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PubMed1993

[Analysis of environmental and genetic influences on the urea and acetone content in milk from the breeds German spotted cattle and German brown cattle].

In total, records of 915 cows of the breed German Simmental and German Brown were available to investigate the influences of herd, month, lactation number, stage of lactation, milk production, diseases at calving, breed-Brown-Swiss blood proportion and additive-genetic effect of the cow on milk urea and acetone content. Significant differences between herds, months and lactation numbers could be shown for milk urea and acetone content. Acetone content decreased significantly in the first 100 days post partum by 0.06 mmol/l. Milk fat content was significantly correlated with milk urea and acetone. The heritabilities for milk urea were estimated in German Simmental cows as h2 = 0.06 +/- 0.04 and in German Brown cows as h2 = 0.25 +/- 0.11. Using milk samples up to 50 days post partum, heritability estimates were between h2 = 0.10 +/- 0.09 and h2 = 0.17 +/- 0.12 in German Simmental cows.

Acetone↗
PubMed1996

[Bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease in cattle--clinical findings in 103 calves and cattle].

One hundred and three calves and heifers persistently infected with BVD virus were examined. The most important clinical findings in order of frequency were weight loss, erosions of the oral mucosa, diarrhea, anorexia and fever. In addition, nasal discharge, lymph node enlargement, erosions of the nose, muzzle and interdigital cleft and bronchopneumonia occurred in less than half of the patients. Furthermore, crustaceous dermatitis was observed in three patients and petechial hemorrhage of the oral mucosa occurred in two other cases with severe thrombocytopenia. Haemoconcentration, leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia and azotemia were the most important haematological findings. To confirm the clinical diagnosis, the serum antibody titre of 69 patients was compared with that of a clinically healthy control animal from the same herd. There was no positive antibody titre in 65 of the 69 patients, whereas 67 of the control animals had positive titres. In 34 patients, EDTA blood samples were collected for virus detection. In 20 of these, skin biopsy samples were also obtained for virus demonstration. Virus has been demonstrated in the blood of 32 of the 34 cases and in all 20 skin biopsy specimens.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Traumatic flexor tendon injuries in 27 cattle.

Information for all cattle with a diagnosis of tendon injury entered into the Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) was retrieved and selected medical records reviewed. The proportional morbidity rate for tendon disruption was 0.89 cattle/1,000 cattle admissions and 95 of 99 cattle survived. Female and dairy cattle had a greater risk of tendon disruption than male or beef cattle, respectively. Also, cattle 6 months to 7 years old had a greater risk than cattle younger than 6 months old. Complete medical records were examined for 27 cattle. Affected cattle were 2.5 +/- 1.8 years old and weighed 593.6 +/- 315.6 kg. Injuries were most commonly caused by accidents involving farm machinery (72%). Unilateral superficial digital flexor tendon injury occurred in 8 cattle (30%); multiple tendon injury occurred in the other 19 cattle (70%). A single limb was involved in 25 cattle, a rear limb was involved in 24 cattle, and an open wound was associated with the injury in 26 cattle. Wounds were identified most commonly at the mid (13 cattle) and proximal metatarsus (4 cattle). Treatment of tendon disruption included tenorrhaphy and casting (9 cattle), external coaptation, alone, (14 cattle), stall confinement, alone, (1 cow), and euthanasia or salvage (3 cattle). External coaptation was maintained for 74.4 +/- 34.3 days, and total confinement period was 88.3 +/- 59.5 days. Short-term complications included severe tendon laxity (one cow) and fatal septic peritonitis (one bull). Twenty-two of 24 cattle treated for tendon disruption survived. Follow-up information was available for 16 cattle; 14 cattle (87%) returned to productivity and 11 of 15 cattle with long-term follow-up (73%) were considered productive. Long-term complications included persistent lameness (56%) and persistent hyperextension of the digits (19%).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Renal reabsorption of magnesium and calcium by cattle with renal tubular dysplasia.

The concentrations of magnesium and calcium in the serum and urine and their rates of clearance were determined in cattle with renal tubular dysplasia, an autosomal recessive hereditary disease associated with a deletion of the paracellin-1 gene in Japanese Black cattle. There were no significant differences in the serum or urine magnesium concentrations between normal cattle and cattle which were heterozygous or homozygous for the condition. Serum calcium concentrations tended to be lower in the homozygous cattle, and the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in the homozygous cattle. The ratio of magnesium:creatinine and the fractional excretion of magnesium were higher in cattle with the disease than in normal cattle. There were no significant differences in urine calcium concentration, the calcium:creatinine ratio, and fractional excretion of calcium between normal cattle and cattle which were homozygous or heterozygous for the condition. The creatinine clearance was significantly lower in the homozygous cattle than in normal cattle. The clearance, excretion rate, reabsorption rate and reabsorption rate:clearance ratio of magnesium in cattle with renal tubular dysplasia were significantly lower than in normal cattle. The clearance rate and reabsorption rate of calcium were also significantly lower in the affected cattle, but the excretion rate and reabsorption rate:clearance of calcium were not different between the normal cattle and the cattle homozygous for the condition. In cattle with the condition the rate of reabsorption of magnesium by the kidneys was low, but the rate of reabsorption of calcium was normal.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interactions between cattle and badgers at pasture with reference to bovine tuberculosis transmission.

The normal behaviour of badgers, as described here, would not result in direct transmission of tuberculosis from badgers to cattle via air expired by badgers or via bodily contact. All activities of wild badgers in cattle fields at three different sites were observed at night for a total of 359 h. In addition, all activities of pairs of wild caught badgers were observed in a 0.5 ha enclosure with an artificial sett on 20 nights when cattle were present. Badger foraging in cattle fields was infrequent during dry conditions and variable at other times. Clover fields were preferred to grass pastures in two autumnal studies and under dry conditions the badgers did not prefer to forage on short pasture. Badgers consistently avoided close contact with cattle by changing routes from sett to foraging site and by foraging much less in areas of fields occupied by cattle. When foraging they preferred to remain at least 10-15 m from cattle and they avoided compact groups of cattle more than individuals. Some cattle would move towards badgers, especially if they were carrying out unusual behaviour, but badgers fled rapidly from every approach. In all potential encounters badgers were able to keep at least 2-3 m from approaching cattle. Badgers in the artificial sett delayed entering the enclosure if cattle were within 15 m of the entrance. When cattle were managed on a strip-grazing (rotational) system the whole area which they occupied was avoided by the badgers. However, badgers came closer to individual cattle and foraged in areas grazed by the cattle more if the cattle were set-stocked. If cattle are managed so that they are concentrated in a small area (rotational) system the risk of disease transmission is minimized because they are less likely to encounter badgers or their fresh products than are cattle managed on a large area (set-stocked) system.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Trypanosome infections and tick infestations: susceptibility in N'Dama, Gobra zebu and Gobra x N'Dama crossbred cattle exposed to natural challenge and maintained under high and low surveillance of trypanosome infections.

Susceptibility to trypanosome infections and tick infestations was assessed in 51 N'Dama, 48 Gobra zebu and 37 Gobra x N'Dama crossbred (F1) cattle exposed to field-tick infestations and natural high tsetse challenge over more than one year. From these cattle, 12 animals of each breed were randomly selected and examined parasitologically for trypanosome infections and packed cell volume (PCV) twice a week (high surveillance, group HS). In the remaining 100 cattle trypanosome infection and PCV were monitored monthly (low surveillance, group LS). Mortality rates were recorded in both groups. Tick infestation was quantified fortnightly from all animals in group HS and from four to seven randomly selected animals of each breed in group LS. In both HS and LS groups, trypanocidal drug treatment was administered to trypanosome positive animals with PCV equal to or less than 20% or when they showed clinical evidence (dullness, weight loss) of trypanosomosis. In both groups, N'Dama cattle exhibited a superior capacity to control trypanosome infections and limit tick burdens. Particularly, in group HS N'Dama cattle showed lower trypanosome infection rate, higher mean PCV value, lower requirement for trypanocide treatments and lower tick load than crossbred and Gobra cattle in the corresponding group (P < 0.05 or greater). This was also true in N'Damas in comparison with crossbreds in group LS. Unfortunately, the high mortality occurring in Gobra cattle in group LS did not allow within group comparative analysis between N'Dama, Gobra and crossbred cattle overall the study period. No death occurred in N'Dama cattle maintained under high surveillance of trypanosome infection, while approximately 8% of crossbreds and 50% of Gobras died of trypanosomosis. In group LS, all Gobra and more than 70% of crossbred cattle died. In this group, mortality in N'Dama was limited to less than 16%. In both groups, differences in mortality were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in Gobras than in N'Damas. Within breed, animals of the three breeds maintained under high surveillance of trypanosomal infection showed higher mean PCV values, lower tick burdens and required proportionally less trypanocide treatments than corresponding cattle in group LS. The infection rate in N'Dama under high surveillance was lower in comparison with N'Dama cattle in group LS. There was no significant difference in mortality between groups within the N'Dama breed. Conversely, mortality rates were lower in crossbred and Gobra in group HS than in respective cattle in group LS. It was concluded that cattle of the three breeds suffered from trypanosomosis and that trypanosome infections affected tick susceptibility. However, N'Dama showed a superior ability to limit both the pathological effects of trypanosomosis and the level of tick infestations. Therefore, considering the cost of labour and consumable equipment required for a high surveillance, use of multi-disease resistant N'Dama cattle is recommended for the low-input traditional African farming systems in areas where trypanosomosis, ticks and tick-borne diseases are constraints to livestock production. Additional comparative investigations are needed to assess the impact of high surveillance scheme of trypanosome infection in different production systems in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle exposed to different gradients of tsetse challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence, outcome, and health consequences associated with persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in feedlot cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence of cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) at arrival at a feedlot, prevalence of chronically ill and dead PI cattle, and the magnitude of excess disease attributable to a PI animal. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and cohort studies. ANIMALS: 2,000 cattle at the time they arrived at a feedlot, 1,383 chronically ill cattle from 7 feedlots, and 1,585 dead cattle from a single feedlot. PROCEDURE: Skin biopsy specimens were collected and evaluated via immunohistochemistry. Cattle were characterized as either PI or not PI with BVDV on the basis of characteristic immunostaining. Follow-up was obtained for the 2,000 cattle from which samples were collected at arrival, and health outcomes were determined for cattle exposed and not exposed to a PI animal. RESULTS: Prevalence of PI cattle was 0.3% at arrival, 2.6% in chronically ill cattle, and 2.5% in dead cattle. Risk of initial treatment for respiratory tract disease was 43% greater in cattle exposed to a PI animal, compared with those not exposed to a PI animal. Overall, 15.9% of initial respiratory tract disease events were attributable to exposure to a PI animal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Relatively few PI cattle arrive at feedlots. However, those cattle are more likely to require treatment for respiratory tract disease and either become chronically ill or die than cattle that are not PI. In addition, they are associated with an increase in the incidence of respiratory tract disease of in-contact cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of the blood lymphocyte population in cattle infected with the bovine leukemia virus.

Blood leukocytes of cattle characterized in terms of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection and persistent lymphocytosis (PL) were examined for the presence of lymphocyte subpopulation markers and viral antigens. The percentages of cells with surface and intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin M (IgM) and erythrocyte-antibody-rosetting cells agreed closely in all infected cattle. This correlation and the results of double labeling experiments indicate that virtually all the surface IgM-positive B-lymphocytes in the blood of these animals carry Fc receptors. In PL cattle, the percentages of surface IgM-positive cells were more than twice those of normal cells and accounted for all the increase in peripheral blood lymphocytes. B-cells accounted for most of the increase in peripheral blood lymphocytes seen in cattle with PL. In contrast, most BLV-infected, nonlymphocytotic cattle had normal percentages of B-cells. Thus, the expansion of the B-cell population in blood, while being a conspicuous characteristic of PL, is not necessarily a consequence of BLV infection per se. Comparisons of the percentages of IgM-positive and erythrocyte-antibody complement-rosetting cells, together with the results of double labeling experiments, indicate that about one-half the B-cells in the blood of cattle with PL lacked C-3 receptors. The proportion of these cells (most likely immature B-lymphocytes) was smaller in the blood of BLV-infected nonlymphocytotic cattle. Direct comparison showed that, in BLV-infected cattle with or without PL, and in BLV-free cattle, virtually all erythrocyte-rosetting blood cells had peanut agglutinin receptors. With only one exception, the numbers of erythrocyte-positive cells in the blood of BLV-infected cattle with or without PL were within normal values. The "null" blood cell population, estimated as the difference between the IgM-positive and erythrocyte-positive populations, was essentially unaffected in BLV-infected cattle without PL, but it was absent in PL cattle. The large majority of the B-lymphocytes present in the blood of cattle with PL were infected with BLV. The proportion of infected B-lymphocytes in the blood of BLV-positive nonlymphocytotic cattle was much lower. Even in cattle with low or moderate levels of BLV-infected blood lymphocytes, the percentages of these cells were remarkably constant during the 12-month period of the study. The data indicate that most of the BLV-infected B-lymphocytes of cattle with PL lack C-3 receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Isolation of respiratory bovine coronavirus, other cytocidal viruses, and Pasteurella spp from cattle involved in two natural outbreaks of shipping fever.

OBJECTIVE: To identify cytocidal viruses and Pasteurella spp that could be isolated from cattle involved in 2 natural outbreaks of shipping fever. ANIMALS: 105 and 120 castrated male 4- to 8-month-old feedlot cattle involved in 1997 and 1998 outbreaks, respectively. PROCEDURES: Nasal swab specimens and blood samples were collected, and cattle were vaccinated on arrival at an order-buyer barn from 4 local auction houses. Four days later, they were transported to a feedlot, and additional nasal swab specimens and blood samples were collected. Nasal swab specimens were submitted for virus isolation and bacterial culture; blood samples were submitted for measurement of respiratory bovine coronavirus (RBCV) hemagglutinin inhibition titers. RESULTS: 93 of 105 cattle and 106 of 120 cattle developed signs of respiratory tract disease during 1997 and 1998, respectively, and RBCV was isolated from 81 and 89 sick cattle, respectively, while at the order-buyer's barn or the day after arrival at the feedlot. During the 1997 outbreak, bovine herpesvirus 1 was isolated from 2 cattle at the order-buyer's barn and from 5 cattle 7 and 14 days after arrival at the feedlot, and parainfluenza virus 3 was isolated from 4 cattle 14 days after arrival at the feedlot. During the 1998 outbreak, bovine herpesvirus 1 was isolated from 2 cattle at the order-buyer's barn and on arrival at the feedlot and from 5 cattle 7 and 14 days after arrival at the feedlot, and parainfluenza virus 3 was isolated from 1 animal the day of, and from 18 cattle 7 and 14 days after, arrival at the feedlot. Pasteurella spp was cultured from 4 and 6 cattle at the order-buyer's barn and from 92 and 72 cattle on arrival at the feedlot during the 1997 and 1998 outbreaks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that RBCV may play a causative role in outbreaks of shipping fever in cattle. More than 80% of the sick cattle shed RBCV at the beginning of 2 outbreaks when the Pasteurella spp infection rate was low.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in beef cattle from transport to slaughter.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of typical production practices during the transport of cattle on the resulting incidence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in the feces, on the hides, and on the carcasses of these cattle and in the environment (trucks, holding pens, and knock boxes). Various factors were evaluated, including the type of animal (feedlot cattle vs. adult pasture cattle), the breed of cattle, the body condition of the animal, the age of the animal, the time of feed and water withdrawal, the contamination level of the transport vehicle at the feedlot or farm, the transport time, the time cattle were held in the holding pen at the plant, and the contamination level of the holding pen. Four groups of each type of animal were sampled on different days. Samples were collected from cattle prior to transport and after transport (rectal and hide swabs) as well as from the carcasses of these cattle. Pre- and posttransit samples were also taken from the transport vehicle and from the holding pen and knock box at the slaughter facility. For feedlot cattle, fecal shedding stayed fairly constant for both organisms before and after transport (3 to 5% for Salmonella and 64 to 68% for Campylobacter). However, the shedding rate for adult cattle increased from 1 to 21% for Salmonella but stayed constant for Campylobacter (6 to 7%). Contamination of hides with Salmonella increased for both animal types from a level of 18 to 20% to a level 50 to 56%. For Campylobacter, the contamination level decreased from 25 to 13% for feedlot cattle but remained unchanged for adult animals (1 to 2%). Nineteen percent of feedlot cattle carcasses and 54% of adult cattle carcasses tested positive for Salmonella, while only2% of feedlot cattle carcasses and none of the adult cattle carcasses tested positive for Campylobacter. Thus, for feedlot cattle, the factors considered in this study did not affect the shedding of either organism but did affect the contamination of hides with both. For adult animals, the factors increased both shedding of and hide contamination with Salmonella only, not Campylobacter.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1975

Bluetongue: the disease in cattle.

Most researchers in South Africa found that although BT virus could be isolated from apparently healthy cattle and from inoculated cattle the virus did not produce overt clinical disease in cattle. However, when epizootics were reported outside Africa, clinical signs were observed in cattle in Israel, Palestine, Syria, Portugal, and Spain. Most natural BT infections in cattle in the United States do not result in overt clinical signs. However, in certain infected herds, approximately 5% of the cattle show from mild to severe disease. Except for severe cases, spontaneous recovery is usual. The clinical diagnosis of BT in cattle is difficult and requires laboratory assistance. Culicoides variipennis can serve as a vector of BT virus from cattle to cattle, cattle to sheep, sheep to cattle, and sheep to sheep. In utero transmission occurs in cattle and can result in abortion, hydraencephaly, congenital deformity, and birth of viraemic calves which may or may not develop BT antibody. Calves inoculated in utero or those born to infected dams may have a persistent viraemia with or without BT antibody. tone such animal has been held in insect-secure quarters and has continued to harbour virus for 3 years. Bluetongue virus was isolated from the semen of experimentally infected bulls. Calves inoculated with BT virus and also given an immuno-suppressant developed marked clinical disease in 8 to 12 days. Bluetongue virus is very closely associated with the erythrocytes of infected cattle, sheep, and goats. Cattle are considered important and relatively long-term virus reservoirs. In attempts to determine the maximum period of viraemia in cattle it is necessary to inoculate washed erythrocytes, rather than whole blood, and to use susceptible sheep as the assay system rather than embryonated chicken eggs.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2000

Abomasal displacement and volvulus in beef cattle: 19 cases (1988-1998).

OBJECTIVE: To assess signalment, history, results of clinical and laboratory testing, and outcome for beef cattle with a left displaced abomasum (LDA), right displaced abomasum (RDA), or abomasal volvulus (AV). DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 19 beef cattle with an AV, LDA, or RDA. PROCEDURE: Signalment; history; results of physical examination, diagnostic testing, and surgical exploration; and condition of the animal at discharge were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: Fourteen cattle had an AV, 4 had an RDA, and 1 had an LDA. Duration of clinical signs ranged from 1 to 21 days. Eighteen cattle had an AV or RDA; 7 were Brahmans, 12 were males, and median age was 10 months. Abdominal distention was observed in 11 cattle, heart rate of > or = 100 beats/minute was detected in 14, and the abomasum was palpable per rectum in all cattle in which per rectal examination was performed. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, hyperglycemia, azotemia, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia were common laboratory findings. At surgery, 3 cattle with an AV or RDA had a ruptured abomasum. Of the remaining 15 cattle, 12 survived. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical course in beef cattle with an AV or RDA was more protracted than that typically associated with these conditions in dairy cattle, but survival rate in beef cattle that did not have rupture of the abomasum was similar to that of dairy cattle. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Abomasal displacement should be considered for beef cattle with abdominal distention. Prognostic indicators recommended for use in dairy cattle may not be useful for beef cattle.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1994

Host factors affecting seroprevalence of bluetongue virus infections of cattle.

Results of testing of 19,731 samples from a serologic survey of cattle with bluetongue virus (BTV) infections in Australia were analyzed for association between age, species, or sex and test result. Bivariate analysis indicated that all 3 host factors were associated with test result. After adjusting for confounding caused by the location of each animal in the study (high, moderate, and low BTV prevalence regions), cattle > or = 4 years old had an odds ratio of 4.33 (95% confidence interval, 3.99, 4.71) for a positive test result, compared with that for cattle < 2 years old. Cattle 2 to 4 years had an odds ratio of 2.28 (2.14, 2.54), compared with cattle < 2 years old. Bos taurus cattle had an odds ratio of 1.76 (1.63, 2.05) of a positive test result, compared with crossbred cattle, and B indicus cattle had an odds ratio of 1.20 (1.09, 1.33), compared with crossbred cattle. Sexually intact (+) male cattle were found to have an odds ratio of 3.13 (2.66, 3.49) for a positive test result, compared with castrated male (-) cattle, and female cattle were found to have an odds ratio of 1.38 (1.29, 1.48), compared with male (-) cattle. Multivariate analysis of BTV testing results was performed, using stepwise logistic regression. The most parsimonious model selected included age, species, and sex factors, and first-order interaction terms between these factors. This model was only able to be fit to data from cattle restricted to the high (> 25%) BTV prevalence region. Odds ratio were found to increase with age for male (-) cattle of all species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An estimate of specificity for a Johne's disease absorbed ELISA in northern Australian cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the specificity of an absorbed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for Johne's disease (JD) when used in mature cattle populations resident in northern Australia. DESIGN: Blood samples were collected from beef cattle in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia, and from dairy cattle in northern Queensland. The specificity of a serological test for JD was estimated by testing the blood samples with an absorbed ELISA kit. Further samples were collected from cattle with positive ELISA results to determine the presence or absence of infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. PROCEDURE: During 1995 and 1996, blood, tissue and gut contents were collected from beef cattle at abattoirs in Queensland and the Northern Territory; and blood and faecal samples were collected from dairy cattle in herds assessed to be most at risk for JD in northern Queensland. The blood samples were tested using an absorbed ELISA kit. Tissues and gut contents from beef cattle that had positive ELISA results were cultured for M. avium subsp paratuberculosis, and tissues were examined histologically. Faecal samples from dairy cattle with positive ELISA results were cultured for M. avium subsp paratuberculosis. RESULTS: Estimates of specificity for this absorbed ELISA in mature northern Australian cattle were 98.0% (97.0 to 98.8%, 95% CI) in beef cattle, and 98.3% (96.7 to 99.3%, 95% CI) in dairy cattle. CONCLUSION: Estimates of specificity in this study were lower for beef cattle from the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia and for dairy cattle from northern Queensland than those quoted from studies on cattle in southern Western Australia. This should be considered when serological testing using the JD ELISA is carried out on northern Australian cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Craniometrical estimation of the native Japanese Mishima cattle, using multivariate analysis.

The present study on measurement of the skull of Mishima cattle, which has been postulated as the only pure representative breed of native Japanese cattle, was performed using craniometrical multivariate analysis. The data of the skull of Mishima cattle was compared with 17 breeds of cattle, i.e. Korean cattle (Hamhung, Pyongyang, Chinju Suwon, and Kwangju), Mongolian cattle, Hainan Tao cattle, northeastern Chinese cattle (Shuangliao, Shenyang, Tongliao, Lüta, and Chilin), Astatic Water Buffalo, Yak, Bos Banteng, American Bison, and Holstein-Friesian. The Mishima cattle was included in the group of Korean breeds, especially it was closed on the group of Pyongyang and Chinju breeds. The distance on the craniometrical multivariate analyzing co-ordinate between Mishima cattle and Hainan Tao breed of Zebu cattle was larger than the distance between Mishima cattle and Korean breeds. While result, as a above the present study was very important for the origin of "Wagyu" (native Japanese cattle). Since the northern route theory of the origin of Mishima cattle has been reported on the type of serum enzymes and hemotypes. It was suggested that the craniometrical multivariate analysis supported to the northern route theory of the origin of Mishima cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Comparative analysis of rumen metagenomes with dietary supplementation of 3-nitrooxypropanol revealed divergent modes of action in hydrogen metabolism and reductant pathways between beef and dairy cattle.

BACKGROUND: The compound 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), an inhibitor of methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), reduces enteric methane production in both beef and dairy cattle. Although the proposed mechanisms of 3-NOP involve on inhibiting the activity of MCR in vivo, it is unknown how this process could affect rumen microbiome as a whole and if it differs between beef and dairy cattle. This study conducted a comparative analysis of the rumen microbiome and its functional shifts in four different cattle studies (two beef and two dairy cattle studies) that evaluated 3-NOP supplementation using metataxonomics and metagenomics. RESULTS: Comparative analysis of 281 rumen metataxonomic datasets (143 beef and 138 dairy cattle) revealed that dietary supplementation with 3-NOP affected rumen bacteria and methanogens. Further, comparative analysis of 54 metagenomic datasets (24 beef and 30 dairy cattle) revealed that 3-NOP inhibited mcrA, decreased the abundances of Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii and the protozoal species Isotricha prostoma, while increased the abundances of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Methanosphaera sp., Prevotella sp. was a significant bacterial taxon in both beef and dairy cattle, contributing to various pathways such as propionate and butyrate production. Its increased abundance after 3-NOP supplementation may also be linked to the decrease in Isotricha prostoma. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis decreased after 3-NOP supplementation with the abundance of genes involved in methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase decreased in beef cattle, while that of 4Fe-4S ferredoxin gene decreased in dairy cattle. The abundance of protozoal Polyplastron multivesiculatum increased after long-term 3-NOP supplementation in beef cattle, potentially due to changes in hydrogen (H2) partial pressure. During 3-NOP-mediated methanogenesis reduction, abundance of genes encoding methanogenic hydrogenase and H2 producing hydrogenase were decreased, while those encoding H2 sensory hydrogenase increased. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene involved in propionate and butyrate production pathways increased in both beef and dairy cattle, while nitrite reductase increased specifically in beef cattle, indicating a rise in alternative H2 sinks. Video Abstract CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed broad effects of 3-NOP on rumen microbiome and functions in vivo, with varied effects in beef and dairy cattle, which provide mechanistic insights into the supplementation of 3-NOP in both beef and dairy cattle, supporting its more sustainable and effective use in the future.

Metagenome↗
PubMed2001

A note on hair whorl position and cattle temperament in the auction ring.

The objective of this study was to further describe the relationships between facial hair whorls and temperament in cattle. Cattle (n=1636) from six commercial cattle auctions in Colorado and Texas were observed. Whorl location was classified according to lateral position (left, right, or middle) and height (high: above the top of the eye, middle: at eye level, low: below the bottom of the eye). A 4-point temperament score was used to rate each animal while it was in the auction ring. Cattle with a score of 1 remained calm and stood still or walked around, and those with a score of 4 were highly agitated and hit the ring fence, walls, partitions, or people with its head. The cattle observed were 75% Bos taurus beef breeds, 21% Holstein dairy cattle, 3% Bos indicus beef breeds, and 1% non-Holstein dairy breeds. Ten percent of cattle surveyed had no facial hair whorl, while 86% had a single spiral hair whorl, of which 47% had middle-middle whorl placement. Animals with a high whorl position or no hair whorl had higher temperament scores (P=0.01). Cattle with low whorls were more likely to have greater lateral displacement of whorls off of the centerline than cattle with high or middle whorls (P<0.01). Abnormally shaped whorls were more common on cattle with low whorls (P<0.01) and on cattle with lateral whorls located off of the centerline (P<0.01). Cattle with hair whorls on the centerline had more variable temperament scores (P=0.04). Beef cattle had more abnormal whorls than Holsteins (P<0.01). Temperament scores showed that Holsteins were calmer than beef cattle (P<0.01). Facial hair whorls in cattle may be a useful management tool in assessing which animals may become disturbed in novel environments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Seroprevalences of vector-transmitted infections of small-holder dairy cattle in coastal Kenya.

A cross-sectional study was carried out from July to September 1989 in Kaloleni Division, Coast Province, Kenya to estimate the prevalence of vector-transmitted diseases in small-holder dairy cattle and to identify the risk factors associated with different management systems. One hundred and thirty of the 157 herds with dairy cattle in Kaloleni Division were surveyed. These were from three agro-ecological zones (coconut-cassava, cashew nut-cassava and livestock-millet), comprised two management systems (stall-feeding and herded grazing) and were herds with either dairy cattle only or with Zebu and dairy cattle. A formal questionnaire sought answers to questions on cattle health and management practices. A total of 734 dairy and 205 Zebu cattle in 78 dairy and 52 mixed (dairy and Zebu) herds were sampled and screened for haemoparasites (Trypanosoma, Anaplasma, Babesia, and Theileria infections). Sera were tested for antibodies to Theileria parva, using the schizonts-antigen indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) test and to antibodies for Babesia bigemina and antigens to Anaplasma marginale by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Packed-cell volume (PCV) also was measured. Tick-control measures were practised by all except three of the farmers. Despite this, overall seroprevalence to T. parva was >70%--suggesting either that control practices were not strictly implemented or they were ineffective. The seroprevalence of T. parva in adult cattle kept in stall-feeding systems in the coconut-cassava zone was significantly lower (57+/-8% (S.E.)) than in herded-grazing systems (79+/-3%) and there was no association between antibody prevalence and age of cattle in this zone. Antibody prevalences in cattle in the cashew nut-cassava and the drier livestock-millet zone increased with age. Cattle in herded-grazing systems had an overall lower seroprevalence of T. parva infection in the livestock-millet zone (45+/-6%) than in the other two zones. Analysis was confined to the coconut-cassava zone for B. bigemina and to the coconut-cassava and cashew nut-cassava zones for A. marginale. Mean prevalences of B. bigemina were 40.9+/-9 and 73+/-6% for dairy cattle under stall-feeding and herded-grazing systems, respectively, and increased with age. Antigen prevalences of A. marginale were over 80% in all age groups of cattle in the coconut-cassava and cashew nut-cassava zones. Overall trypanosome prevalence in cattle was <1%. Trypanocidal treatment was uncommon. The variations in antibody prevalence associated with risk factors such as feeding system, agro-ecological zone and age of animal suggest that management system influenced exposure to tick-borne infection (particularly, T. parva infections) in small-holder dairy cattle in coastal Kenya.

Agriculture↗