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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

International differences in body height and weight and their relationship to cancer incidence.

The relationship between body size (adult height and weight) and cancer incidence was investigated in an international ecological study of 24 populations. Site-specific and total cancer incidence rates (age standardized) from 1973 to 1977 were correlated with body size data generally obtained between 1954 and 1974. All-sites cancer incidence was highly correlated with height among both men (r = 0.50; p less than or equal to 0.01) and women (r = 0.70; p less than or equal to 0.001). Among men, there were significant correlations between height and cancers of the central nervous system (r = 0.72), prostate (r = 0.66), bladder (r = 0.65), pancreas (r = 0.59), lung (r = 0.47), and colon (r = 0.46). Significant correlations were observed for cancers of the rectum (r = 0.76), pancreas (r = 0.75), ovary (r = 0.73), central nervous system (r = 0.68), breast (r = 0.65), uterine corpus (r = 0.50), and bladder (r = 0.48) in women. Adjustment for weight altered these correlations only minimally. Weight was significantly correlated to all-sites cancer only among women (r = 0.44; p less than 0.05), and site-specific correlations were significant for the same sites as for height, but the magnitude of the correlation coefficients was somewhat diminished. In addition, adjustment for height greatly reduced the correlations with weight. These findings support previously observed associations between height and specific cancers (e.g., breast and colon) and identify several additional cancer sites that may be similarly related.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Measurement of vertebral body heights: ex vivo comparisons between morphometric X-ray absorptiometry, morphometric radiography and direct measurements.

Morphometric X-ray absorptiometry (MXA) offers some potential advantages over spinal radiography for the quantitative evaluation of vertebral fractures in individuals with spinal osteoporosis. This ex vivo study examined the accuracy of MXA and quantitative morphometry (QM) for the evaluation of vertebral height, in relation to direct measurements from cadaveric vertebral columns. Spinal radiographs and MXA scans were obtained from nine cadaveric vertebral columns (mean age at death 64 years). Anterior, middle and posterior vertebral body heights of all segments from T4 to L4 were measured interactively using MXA software and QM (from the spinal radiographs), and compared with direct measurements derived using digital callipers following cadaveric dissection. Coefficients of variation for repeat QM and MXA scan analysis were less than 2%. The QM and MXA measurements were both strongly correlated (r(2) = 0.99) with the direct measurements, with accuracy errors of between 2.6% and 4.3%, and 4.5% and 4.8%, for QM and MXA respectively. At the three measurement sites, analysis of measurement differences showed that QM tended to overestimate the true height and MXA tended towards under-estimation. The mean difference between the direct measurements and QM measurements ranged from 2.7% to 8.7%, and the mean difference between direct and MXA measurements ranged from -2. 9% to 4.1%. There was strong linear association between the MXA and QM measurements (r(2) = 0.99) with mean differences at the three measurement sites ranging from -4.1% to -5.9%. Under the optimal (ex vivo) scanning conditions used in this study, MXA is comparable to spinal radiography for the assessment of vertebral height. Further studies are required to determine the conditions under which satisfactory MXA image resolution and measurement accuracy can be achieved in a clinical population.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Tall or short? Twenty years after preeclampsia exposure in utero: comparisons of final height, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and age at menarche among women, exposed and unexposed to preeclampsia during fetal life.

Women exposed to preeclampsia during fetal life have lower risk of breast cancer, compared with unexposed women, possibly through fetal programming. Hypothetically, preeclampsia exposure could affect well-known risk factors for breast cancer, such as pubertal development or adult anthropometry. Women born in a defined geographic area of Sweden from 1973 through 1978, with verified preeclampsia exposure (n = 230) and nonexposure (n = 359) during fetal life, answered questions about anthropometric measures, smoking, parity, and age at menarche in a telephone interview in early adulthood. Compared with unexposed offspring, female offspring of women who had preeclampsia were lighter and shorter for gestational age, but in young adulthood there were no differences in height, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, or age at menarche. When analyzing the effects of other maternal and fetal characteristics, the results indicate that approximately 50% of the variance in final height was explained by parental heights and birth length for gestational age. Young-adult body mass index was weakly associated with maternal body mass index, maternal smoking, and birth weight for gestational age, which together explained 12% of the variance. Neither of the assessed maternal or fetal characteristics were significantly associated with age at menarche or waist-to-hip ratio. These data indicate that neither adult anthropometry nor age at menarche is in the causal pathway between intrauterine preeclampsia exposure and the reduced risk of breast cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Secular trend in body height and weight of Australian children and adolescents.

Secular changes in growth and maturation have been well documented in various world populations, with secular increase especially noticeable in the developed countries. To assess the trend in both adult size and tempo of growth we compared the data on stature and body weight obtained in 1992-1993 from 1,804 Melbourne school students aged 5 to 17 with historical data collected from white Australians during the last 100 years. We illustrate the age-dependent trend in stature and body weight by means of regression surfaces. These were constructed by fitting local regression models to historical data and by simple plots showing the overall, and per decade, secular increase in both these measures at peripubertal and adult ages. Because of limited information on sample sizes and variability provided by the historical data, statistical comparisons have been performed only between the present 1992-1993 survey and two earlier independent surveys conducted in 1985 and 1970. The results have shown secular increase in adult stature over the last century, with the rate of increase varying between 0.4 and 2.1 cm/decade in males and 0.01 and 1.6 cm/decade in females. While secular increase in stature has significantly slowed down during the last two decades, the increase in body weight is still continuing at a high rate, and this increase is more pronounced in females. The period of strong secular increase, especially in the tempo of growth, coincided both with the shift toward earlier menarche and the improvement of socioeconomic conditions of the Australian population. The need for further studies to identify factors determining the continuing increase in body weight is emphasized, and caution in using the existing national growth standards for stature and weight is recommended.

Adolescent↗