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PubMed1995

The statolith compartment in Chara rhizoids contains carbohydrate and protein.

In contrast to higher plants, the alga Chara has rhizoids with single membrane-bound compartments that function as statoliths in gravity perception. Previous work has demonstrated that these statoliths contain barium sulfate crystals. In this study, we show that statoliths in Chara rhizoids react with a Coomassie Brilliant Blue cytochemical stain for proteins. While statoliths did not react with silver methenamine carbohydrate cytochemistry, the monoclonal antibody CCRC-M2, which is against a carbohydrate (sycamore-maple rhamnogalacturonan I), labeled the statolith compartment. These results demonstrate that in addition to barium sulfate, statoliths in Chara rhizoids have an organic matrix that consists of protein and carbohydrate moieties. Since the statoliths were silver methenamine negative, the carbohydrate in this compartment could be a 3-linked polysaccharide. CCRC-M2 also labeled Golgi cisternae, Golgi-associated vesicles, apical vesicles, and cell walls in the rhizoids. The specificity of CCRC-M2 immunolabeling was verified by several control experiments, including the demonstration that labeling was abolished when the antibody was preabsorbed with its antigen. Since in this and a previous study (John Z. Kiss and L. Andrew Staehelin, American Journal of Botany 80: 273-282, 1993) antibodies against higher plant carbohydrates crossreacted with cell walls of Chara in a specific manner, Characean algae may be a useful model system in biochemical and molecular studies of cell walls.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1998

[A brief history of the development of Turkish pharmacognosy].

1839-1909: The Foundation Period: The education of pharmacy through the apprenticeship system ended up as a "Pharmacology Branch" of the "Military Medical School" which was founded in 1839 in Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire. A "Civil Pharmacology Branch" was founded in 1867. The education of pharmacognosy, called "Matiere Medicale" and "Mufredat-i Tip" too, was started during this period. 1909 (1913)-1945: The Institutionalization Period; The education of pharmacognosy as it is understood today was included in the curriculum of the Pharmacology School in 1909, before the foundation of the Turkish Republic; however, the pharmacognosy education was eventually started in 1913. During this period, the School of Pharmacology was administratively a part of the Medical School: and later the School of Science; then it was reattached to the Medical School, yet it had its own separate building. 1945-1963: The Period of Development: This is the period when academic studies on pharmacognosy started and a "Pharmacognosy Institute" was established as a part of the Pharmacology School of the Medical School in 1945. Professor doctor Sarim Celebioglu, who had a Ph.D from Berlin University, was appointed as a director of this institute and directed it until 1962. Approximately for 40 years the education and research on pharmacognosy and pharmaceutical botany was handled only in the Istanbul University. 1962-1997: Reform and Improvement Period: Today there are eight pharmacology schools in Turkey; three in Ankara, one in Erzurum (1997), one in Eskisehir, two in Instanbul and one in Izmir. Pharmacognosy education is carried out in all of these schools. Additionally, there are three research centers which were founded by the pharmacognosy divisions of the Ankara, Anadolu and Istanbul Universities.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1997

[Choose science! in a historical perspective: changing views on girls' education and the sciences, 1650-1880].

According to recent historiography on women/gender and science, the uneasy relationship between women and the exact sciences only arose when in the last quarter of the nineteenth century secondary education for girls was organised and structured in opposition to boys' education, stressing the importance of a 'modern' curriculum. Before that moment women had taken part in the popular science culture as visitors of public lectures, as amateur and rather more professional scientists and as writers of best selling books on botany, chemistry or physics. This thesis, as argued most convincingly by Patricia Phillips in her book The Scientific Lady (1990), is tested for the Netherlands. Part I deals with recent literature on the history of gender and science. Part II explores the extent to which women had access to eighteenth-century science culture in the Netherlands, and the traces this left on early nineteenth-century education for girls. The author shows that the educational reformer Barbara van Meerten-Schilperoort did indeed pay quite some attention to the 'sciences' in her curriculum proposal as well as in her publications. This confirms the thesis that only when women gained access to formal education in girls' schools next to the state regulated boys' schools for secondary education, were the exact sciences labelled 'masculine', and contrasted with the 'feminine' humanities, in part as a reflection of the respective curricula.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Julien-Francois Jeannel (1814-1896). A "Prothee", or a singular military pharmacist officer].

Military pharmacist officer since 1838, Julien Jeannel studied medicine too (1838 Class). During the algerian campaign (1840), surrounded inside Medea, he slaughtered the whole part of sick animals to cook up bubbles next changed into stock cubes (Never patented!). Nominated in Toulouse and further in Bordeaux, he wrote many books about worker's medicine, anaesthesia, suicide, syphilis, prostitution as well as a french Codex the Army used until 1918. In 1858, he set up the A.G.M.F. (French General Practitioner's Association). He enlarged the purpose of cultural gardens and promoted reforestation,. Imperial Guard Field-officer during the 1870-71 War, he was among the Metz besieged; there, he contrived a gadget: small hydrogen balloons carrying letters - a king of "air mail"! After retiring, he founded with Ferau and Papillion the Lille Free Medical University. Then he ended his life at Villefranche sur Mer, devoted to botany and natural sciences; he published "Les Fables de La Fontaine" meant for young people.

France↗
PubMed1994

[On the centenary of József Török's death (1813-1894) a physician and scientist].

The author investigates the career of József Török (1813-1894), who was a physician, surgeon, and a lecturer in chemistry and sciences at the College of the Reformed Church at Debrecen. Török's reputation was established, nevertheless, by his famous work, the First class medical waters and spas of the two Hungarian homelands. On their natural, chemical and therapeutical power, which he finished in 1847. Török, born in a family of a reformed clergyman, was educated in Debrecen, studied medicine at the university of Pest and spent two years at the universities of Paris, Berlin and Vienna. At Paris he attended the courses of Eluard Chassaignac, at Berlin those of Schönlein and Dieffenbach and at Vienna Rokitansky, Skoda and Hebre were his professors. Though returning to Hungary he practiced as a private doctor and later lectured in dietetics, he was unable--probably owing to his Calvinist faith--to receive a full time post at the university and in 1847 accepted the invitation of the College of Debrecen to lecture in chemistry, botany and mineralogy. He took part as a head physician in legal forensic medicine, and public health. The author emphasizes that Török not only introduced chemistry into secondary school education of human anthropology but created a new curriculum of science for secondary schools as well. His enterprise was a very important innovation in Hungarian public school education. His other main contribution was his famous book on the mineral waters of Hungary, which was awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1847. This balneological work detailed the spas of 19th century Hungary, and--in its second edition in 1859--gave an elaborated bibliography for such books published between 1631-1856. The work was a real breakthrough in Hungarian balneology. The author also investigates the interests of Török in the flora and fauna of the surrounding area of Debrecen, and his geological publications as well.

Balneology↗
PubMed1993

[On the beginnings of sixteen-century science in Hungary].

Among the 222 letters by Gáspár Fraxinus to Count Nádasdy that have been recently published by T. Vida and T. Grynaeus (Budapest 1988), some 88 are concerned with or at least mention medical therapies and pharmaceutical practice. The authors examined the scientific terms and usage of the correspondence, and corroborate and detail the findings of Botta about the emergence of pharmaco-botanical education in the Nádsdys chateau at Sárvár during the first half of the XVIth century. The first scientific writer of this school interested in botany and medicine was the Hungarian humanist and teacher, the translator of the New Testament, Johannes Sylvester (Erdosi Sylvester János). In his book, the Grammatica Hungaro-Latina (1539) and in his translation of the New Testament (1541) he was the first to publish texts in Hungarian that referred to plants and maladies. The leading figure of the school, however, was Caspar Fraxinus (Szegedi Korös Gáspár), the humanist physician and friend of the Italian A. Fracantianus and P. Matthiolus. According to his letters, the authors suppose that he might have been the tutor of Peter Melius (Somogyi Juhász Péter), and Georg Lenczius (Váradi Lencsés György), whom both became respected scholars later on. Melius made name for himself as the writer of the first pharmaco-botanical monograph in Hungarian (Herbarium, Kolozsvár, 1578). Lenczius, on the other hand, wrote exhaustively in his six-volume Ars medica (Gyulafehévár, 1570-90) about theoretical and practical medicine. Though inventively arguing in favour of the connections between Fraxinus, Melius and Lencsés, the main contribution of the article is rather the collection of pharmaceutical and botanical terms that appeared in letters of these persons who visited Sárvár, or even stayed there. The authors give a set of thoroughly elaborated indices, about medical plants and herbs, (either in Latin or Hungarian), about medicaments and drugs, names of illnesses and anatomical terms; about the suggested or used therapies, the names of famous physicians and scientists, etc. By the use of these lists the detailed scientific knowledge and medical education of these late Renaissance characters are perfectly raised.

History, 16th Century↗
PubMed1994

[On the most ancient of the "Brenet medals"].

The founding of the Schools of Pharmacy was celebrated in the Year XII by the issuing of fifty silver medals engraved by Brenet and intended for these schools. Only two of them have since been located. But, the "Brenet medals" have also served as prizes in competitions in the School of Pharmacy of Paris since the Year XII and for the Pharmaceutical Society. The autor is in possession of one, also bestowed in the Year XII, but for a "Second Prize in Botany" in Rouen, a city which was at that time without an official teaching institution in medicine or pharmacy. Its recipient was probably a medical student taking courses organized in the Hotel-Dieu of Rouen.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human main plant poisoning: revue of the literature].

The authors have reviewed the main toxic plants responsible for human deaths throughout the world. Forty plants (genera or species) were listed in order to establish an inventory of the botany of the plant, its use, the active molecules that could be identified, the already published analytical methods and the reported human fatal cases.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

[Edmond Sergent (1876-1969) and the Pasteur Institute of Algeria].

Edmond Sergent, supported by a distinguished team of colleagues, directed the Pasteur Institute of Algeria for over 60 years, from 1900 to 1963. As a student of Emile Roux, Sergent had received a Pasteurian training. His institute devoted extensive study to malaria. Sergent defined the concept of prevention and extended it to other pathologies. For many years, the Institute persevered in carrying out successful antimalarial campaigns such that Algeria was freed of the disease. In 1916-1917, Sergent and his brother were called upon to organise anti-malarial efforts for the Armée d'Orient. By way of systematic and energetic curative and prophylactic measures, they were able to eradicate the disease. In 1908, the Sergent brothers were the first to discover the role of the louse in the transmission of another disease, relapsing fever. The Pasteur Institute team also discovered the sand fly vector which transmits the parasite causing leishmaniasis. The Sergents found a new form of oculonasal myiasis, called "Thimni". In addition, they led effective campaigns against tuberculosis based on BCG vaccination administered throughout Algeria. The Pasteur Institute of Algeria conducted important research in plant and animal diseases. For example, they detected a trypanosome agent causing dromedary "debab", as well as its vector, the horsefly. They also studied in depth bovine piroplasmosis, which causes widespread and destructive disease, and demonstrated the role of the tick in promoting transmission generally. Their work in botany included the discovery that a Fusarium-type fungus was the causal agent for "baïoudh", the main disease of date palms. They also demonstrated the basic role of the fruit fly in alcoholic grape fermentation.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2001

[Geneva aspects of the Lyssenko affair (recollections of a witness)].

T. Lyssenko (1898-1976) was an Ukrainian agricultural expert who defended and tried to proof the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He rejected the validity of the chromosome theory of heredity inspired by Mendel and Morgan and finally came to the top of the scientific authorities of Soviet biology. Since 1948 he was known in the Western countries, and a few scientists adopted his views, especially in France, Belgium and Geneva. At the Institute of Botany of the University of Geneva several papers inspired by him were written and a doctoral thesis; a public debate also took place in 1949. Lyssenko lost power in the sixties and since then has lost credibility everywhere.

Genetics↗
PubMed2001

[History of the Naval School of Anatomy and Surgery of Rochefort (1722-1964)].

The Ecole d'anatomie et de chirurgie navale de Rochefort was created on February 5, 1722 by Jean Cochon-Dupuy. Anatomy, internal medicine and botany were taught together with the art of bandages. The major professor was the first medicine doctor of the port, afterwards came the first surgeon. At the end of the XVIIIth century the number of subjects and teachers increased. Many terms of probation were also organized. This school was closed in 1964.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1999

[Studies on hereditary variations of millet seed after high altitude balloon flight].

OBJECTIVE: To select high yield, high protein and fatty acid millet. METHOD: Air-dried seeds of millet were carried by high altitude balloon (HAB) for 8 h. Botany characteristics of these seeds were analyzed and studied after recovery. RESULT: Germinating potential rose 21.1%, germinating percentage reduced 5.2% as compared with the control; plant height was 6.8 cm lower than that of the control in SP1; while flag-leaf area and spike weight were 25% and 15.9% higher than those of the control respectively. Large-spike strains were stable in SP3 pregeny. In SP3(-2), the contents of seed protein and fatty acid were more than those of control; in SP3(-5), the average spike length was 5.8 cm, and the content of Fe element in seed was 61.5 mg/kg more than these of control; in SP4 superspike strains, spike character, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were significantly higher than the control during growing phase and growing anaphase, photosynthetic rate in flag-leaf was over 27.9% higher than those in the control. CONCLUSION: New strains with high protein and fatty acid and high yield could be selected by HAB. The characteristics of these variations in the new strain is hereditable.

Chlorophyll↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Erasmian influences among renaissance physicians].

The fundamental aspects of Erasmus's ethic humanism consisted of ideals of universal peace and tolerance. These ideals are exposed in the great works of his maturity Colloquia and Adagia read and meditated on by renaissance physicians in England, Spain, Germany, Italy, and also in the New Spain. Erasmus's readers were learned and numerous. Among his pupils and supporters in Spain were humanist physicians of Madrid such as Doctors Suárez and Juan de Jarava. Other supporters were in the group of the Sevillian physicians and naturalists. Among the Erasmist physicians, residing in other regions was doctor Andrés Laguna, who translated into Spanish the Dioscorides treatise on medical botany. Many physicians living in New Spain owned copies of Erasmian works, such as Doctors Pedro López (the second) and Juan de la Fuente, who was in charge of the first medical chair at the University of Mexico. The protophysician Francisco Hernández, in response to a petition of Archbishop Pedro Moya de Contreras, wrote a Christian catechism of Erasmian influence, destined for humanists in NewSpain. As asserted by Johan Huizinga, Erasmus was the sole humanist who really wrote for everyone, i.e. for all cultured people.

Europe↗
PubMed2002

[Boerhaave: a brilliant mind and a virtuous character].

Hermann Boerhaave (1668-1738), a physician and humanist, is considered one of the most influential clinicians and professors of the eighteenth century. He was a medical teacher in Leiden, Holland, reaching great fame and celebrity in his city and around, extending outside of Europe into China. His contemporaries would name him "Europe's professor". He obtained his academic degrees in philosophy, chemistry and botany, but continued in medicine which more befit his nature. This brilliant man declared himself in favour of experimental knowledge instead of theory and, following Thomas Sydenham, he greatly contributed in making clinical medicine more systematic. In some extent he was the founder of academic hospitals. Boerhaave was an affectionate, cheerful and correct man, an admirable example of moderation, vigour, humbleness and devotion. In the last months of his life, suffering a painful disease, he showed his strength by letting his soul master himself, and resigned to the will of God.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2001

[Systematic study on the authentic and superior medicinal herba and GAP of herba asari].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the methodology of the systematic study on the Authentic and Superior Medicinal Herba and GAP of Herba Asari. METHOD: The study was made by textual criticism of Herbology, Botany, Palynology, Cytology, Chemistry, Pharmacology, the analytic methods of allozyme and RAPD. Many subjects on the herb were investigated, such as history, botanical origin, routine examination, morphology of pollen, chromosome and karyotype, the content of oil and its pharmacological effects and so on. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The methodology of systematic study on the Authentic and Superior Medicinal Herba was provided. According to the results of the systematic study, the GAP of the herb can be made.

Asarum↗
PubMed1997

[Herbal research of uigurian drug Mandragora officinarum].

Mandragora officinarum L. is one of the traditional drug recorded in Uigurian document, but Uigurian doctors mistake Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. for Mandragora officinarum L. By herbal study and research of systematic botany for Uigurian drug Mandragora officinarum L., this paper considers that is doesn't substitute Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. for Mandragora officinarum L.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed1997

The relation between Greek and Islamic materia medica.

Many studies have been made on the exact data of the introduction of Greek sciences to the Arabic culture. During the 8th and 9th centuries A.D. a big progress was done in the Arab-Islamic sciences, when the Caliphs of the Omayad and Abbasid dynasties invited many scientists, researchers and translators for translation of all sciences into Arabic. The Arabs paid special attention to the Greek natural sciences such as botany and pharmacy. Greek materia medica was a major common basis for Arab-Islamic medicine and pharmacy which in turn paved the way to the modern pharmaceutical therapy.

Arab World↗
PubMed2003

Enslaved Africans and doctors in South Carolina.

This interpretation of the relationship between enslavement and American medicine in 19th century South Carolina reveals the intimacy that existed between Africans enslaved in that state and the doctors who practiced and taught there. Enslaved Africans were resourceful and reliable medical figures in the slave community. Their knowledge of medical botany permeated the slave quarters and plantation hospitals and was appropriated into southern medical knowledge. The trajectories of the careers of three South Carolina physicians are tied to their practice around and on the enslaved. The beginnings of gynecological surgery are linked to 1840s experimentation on enslaved African women performed by one of them.

Black or African American↗