing constructs.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2003

Metal concentrations in tissues of the Black Sea fish Mugil auratus from Sinop-Icliman, Turkey.

Levels of five heavy metals [copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni)] were evaluated in liver and muscle tissues of fish (Mugil auratus) collected from the Black Sea at Sinop-Icliman, Turkey. Sampling and analysis methods are described. Variations of heavy metal concentrations with seasons are discussed. Cr and Ni concentrations were below the limits of detection (< 0.05 and 0.1 microg/g dry weight) in all tissues and seasons. Cu, Pb and Cd were detected within these limits, as microg/kg dry weight, in liver tissue: 0.49-1.30, 0.60-1.21 and 0.15-0.50, and in muscle tissue: 0.30-1.00, 0.57-1.12 and 0.10-0.40, respectively. Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations in these tissues were elevated and the highest heavy metal concentrations were found in the liver. While Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations were highest in fish tissues collected in August 2000, the lowest concentrations of these metals were observed in fish tissues collected in May 2000. Pb had the highest level observed in fish tissues. According to the Turkish Food Codex Regulation's residue limits, the cadmium level determined in fish tissues was high (0.1 microg/g) and the lead level, especially in liver tissue, was high in August (1 microg/g), while other metals (Cu, Cr and Ni) were within the maximum residue limits.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[A new estimation of the intake of contaminants, based on daily food consumption data].

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are allocated to each food article as published in the Denmark Budget Methods in the Codex Alimentalius of the WHO/FAO Joint Committee when standards of pollutants in food are needed. When daily intakes of Food Additives and Contaminants need to be calculated, the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake. (TMDI) and the Estimated Maximum Daily Intake (EMDI) have been generally used. TMDI and EMDI are calculated using the formulae shown below: [formula: see text] i: food article (i = 1, ....., n) A: standard value for food additives and contaminants X: mean weight of food article consumed daily l: rate of residue after cooking Exposure assessment should be more exact in order to meet social health needs and to help avoid unnecessarily strict regulations. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is continually improving its estimates of the dietary intakes of pesticides and essential minerals, and comparing these intakes with established safe or recommended dietary intake levels. Dietary survey methods have also improved in parallel, with examples being the USDA's Household Food Consumption Survey (1955 and 1965) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II (1976-1980). In Japan, TMDI and EMDI have received more attention as methods of estimating the daily intakes of food additives and contaminants than has the Total Diet Study, even though the former are not as exact as the latter. The Japanese National Nutrition Survey is one of the most respected nutrition surveys in the world, because it has continued nationwide yearly since 1946. Nevertheless, it is very unfortunate that no one utilizes the Household Food Consumption Survey data for the estimation of intakes of food additives and contaminants, because that is not the primary purpose of the Japanese National Nutrition Survey. Practically, there are neither foods which have an uniform of food additives and contaminants nor individuals who consume uniform amounts of each food item. In this report the authors propose a revised estimation method for the daily intake of food contaminants and additives, based on food consumption data of 159 female volunteers, without using the National Nutrition Survey data. The results obtained are as follows: 1) This method succeeded in making clear the intakes of food additives and contaminants. Mean, maximum and minimum values and distribution curves for the target population were obtained. 2) The suggested name for this method is "Estimated Ecological Daily Intake (EEDI)", which is processed in terms of the food consumption structure for calculation, and methodologically estimated by food ecology.

Diet↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of epidemiological data in the control of foodborne viruses.

The Codex Committee on Food Hygiene has recommended the adoption of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) as the basis for food safety control. To provide an objective basis for the construction of HACCP systems, epidemiological data are required. The data should be accurate, up-to-date, and identify emerging pathogens, such as viruses. The number of laboratory reports of small, round-structured viruses in England and Wales has increased from 400 cases in 1990 to 2387 in 1996. Although a food vehicle is not essential for the spread of viral particles, food my be the primary unidentified vehicle. The Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Foods recommends the use of the Kaplan Criteria, which can give strong circumstantial evidence that an outbreak is attributable to small, round-structured viruses. The application of these criteria would give a more accurate reflection of the involvement of viruses in the incidence of foodborne disease. This review considers the use of epidemiological data to support HACCP and risk-assessment systems. It discusses the implications of focusing on traditional pathogens, for example Salmonella spp., as opposed to emerging pathogens, for the design of control systems. Recommendations are made for improving the system of data collection.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2000

[Assessment of the chronic risk for ingestion of pesticide residues in the Brazilian diet].

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a chronic dietary risk assessment of the pesticides registered in Brazil up until 1999. METHODS: The Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) for each pesticide was calculated using the Brazilian maximum residue limits and food consumption data from IBGE, the Brazilian Statistical Institute. The risk characterization was done comparing the TMDI with the acceptable daily intakes (ADI) from other countries and from the Codex Alimentarius. RESULTS: The TMDI was higher than the ADI (%ADI>100) at least in one Brazilian metropolitan region for 23 pesticides. Sixteen compounds are organophosphate insecticides, with methyl parathion having the TMDI exceeding the most toxicological parameter (%ADI N=9,300). Rice, beans, citrus and tomato were the commodities which most contributed to the ingestion. From the compounds under higher risk, only 6 were registered according to the Law 98.816/90, which concerns the use of pesticides in the country. CONCLUSIONS: The compounds identified in the study as presenting a potential health concern to the Brazilian consumers, and the commodities which most contributed to the ingestion, should be prioritized by the government in pesticide residue monitoring programs and in the re-registration process. In addition, residue data in food as consumed, processing factors and appropriate consumption data should be generated to allow further studies.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Incorporation of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system (HACCP) in food legislation].

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system (HACCP), recommended by different international organizations as the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Office of Epizootics (OIE) and the International Convention for Vegetables Protection (ICPV) amongst others, contributes to ensuring the innocuity of food along the agro-alimentary chain and requires of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for its implementation, GMP's which are legislated in most countries. Since 1997, Colombia has set rules and legislation for application of HACCP system in agreement with international standards. This paper discusses the potential and difficulties of the legislation enforcement and suggests some policy implications towards food safety.

Colombia↗
PubMed1997

Problems associated with drug residues in beef from feeds and therapy.

Drug residues in beef have been reported internationally. These include antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, growth promotants, parasiticides and insecticides. The main factors associated with residues are animal age and use, and failure to observe withdrawal time for regular or extra-label use. Public health concerns include toxic and anaphylactic reactions, and development of drug-resistant strains of bacteria. The maximum residue level (MRL) is the current standard for residues in food adopted by the Codex Committees of the Food and Agriculture Organisation and World Health Organisation, but is not universally accepted or standardised. Detection of residues at slaughter is a critical point in residue control. Several live animal tests are available, but these vary in reliability and usage. After slaughter, tissues sampled and tests used are more uniform. To prevent international trade barriers associated with drug residues in beef, the following conditions should be implemented: standardisation of testing methods used to detect drug residues; standardisation of methods for determining MRLs; establishment of active surveillance programmes to monitor residues.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Quality assurance in veterinary diagnostic laboratories.

The authors discuss the responsibility of veterinary diagnostic laboratories as suppliers of analytical data for tests on animals and animal products. The guarantee of the quality of analytical data is a basic quality requirement for veterinary certification. It is therefore important for the laboratory to adopt operational quality assurance standards which are recognised internationally. The management and quality assurance criteria contained in the International Standardisation Organisation/International Electrotechnical Commission Guide 25, or in directives or guidelines established by international organisations such as the Office International des Epizooties and the Codex Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organisation, are reviewed. These documents provide procedures for adopting the principles of quality assurance in order to acquire the recognition of competence to execute the laboratory tests required for national and international veterinary certification.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Method performance study of the determination of total nitrogen in soy sauce by the Kjeldahl method.

The objective of this collaborative study was to evaluate the proposed method for determining the total nitrogen in soy sauce by the Kjeldahl method submitted to the Codex Alimentarius Commission for endorsement in accordance with the protocol for the design, conduct, and interpretation of method-performance studies. The digestive conditions of the proposed method are the addition of 10 mL of H2SO4, 10 g (8 g by using a block digester) of K2SO4, and 1 mL of 20% CuSO4 x 5H2O and 80 min boiling period after the liquid is cleared by a heating device. Seventeen laboratories participated, analyzing five soy sauce samples as blind duplicates. Since the volume sampling method used in the JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard) method showed lower accuracy of data because of the density of soy sauce, the method of sampling by weight was adopted as the proposed method. The total amount of outlier data was within acceptable limits for method-performance studies (< or = 22.2%). Lysine and ammonium sulfate recoveries for all laboratories were > or = 98% and > or = 99% respectively. The RSDr (repeatability relative standard deviation) values ranged from 0.4 to 1.3%, and the RSDR (reproducibility relative standard deviation) values were from 0.8 to 1.9%. HORRAT (RSDR/predicted RSDR) for the reproducibility showed 0.2 to 0.4, indicating acceptable precision of the method and excellent analytical performance.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed1990

New food safety initiatives in the Food and Drug Administration.

Concern over the presence of veterinary drug residues in food has been increasing world wide. Because of this concern the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) has been involved on an international basis in efforts to develop food safety standards for veterinary drugs. The major thrust of the Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods (CC/RVDF) has been to achieve international agreement on veterinary drugs issues. CVM is an active participant on this committee. The CC/RVDF has established a list of priority veterinary drugs that are, or that have the potential to cause trade problems as the result of public health concerns. Included in this list are anabolic hormones, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles, somatotropins, benzimidazoles and trypanocides. In the upcoming years, the CC/RVDF will work toward developing international maximum residue levels for these compounds. The evaluation of the toxicity of veterinary drug-bound residues is another area of international concern. In conjunction with the Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, Health and Welfare Canada, CVM is developing guidelines on biological models to demonstrate the safety of veterinary drug-bound residues. In working with veterinary drug regulators from other countries, CVM has new solutions to human food safety problems.

Animals↗