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PubMed2002

Bale compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation to control cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in exported rye straw.

Control of larvae and adults of cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), by bale compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation was studied in rye straw, Secale cereale L., in Aurora, OR. Natural mortality of larvae after transport was 4.0 +/- 1.0% (mean +/- SEM). Compression (105 kg/cm2) of larvae in standard bales (122 cm long) of rye straw resulted in 100% mortality. Compression of adults in standard bales plus storage of the compressed bales (56 cm long) for 1 d in a freight container resulted in 100% mortality. A KD50 of 102 ppm hydrogen phosphide for 1 h was estimated from the probit regression line developed from dose-response data at 21 degrees C in basic laboratory tests. The LD50s and LD99s were 163 and 6,910 ppm for 2-h exposures and were 18 and 42 ppm for 6-h exposures at 21 degrees C, respectively. A tested close of 400 ppm for 24 h at 21 degrees C resulted in 100% mortality of the adults. Larvae (n = 10,560) and adults (n = 18,602) did not survive exposure to bale compression followed by hydrogen phosphide fumigation (60 g/28.3 m3) for 3 d in rye straw loaded in freight containers in large-scale tests. Copper plate corrosion values indicating the severity of exposure to hydrogen phosphide were 13 and 12, and mean temperatures of five locations in the freight container were 25 and 26 degrees C in large-scale tests with the larvae and adults, respectively. Hydrogen phosphide concentrations were > or = 400 ppm throughout the 3-d fumigation for larvae and during the first day of fumigation for adults. We propose that cereal leaf beetle can be controlled by a single treatment of bale compression followed by a 1-d storage period or by a fumigation in which 400 ppm hydrogen phosphide is maintained for 1 d at 21 degrees C or above. We confirmed that a multiple quarantine treatment of bale compression) followed by a 3-d fumigation will control cereal leafbeetle in exported rye straw.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Selection of a sterilization method for the study of cereal grain digestion.

Experiments were initiated to select a sterilization method(s) that minimizes alterations in the digestive properties of cereal grains and, thus, would be suitable for the study of cereal grain digestion by pure cultures of ruminal bacteria. The following five treatments were examined: unsterilized (U), autoclaving with buffer (AB), autoclaving without buffer (AD), ethylene oxide (E), and gamma irradiation (I). Solubility of DM, starch, and CP was determined by soaking grain in buffer for 1 h followed by filtration through Whatman #54 filter paper. Ground corn and wheat from each treatment were placed in vials with a 1:1 mixture of Bryant's medium and ruminal inoculum. Vials were incubated for 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h and analyzed for starch content. Bacterial growth was not evident in sterilized, uninoculated samples. The AD treatment decreased the disappearance of CP in wheat and corn, whereas AB caused an increase in the disappearance of DM, CP, and starch in wheat (P less than .001) compared with U. Rates of microbial starch digestion for corn were 1.3, 1.5, 3.3, 14.7, and 3.5%/h and for wheat were 1.3, 3.4, 4.6, 17.1, and 4.6%/h for AD, E, I, AB, and U, respectively. Contrasts indicated that AD and AB differed (P less than .001) from U for both corn and wheat. It is likely that gelatinization of cereal starch enhanced microbial starch digestion in AB and the formation of Maillard products reduced starch digestion in AD. Corn and wheat sterilized with E or I had digestive properties that closely resembled those of U grain, and either sterilization method was suitable for studying cereal grain digestion.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Supplemental phytases of microbial and cereal sources improve dietary phytate phosphorus utilization by pigs from weaning through finishing.

This experiment was conducted to measure the nutritional and metabolic responses of pigs fed diets with continuous supplementation of microbial and cereal phytase from weaning to finishing, and to determine the feasibility of complete replacement of inorganic P addition by supplemental phytase in swine diets. Forty-eight Landrace x Hampshire x Meishan pigs were divided into four groups. In phase 1 (10 to 50 kg BW), pigs in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were fed a low-P, corn-soybean meal basal diet (BD), the BD plus microbial phytase (A. ficuum) at 1,200 units/kg, the BD plus 10% wheat bran (230 units of cereal phytase/kg), and the BD + .24% inorganic P (calcium phosphate), respectively. In phase 2 (51 to 90 kg BW), these pigs were fed a similar BD or the BD plus 1,000 microbial phytase units/kg, 20% wheat bran, or .20% inorganic P, respectively. Repeated measures included growth performance, P, Ca, and N balance, metatarsal and metacarpal bone strength, serum concentration of inorganic P, Ca, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Pigs fed the BD supplemented with microbial phytase and pigs fed the BD supplemented with inorganic P showed almost identical responses for all variables. Pigs fed the BD supplemented with cereal phytase also had responses for various measures that were similar to those of pigs fed microbial phytase or inorganic P, except for some differences in serum inorganic P concentrations and bone strength in phase 1. Because of improvements in apparent digestibility of dietary P and N, fecal excretion of these two nutrients was reduced by 31 to 62% (P < .05) in pigs fed the BD supplemented with phytase compared with pigs fed inorganic P. It is physiologically feasible and environmentally advantageous to replace inorganic P with microbial or cereal phytase in corn-soybean meal diets for this type of pig through the entire growing-finishing period.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2001

In vitro fermentation characteristics of native and processed cereal grains and potato starch using ileal chyme from dogs.

Two in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of small intestinal bacteria of dogs to ferment native and extruded cereal grains and potato starch and cereal grain and potato flours. Substrates included barley, corn, potato, rice, sorghum, and wheat. In addition to testing native grains and flours, extruded substrates also were tested. Substrates were extruded at low temperatures (LT; 79 to 93 degrees C) and high temperatures (HT; 124 to 140 degrees C) using a Wenger extruder (model TX-52). Substrates varied widely in concentrations of rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), resistant starch (RS), and total starch (TS). Extrusion of most substrates at HT vs LT resulted in increased RDS and decreased RS concentrations. Organic matter disappearance (OMD) values attributed to microbial fermentation for a 5-h period were as high as 27% for native extruded substrates (LT potato starch) and 39% for potato flour. Average OMD was higher for cereal and potato flours than for native extruded substrates (29.9 vs 25.4%). Average molar percentages of short-chain fatty acids produced from all substrates fermented for 5 h were 73, 14, and 13% (acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively). Average lactate production for substrates ranked as follows: flours > native and extruded cereal grains and potato starch (0.33 and 0.18 mmol/g OM, respectively). In vitro microbial fermentation of starches by ileal bacteria can be substantial and is affected by differences in starch source, fraction, and processed form.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Occupational allergic disease in cereal workers by stored grain pests.

It is well known that workers occupationally exposed to grain dust have a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms, but their pathogenesis remains obscure when sensitization to cereal flour cannot be demonstrated. Storage mites, tenebroids, and cockroaches are stored-grain pests found in grain and cereal products frequently in our area, where the cereal industry is the most important industry. An epidemiological analysis of sensitization of these stored-grain pests was performed on 4379 patients residing in an area of cereal industries. Fifty grain workers were selected for in vivo diagnostic tests with nine genera of mites, Tenebrio molitor and Blatta orientalis. Specific IgE antibodies to the extracts were demonstrated by prick tests and RAST. Association between respiratory symptoms and occupational exposure was confirmed by challenge tests (specific and methacholine). The prevalence of mite sensitization in the total sample studied (4379) was 18.96% (SEM 0.58, 95% CI 16.93-19.19). The prevalence of sensitization to storage mites among mite-sensitive patients was 11.88% (SEM 1.15, 95% CI 9.63-14.3). Among the 50 selected patients the most frequent sensitization was that to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (58%), followed by Dermatophagoides frinae (48%), Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (38%), Blomia kulagini (34%), and Acarus siro and Chortoglyphus arcuatus (24%). In addition, 22% of the patients presented negative prick tests and RAST for Dermatophagoides species with positive test to storage mites. Fifty percent of the 50 patients were sensitizated to Tenebrio molitor (SEM 0.7, CI 95% 36-64), and 36% to Blatta orientalis (SEM 0.67, CI 95% 23-49). The identification of mites, tenebroids, and cockroaches in dust samples yields useful data for the diagnosis of our patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Biotin bioavailability of protein supplements and cereal grains for starting turkey poults.

Biotin bioavailability was estimated in canola meal (CM), various cereal grains, and protein supplements using turkey poults in a growth bioassay study. Following a 10-day pretest period to deplete the biotin reserves of newly hatched poults, triplicate groups (seven poults each) were fed a basal diet without added biotin, or supplemented with graded levels of d-biotin (100, 200, and 400 micrograms/kg) for 21 days. Poult growth (y, g/day) was positively related to biotin intake (x, micrograms/day), as follows: y = 3.05x + 4.32, r = .997 (P less than .01). Similar groups of poults were fed test ingredients: CM, soybean meal (SBM), or soyprotein isolate (SPI) incorporated at levels of 25% into the diet by partial replacement of casein and carbohydrates; other poult groups were given cereal grain (25%) or cereal grain (25%) + CM (25%) included in the SPI-based diet. Use of the regression equation to compute bioavailable biotin gave bioavailability values (in percentages) that were low for triticale (15.9), wheat (17.0), barley (19.2), and sorghum (29.5), moderate for CM (65.4) and SBM (76.8), and high for corn (95.2). The combination of CM and cereal substantially increased the total biotin available for poult growth, with individual biotin contribution being strongly additive for CM plus barley, sorghum, or wheat, but less so in case of CM plus corn or triticale diets. Therefore, CM seems to be a good source of bioavailable biotin for starting poults. Increased levels of bioavailable biotin reduced the incidence of pathological signs (dermatitis, hock disorders, and broken feathers) and also poult mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adaptive types of prolamins--specialized proteins from cereal seeds (Poaceae Banrh.)].

Amino acid composition of prolamins and the whole seed in representatives of 52 cereal genera and 22 tribes, as well as amino acid composition of seed protein fractions in representatives of 9 cereal genera are presented. In terms of proposed directed evolution of the seed proteins and adaptive role of prolamins in evolution and distribution of cereals, generalized data on their content in seed protein complex, electrophoretic, immunochemical, and amino acid composition of the seeds, we develop the notion of prolamins biochemical specialization and their polyphyletic origin during evolution of cereal seed protein complex. Seven adaptive types of prolamins are recognized: Sasa, Molinia, Chloris, Zingeria, Poa, Triticum, and Panicum types. Adaptive types of prolamins were formed in response to an ecological request of the environment where taxon ancestors existed and a taxon appeared and in relation to phylogenetic history of a taxon and its assignment to particular tribe and subfamily.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1984

Cereal aids fight against diarrhoea.

Ricewater has been proved to be an effective treatment of diarrhea by investigators at the International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), who have shown that cereal-based solutions are even more effective than the much publicized mixtures of water, sugar, and salts. Diarrhea kills 8 or 9 children under the age of 5 every minute, often simply by draining out of them the water and salts the body needs to keep functioning. Only a few years ago, the conventional treatment for severe cases was a drip of saline fluid into the patients arm through a needle. But this requires hospital treatment, and few 3rd world children ever see the inside of a hospital. Recently, "oral rehydration therapy" (ORT)--giving children a carefully measured mix of water, sugar (or pure glucose), and sodium chloride and potassium salts--has gained world recognition as a simple, cheap, and effective treatment. A village mother can give it in her home, either from a prepackaged powder mixed with water or from solution she mixes herself. Sugar, or the glucose into which the body converts sugar, continues to be absorbed across the intestinal walls during diarrhea--when the body is absorbing little else. This process aids the absorption of the all-important salts. The standard ORT formula for a liter of water calls for 20 g of glucose or 40 g of household sugar. The newer cereal-based ORT replaces the sugar with rice powder. Tests have shown that 80-86% of the rice powder is converted into glucose and absorbed. According to Dr. A. Majid Molloa of ICDDR,B who pioneered the use of rice powder in ORT, 1 liter of rice powder solution is twice as effective as 2 liters of sugar solution. There are several advantages in using rice powder in ORT. Rice is the staple food of more than 1/2 the world's population, particularly so where diarrhea is a killer. It is grown and eaten throughout Asia, and in many parts of Latin America and Africa. Some rice is usually available in the poorest village homes, whereas sugar may not be. The rice solution is easy to prepare, and boiling prevents contamination. The next step is to extend cereal-based ORT to other countries, and to experiment with other cereals, such as wheat, maize, sorghum, and also with potato and casasva. Indonesia, India, China, and Kenya have already made a beginning in this direction.

Asia↗
PubMed2005

Role of host plant alternation in the precocity and intensity of parasitoid activity on of cereal aphids.

Integrated pest management programs tend to reduce the chemical input by enhancing the development of biological control. Cereal aphids cause important damages to winter wheat in Europe but are currently under the pressure of several parasitoid species (Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Previous ecological studies have reported the existence of an asynchrony between aphid and parasitoid populations in early spring in cereal cultures. Here, we tested the presence of rose bushes (Rosa rugosa) as a host plant for alternative aphid-host. Aphid and parasitoid densities were recorded for two years using the plant cutting sampling method. The main results were: (i) rose bushes constitute a potential reservoir of alternative aphid hosts species for a number of parasitoid and predator species, (ii) rose aphids appear earlier in spring and were more abundant than the aphids on wheat, (iii) parasitism activity in rose bushes is synchronized with cereal fields, however (iv) rose bushes management did not induce a decrease of cereal aphid population.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Preparation and analysis of dehydrated mixtures of vegetables and underutilized fish species flours: I. Dehydrated mixtures of cereal-fish].

For the purpose of providing possible solutions to the malnutrition problems affecting those populations where cereals and tubers form an important portion of their daily intake, products were prepared from dehydrated mixtures of cereals and under-utilized fish, but which contain high-quality protein. Two cereals were selected for our experiments: rice and corn, and a marine under-utilized fish species (Macrodon ancyclodon). The minced fish muscle recovered by mechanical deboning was mixed with the cereal, obtaining mixtures with 5%, 10% and 15% fish on a dry basis. Feeding experiments using Wistar weaning rats were then carried out to evaluate the most important characteristics. An amino acid profile which reflected high-quality protein was obtained, as evidenced by the excellent PER, NPU, NPR and digestibility values determined. The dehydrated mixtures of fish/cereal flour prepared with 5% and up to 10% fish (dry basis), did not present any odour, but as of the 15% level, fish odour was perceived. Therefore, the use of dehydrated mixtures of fish/cereal flours with up to 10% fish in preparing food products, is recommended, since these would be of great help in solving the scarcity of good-quality protein, particularly in the developing countries.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survey of total and bioavailable chromium in grain and cereal products by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

The chromium content of samples of cereals, legumes, oil seeds, and alimentary pastes (in the latter, bioavailable chromium as well) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The chromium content in whole cereals differs substantially and is mostly concentrated in pericarps. Variations occur not only among different types of cereals, but also among cereals of the same type, depending on the areas of origin. Concentration varies substantially even in samples of legumes and oil seeds. The content of bioavailable chromium (ethanol-extractable) is, in most cases, more than 50% of the total chromium amount. This makes these products particularly interesting as dietary supplements.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1989

[Is it necessary to test children having summer respiratory problems with cereal pollens?].

We tested 100 children with clinical signs that occurred in spring or summer. Prick tests were made with extracts of wild grass pollens (Dactylis, Phleum, Lolium) and with separate cereal pollens (Wheat, oats, Sweet-corn Barley and Rye). In 20 children whose test was negative for wild grass pollen, we saw no sensitization to cereals. In 80 children with grass pollenosis, Barley and Rye are the cereals that gave the most positive prick tests, whilst sweet corn is the cereal with most negative tests.

Allergens↗
PubMed1989

Biotin bioavailability from protein supplements and cereal grains for growing broiler chickens.

A 21d growth bioassay was conducted with broiler chicks to estimate the availability of biotin from canola meal (CM), cereal grains and CM-supplemented cereal diets. A standard biotin response curve was generated with biotin-supplemented diets, using growth rate (g/d) as the dependent variable (X) and biotin intake (micrograms/d) as the independent variable (Y), as follows: Y = 2.28X + 9.76, r = 0.946 (P less than 0.01). Other groups of chicks were fed diets containing CM, soybean meal (SBM), cereal grains or CM + grain as a source of biotin. Results indicated that biotin bioavailability (%) was low in most cereal grains, i.e. wheat 17, triticale 20, barley 21, and sorghum 39; moderate in CM, 66; and high in SBM, 98, and maize, 114. Plasma and liver biotin concentrations in excess of 4000 ng/L and 3000 ng/g, respectively, were indicative of adequate biotin status.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

Fecal fat and trypsin in dogs fed a meat-base or cereal-base diet.

Fat balance studies and quantitative analysis of fecal trypsin were done on 2 groups of Beagles fed either a meat-base (8.8% fat) or a cereal-base (10.5% fat) diet. In the amount fed, the meat-base diet provided 2.5 to 3 times more fat than the cereal-base diet, yet the mean daily fecal fat output of the 2 groups was not significantly different. Thus the percentage assimilation of fat in cereal-base diet (90.0%) was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than that in the meat-base diet (96.9%). Dietary composition made no significant difference in fecal trypsin output, although the mean output from dogs fed the meat-base diet 4 times higher than that from dogs fed the cereal-base diet.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Allergy to cereals and dairy products in adult, uncomplicated asthma: an epidemiological survey.

From a representative group from the adult population (34.958) of a town of 77.384 inhabitants, 99 persons were selected who: a) claimed to be periodically dyspneic independently with respect to respiratory tract infections. b) had normal chest x-rays and normal PE flow values. Approximately one year later, a history of atopic diseases was taken from 79 of them, and intradermal skin tests were performed with some inhalants and food allergens. At this time, 15 persons failed to report their previous complaints of dyspnea. Only 5 persons reported that various vegetables and pickles were responsible for their urticaria or eczema. Only 2 persons admitted various gastrointestinal symptoms, but non mentioned milk, eggs or cereals as possible causative agents of their bronchial, nasal, skin or circulatory symptoms. Distinctly positive immediate type skin reactions to the mixed milk and egg allergen were recorded in 19 patients (24%), and to cereals in 11 persons (14%). They all reacted strongly also to the house dust allergen, but they did not differ from all the remaining subjects in the intensity of their skin response to the control solution of histamine. People with positive skin reactions to cereals or dairy products complained of chronic or recurrent rhinitis much more often than the others (73% and 63% compared with 35%). Forty-five (47%) of them had a positive personal history of urticaria or eczema. These "food reactors" did not differ from "non reactors" in the frequency of the elevated serum IgE level which was raised in 66% of the whole group (of 79). The results suggest that allergy to cereals and dairy products may often be underestimated in adult asthmatics especially when positive reactions to inhalants are also present. The problems of reliability of the skin tests and history taking in food allergy are briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Level of cadmium and lead in vegetables, fruit, cereal and soil from areas differing in the degree of industrial pollution and from greenhouses].

The content of cadmium and lead was measured in vegetables, fruit, cereals and soil from areas exposed and non-exposed to industrial pollution and in vegetables and soil from greenhouses. The elements were measured after dry mineralization by atomic absorption spectrophotometry following extraction of complexes from APDS into the organic phase (MIBK). Lead and cadmium were determined in 482 samples of vegetables, 101 fruit samples, 132 cereal samples and 297 soil samples. In the vegetables from the areas not exposed to industrial pollution lead content was below the detectability range (< d.r.) to 576.1 micrograms/kg, and cadmium was from < d.r. to 73.5 micrograms/kg. In the vegetables from areas exposed to industrial pollution lead was from 9.3 to 1044.0 micrograms/kg and cadmium from < d.r. to 552.3 micrograms/kg and cadmium from 2.3 to 132.5 micrograms/kg. In the soil from greenhouses lead was found in amounts from 17.5 to 212.0 mg/kg of air dry mass (adm), and cadmium from 125 to 750 micrograms/kg of adm. In soil from vegetable gardens lead was from 3.3 to 15.3 mg/kg of adm., and cadmium from < d.r. to 385.0 mu/kg adm. In soil from orchards lead was from 2.8 to 141.3 mg/kg adm, and cadmium from < d.r. to 810.0 micrograms/kg adm. In the soil from fields of cereals lead was from 3.0 to 67.5 mg/kg amd, and cadmium from < d.r. to 295.0 micrograms/kg adm. In fruit lead was present in amounts from 12.8 to 144.0 micrograms/kg and cadmium from < d.r. to 42.0 micrograms/kg. In cereals lead was found in amounts from < d.r. to 760.0 micrograms/kg and cadmium from < d.r. to 200 micrograms/kg.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2026

Advances in cereal protein applications for infant and Young child nutrition.

BACKGROUND: The increasing use of plant-derived proteins in infant and young child nutrition necessitates tailored amino acid profiles, high digestibility and strict safety controls. Cereal proteins, such as rice, oat, maize, millet, barley, and wheat, are widely used in complementary foods but face intrinsic limitations, notably lysine and tryptophan deficits, antinutritional factors that reduce bioavailability, gluten immunogenicity in wheat/barley, and inorganic arsenic risks in rice. SCOPE AND APPROACH: This review synthesizes recent advances in processing and formulation strategies, including enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, germination, extrusion, cereal-legume complementation, and micronutrient fortification. Their impacts on digestibility, techno-functionality, iron and zinc bioavailability, and protein quality, including Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) are critically reviewed using data from in vitro assays, product development, and clinical trials. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Processing and blending approaches can substantially improve protein digestibility, amino acid balance and micronutrient availability, and hydrolyzed rice protein holds clinical promise for cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). However, most evidence is preclinical, reporting of protein quality is inconsistent, and industrial translation is constrained by sensory, shelf-life, contaminant and cost issues. We recommend standardized DIAAS-based reporting, large-scale feeding trials, sensory /stability optimization, and targeted exploration of underutilized grains (e.g., oat, millet) with active allergen monitoring. Prioritizing amino acid-focused formulation coupled with strategies to enhance micronutrient bioavailability will accelerate safe adoption of cereal proteins in early-life nutrition.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Infant sleep and bedtime cereal.

We studied whether feeding infants rice cereal before bedtime promotes their sleeping through the night. One hundred six infants were randomly assigned to begin bedtime cereal feeding (1 tablespoon per ounce in a bottle) at 5 weeks or at 4 months of age. Caretakers recorded the infant's sleep from age 4 to 21 weeks for one 24-hour period per week. Sleeping through the night was defined as sleeping at least 8 consecutive hours, with the majority of time being between the hours of midnight and 6 AM. The results were also reviewed changing the requirement from 8 hours to 6 hours. There was no statistically significant trend or a consistent tendency of one group to have a higher proportion of sleepers than the other. Therefore, feeding infants rice cereal in the bottle before bedtime does not appear to make much difference in their sleeping through the night.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗