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PubMed2004

The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth.

This study examined the relationship of internalized racism (INR) and hostility to body fat distribution and insulin resistance in black adolescent children age 14-16 years on the Caribbean island of Barbados. Questionnaire data on psychosocial variables and anthropometric measurements, together with a fasting blood sample, were obtained from 53 low-birthweight and 119 normal-birthweight adolescents. Insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Spearman correlation analyses showed that both INR (r = 0.244) and hostility (r = 0.204) were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with waist circumference in girls but not boys. Among girls, age- and birthweight-adjusted mean levels of BMI and waist circumference were greater for those with high levels of INR and hostility compared to those with low levels of both variables. In multiple logistic regression analyses, a high INR remained independently associated [odds ratio = 3.30 (95% CI = 1.30-8.36); p = 0.012] with having an elevated HOMA value in models that included age, income, birthweight, hostility, physical activity and family history of diabetes. The results of the current study show that the positive relationship between INR and metabolic health risk seen in African-Caribbean adults also exists in African Caribbean adolescent youth independent of birthweight.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Influence of obesity and body fat distribution on postprandial lipemia and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in adult women.

We know that upper body obesity is associated with metabolic complications, but we don't know how regional body fat distribution influences postprandial lipemia in obese adults. Thus, this study explored the respective effects of android or gynoid types of obesity and fasting triglyceridemia on postprandial lipid metabolism and especially triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Twenty-four obese and 6 lean normotriglyceridemic women (control), age 24-57 yr, were enrolled. Among obese women with an android phenotype, 9 exhibited normal plasma triglyceride levels (mean: 1.38 mmol/L) (NTAO), and 7 displayed a frank hypertriglyceridemia (mean: 2.40 mmol/L) (HTAO). The 8 patients with a gynoid phenotype had normal triglyceride levels (mean: 1.00 mmol/L) (GO). All were given a mixed test meal providing 40 g triglycerides. Serum and incremental chylomicron triglycerides 0-7 h areas under the curve (AUCs) as well as triglyceride levels in apoB-48-containing triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRLs) or chylomicrons were significantly higher in HTAOs and NTAOs than in GOs and controls postprandially. The size of chylomicron particles was bigger in controls and GOs than in HTAOs and NTAOs postprandially. Android obese subjects showed abnormally elevated fasting apoB-48 and apoB-100 triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) levels. Most abnormalities that were found correlated to plasma levels of insulin and apoC-III. In conclusion, an abnormal postprandial lipid pattern is a trait of abdominal obesity even without fasting hypertriglyceridemia.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Fat distribution, body mass index and blood pressure in 22,090 men and women in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk) study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between fat distribution and blood pressure, independent of body mass index. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, population-based study. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Participants, 9936 men and 12,154 women aged 45-79 years, were recruited from general practices in Norfolk, United Kingdom for the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk) study. Participants filled in a health and lifestyle questionnaire and their blood pressure and anthropometry were measured at a clinic. We mainly used waist-hip ratio (WHR) to assess body fat distribution. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased linearly across the whole range of waist-hip ratio in both men and women. The relation was independent of age, body mass index (BMI) and other covariates. Separately, waist and hip circumferences were positively related to SBP and DBP. When adjusted for BMI, waist circumference was positively related to SBP (in women) and DBP (in both men and women), whereas hip circumference was inversely related to SBP (but not DBP) in both men and women. Stratifying by tertiles of waist and hip circumference, age- and BMI-adjusted SBP and DBP were highest among those with high waist and small hip circumference measures. CONCLUSION: Waist-hip ratio was independently related to blood pressure. Waist-hip ratio could reflect the separate and opposite relations of waist and hip circumferences on blood pressure. Characterizing patterns of fat distribution may have implications in the assessment and control of obesity-related blood pressure elevation.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2002

Estrogen treatment and body fat distribution are involved in corticotropin and cortisol response to corticotropin-releasing hormone in postmenopausal women.

To assess the effect of transdermal estrogen substitution on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness/sensitivity and the impact of the antrophometric characteristics on these parameters, 20 postmenopausal women seeking treatment for the relief of postemenopausal symptoms were studied. They received transdermal 50 microg/d estradiol for 12 weeks (estrogen replacement therapy [ERT]). Patients were classified as low waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (peripheral fat distribution women; n = 12) and high WHR (central fat distribution women; n = 8) according to the cut-off value of 0.85. Plasma hormone and lipid concentration were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Results were compared with a group of 8 placebo-treated patients who served as controls. Corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol (F) were expressed as fasting values, area under the curve (AUC), and time course over 90 minutes after corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) intravenous (IV) bolus (1 microg/kg body weight [BW]). Adrenal sensitivity to CRH stimulus was expressed as time course over 90 minutes and AUC of the F/ACTH molar ratio. The plasma F levels in response to ACTH stimulation did not change after ERT; however, a highly significant improvement of adrenal sensitivity was observed (P <.01). In fact, estrogen treatment significantly decreased the amount of ACTH produced after CRH stimulation, both as absolute time course and AUC (P <.01). No significant change was observed in controls. Considering body fat distribution, the high WHR group showed higher ACTH (P <.01), lower F/ACTH values, and superimposable F plasma values compared with the low WHR group. Estrogen treatment induced a significant ACTH reduction after CRH (P <.01) only in the high WHR group, whereas cortisol response was similar in both groups both before and after treatment. A significant negative correlation was found between WHR and adrenal sensitivity before treatment. ERT significantly improved adrenal sensitivity only in the low WHR group (P <.01). These data suggest that different mechanisms can prevail in the control of the HPA axis in menopause. Estrogens could exert different effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, as well as on adrenal function, and these changes seem to be partially dependent on the pattern of body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Age trends in adiposity and central body fat distribution among adult white men resident in Peterborough, East Anglia, England.

The pattern of fat distribution is related to a large number of variables of clinical importance. Many anthropometric indices have been derived which are surrogate measures of central fat distribution. However, systematic information on age variations in regional adiposity and central fat distribution is incomplete. The present study investigates the age variations in regional adiposity and five indices of central fat distribution among 262 adult White men resident in Peterborough, East Anglia, England. The five indices were studied: subscapular/triceps (STSR), abdomen/triceps (ATSR) and centripetal fat (CPFR) skinfold ratios, waist/hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index (CI). In general, the age patterns show progressive trend towards increasing central body fat distribution. The associations of age with all five central fat distribution indices were significant. These significant associations remained even after controlling for the body mass index (BMI). Therefore, this study provided evidence that there is a significant positive trend of increased central adiposity and fat distribution with increasing age in native English men. This trend is independent of BMI, which is a measure of overall adiposity. Such trends of enhanced fat accumulation in the central region of the body with age could have serious health implications especially with regard to chronic diseases like coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension (HT) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Future studies should also investigate whether the same phenomenon exists in other ethnic groups resident in Britain like South Asians who have very high prevalence of CHD and NIDDM.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Serum iron and body fat distribution in a multiethnic cohort of adults living in New York City.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between serum iron and body composition in a multiracial adult cohort. METHODS: The analysis consisted of 670 participants on whom blood analysis and anthropometric data were available. The participants were recruited as part of the Rosetta Study (1990-2000), which was designed to assess body composition in a multiethnic cohort of healthy adults. Fasting iron level was measured as part of a biochemistry panel. Dual x-ray absorptiometry was used to assess fat mass. Anthropometric measures included waist circumference and body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m(2)) as an index of abdominal adiposity and overall body fatness, respectively. RESULTS: In the study cohort the mean age was 54+/-17 years and 60.9% were overweight or obese (BMI > or =25). Men had higher serum iron levels (94.91+/-34.52 microg/dL [16.99+/-6.18 micromol/L] vs 82.17+/-32.62 microg/dL [14.71+/-5.84 micromol/L]) and larger waist circumference (91.98+/-11.87 cm vs 85.24+/-12.37 cm) compared with women (P<0.001). Iron was inversely correlated with BMI (r=-0.23, P<0.001), waist circumference (r=-0.19, P<0.05), and fat mass (r=-0.19, P<0.05) among Hispanic women but not among African-American, white, or Asian women or in men of any race/ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show an inverse association of measures of body fat distribution and total fat mass with serum iron level in Hispanic women. Studies designed to explore how micronutrients are used by the body at varying degrees of body fatness could provide useful information on the micronutrient-related comorbidities of obesity.

Abdominal Fat↗
PubMed2002

Body fat distribution and cardiovascular disease risk factors in pre- and postmenopausal obese women with similar BMI.

The aim of this study is to determine the body fat distribution and cardiovascular disease risk factors in pre- and postmenopausal obese women matched for weight, height and body mass index (BMI). Study group consisted of 405 premenopausal overweight/obese (BMI > 27 kg/m2, mean 37.83 +/- 6.91 kg/m2) and 405 postmenopausal overweight/obese (BMI > 27 kg/m2), BMI-matched (mean 37.77 +/- 6.84 kg/m2) women. None of the women were on hormone replacement therapy. Insulin resistance was evaluated by "homeostasis model assessment" (HOMA) formula. Intraabdominal fat volume was calculated according to the following formula: IAF (L) = [(0.370 x abdominal sagittal diameter) - 4.85]. Age, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR) and intraabdominal fat volume were significantly higher in postmenopausals compared with BMI-matched premenopausal women (p < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, uric acid, cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher (p < 0.001) and HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in postmenopausals. No significant differences were observed with respect to insulin and HOMA. When age-matched pre- and postmenopausal women were compared, only total cholesterol was significantly higher in the postmenopausal group. However, older postmenopausal women (> 50 years) had significantly higher systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, WHR, glucose and uric acid concentrations compared with younger (< or = 50 years) postmenopausals. It is concluded that an increase in abdominal fat accumulation and unfavorable alterations in risk factors disturb postmenopausal obese women even if total body weight and BMI do not change during menopause transition. Ageing, particularly throughout the postmenopausal years, has important effects on the detrimental changes associated with menopause.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2002

Body fat distribution and metabolic derangements in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy associated with mandibuloacral dysplasia.

Mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by mandibular and clavicular hypoplasia, acroosteolysis, delayed closure of cranial sutures, joint contractures, and mottled cutaneous pigmentation. It is also associated with partial lipodystrophy, but the pattern of fat loss has not been well characterized. We studied body fat distribution in two male and two female patients with MAD by anthropometry, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and magnetic resonance imaging. Blood glucose and insulin responses during an oral glucose tolerance test and fasting serum lipoproteins were determined. Three of the four subjects had loss of sc fat from the extremities with normal or slight excess in the neck and truncal regions (termed type A pattern). In contrast, one patient had generalized loss of sc fat involving the face, trunk, and extremities (type B pattern). All of the patients had normal glucose tolerance but had fasting and postprandial hyperinsulinemia suggestive of insulin resistance. Elevated serum triglycerides with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were noted in three subjects. We conclude that familial partial lipodystrophy associated with MAD presents with two types of body fat distribution patterns, both of which are associated with insulin resistance and its metabolic complications.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1999

Body-fat distribution and responsiveness of the pituitary-adrenal axis to corticotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation in sedentary and exercising women.

Excess upper-body (android) fat is considered an health hazard. Exercise training is known to have the potential to modify body composition and to induce a preferential loss of abdominal fat. We studied and compared the composition of whole body and major body regions using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in 21 exercising (3-4 hours of intense physical activity/day) and 21 sedentary eumenorrhoic women of similar ages, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and age of menarche. In a small number of women in each group (6 out of 21), the ACTH and cortisol response to CRH test and the 24-h urinary cortisol excretion was evaluated. Exercising women had 10% higher total and leg lean mass (p<0.05), and 38% lower total fat mass (p<0.01) than sedentary women. Furthermore, the proportion of android fat was 22% lower in exercising than sedentary women (p<0.01), while the proportion of lower-body (gynoid fat) was unchanged. BMI and WHR were not different between the two groups, while the android/gynoid fat ratios were 16% lower in exercising than in sedentary women (p<0.01). In the exercising women, ACTH and cortisol plasma levels, as well as the 24-h urinary cortisol excretion, were significantly (p<0.01) higher than in the sedentary women studied. In these subjects, a direct relationship between the peak delta percentage increases of ACTH and cortisol after the CRH test and the proportion of android fat was found (r=0.60, p<0.05 and r=0.69, p<0.02, respectively). These results demonstrate that in women who practise intense exercise there are significant differences in body fat distribution in comparison to sedentary women, with a marked less amount of android fat, and suggest that this difference may be related to a reduced response of the pituitary-adrenal axis to CRH.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1994

Familial and environmental influences on body composition and body fat distribution in childhood in southern Italy.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the factors affecting body fat excess and distribution in prepubertal age. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on children attending the 4th grade of a primary school in Naples. Eighty-eight per cent of the total sample was examined: 52 girls, 58 boys; mean age = 9.6 yrs (s.e. +/- 0.10). Each child underwent a medical examination, anthropometric measurements and bio-impedance analysis of body composition. The parents were asked to fill in a questionnaire that included demographic data, family history, parent's weight and height, child's perinatal history and his or her involvement in sports activities. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The results showed a direct correlation between parental BMI and children's anthropometric measurements: the children's BMI correlated with the fathers' (P = 0.02) and mothers' BMI (P = 0.027); the children's waist/hip ratio correlated with the fathers' BMI (P = 0.07); the children's subscapular skinfolds correlated with the father's (P = 0.07) and mothers' BMI (P = 0.02); the children's triceps skinfolds correlated with the fathers' BMI (P = 0.004). Among congenital factors, sex was shown to be correlated with the children's waist/hip ratio (P = 0.05) with a lower ratio in the female, indicating a sex influence on body fat distribution even in prepubertal age. The children's BMI correlated with their waist/hip ratio (P = 0.001). Children's systolic blood pressure showed a positive correlation with triceps (P = 0.04) and subscapular (P = 0.05) skinfolds thickness % FAT-PLI (P = 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Role of body fat distribution in the decline in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance with age.

The relationships of body composition and physical fitness [maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max)] to the decline in insulin sensitivity with age were examined in healthy older (47-73 yr; n = 36) and young (19-36 yr; n = 13) men. In 18 older men with normal glucose tolerance (OGTT), glucose disposal rates (M) during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps correlated negatively with the waist to hip ratio (WHR; r = -0.77; P < .001) and percent body fat (r = -0.46; P < 0.05) and positively with VO2max (r = 0.54; P < 0.05), but not with age. Similar relationships existed in the 36 older men with a spectrum of OGTT responses; however, only WHR was independently related to M (r2 = 0.32; P < 0.01). In the older men with normal OGTT, M (mean +/- SEM, 7.88 +/- 0.43 mg/kg fat-free mass.min) was not different from that in the young men (8.56 +/- 0.47; P = NS). Furthermore, in older and young men with normal OGTT matched for WHR, percent fat, or VO2max, glucose disposal was comparable at sequential 15-min intervals during the clamp and in its relationship to insulin concentrations at the tissue level (multicompartmental analysis). In contrast, despite higher steady state plasma insulin levels during the clamp, M was significantly lower in the older men with a higher WHR, greater percent fat, lower VO2max, or impaired OGTT. Thus, in healthy older men up to the age of 73 yr, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance are affected primarily by the regional body fat distribution, not age, obesity, or VO2max.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Measurement of liver fat by magnetic resonance imaging: Relationships with body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipids in healthy men.

AIM: We compared the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a test for liver fat content (LFAT) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and investigated its relationship with body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, plasma lipids and lipoproteins. METHODS: LFAT was quantified by MRI and MRS in 17 free-living, healthy men with a wide range of body mass indexes. Fasting adiponectin was measured by immunoassay and insulin resistance by homeostasis assessment (HOMA) score. Intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, anterior subcutaneous and posterior subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue masses (ATMs) were determined by MRI. RESULTS: Measurements of LFAT by MRI and MRS were highly correlated (r = 0.851, p < 0.001). In univariate regression analysis, LFAT by MRI was also significantly correlated with plasma triglycerides (TGs), insulin, HOMA score, carbohydrate intake and the masses of all abdominal adipose tissue compartments (p < 0.05). LFAT was inversely correlated with plasma adiponectin (r = -0.505, p < 0.05). In multivariate linear regression analysis including plasma adiponectin and age, intraperitoneal ATM was an independent predictor of LFAT (beta-coefficient = 0.587, p = 0.024). Moreover, intraperitoneal ATM was also an independent predictor of HOMA score after adjusting for LFAT, plasma adiponectin and age (beta-coefficient = 0.810, p = 0.010). Conversely, LFAT was a significant predictor of plasma TG concentration after adjusting for adiponectin, intraperitoneal ATM, HOMA and age (beta-coefficient = 0.751, p = 0.007). Similar findings applied with LFAT measured by MRS. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that MRI is as good as MRS to quantify liver fat content. Our data also suggest that liver fat content could link intraabdominal fat with insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia.

Adiponectin↗
PubMed1999

[Effect of age, gender, and body fat distribution on serum leptin concentrations].

The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between serum leptin concentration and age, gender and body fat distribution. Serum leptin concentrations were determined 267 subjects (138 men and 129 women), aged 30 to 91. The thicknesses of the preperitoneal fat layer (Pmax) and subcutaneous fat layer (Smin) in the abdomen were measured by ultrasonography. Fat mass and percent fat were measured by the bioelectrical impedance analysis method. Women had higher leptin and leptin/fat mass values than men in all BMI groups (BMI < 20, 20-23.9, 24-25.9, > or = 26). The leptin concentration correlated significantly with BMI, fat mass, percent fat, waist, hip, waist/hip ratio (W/H), Pmax, Smin and serum Cr in both men and women. The leptin concentration correlated significantly with age in men only and P/S in female only. Leptin/fat mass values significantly correlated with age, fat mass, and percent fat, but not with BMI, waist, hip, W/H, Pmax, Smin and P/S in men. In women, leptin/fat mass values significantly correlated with BMI, fat mass, percent fat, waist, hip, Pmax, Smin and P/S, but not with age or W/H. Multiple regression analysis showed that fat mass and serum creatinine were significant determinants of the leptin and leptin/fat mass values both in men and women, but that age was a significant determinant of these values only in men. These results suggest that the influence of aging on serum leptin concentration exists only in men.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Body fat distribution, blood pressure, and hypertension. A prospective cohort study of men in the normative aging study.

The relation between the abdominal accumulation of body fat, blood pressure, and hypertension was assessed prospectively among 1972 male participants in the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study. Body mass index (BMI = weight [kg]/height [m]2) and the ratio of abdominal circumference to hip breadth (AC/HB), measured at regular exams, were used as indices of total adiposity and body fat distribution, respectively. Considering blood pressure as a continuous outcome variable (in models that allowed for intraclass correlation), the AC/HB ratio was significantly positively associated with both diastolic and systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), adjusting for age and BMI. Blood pressure was dichotomized and hypertension risk was assessed using the proportional hazards model, adjusting for age and BMI. Seven hundred cases of hypertension were recorded by study physicians during 35,496 person-years of follow-up. The risk of hypertension increased approximately three-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 5.2) with a change of one unit in the AC/HB ratio. These estimates were little changed when the effects of smoking and alcohol intake were considered. Thus, the abdominal accumulation of body fat, apart from overall level of adiposity, was associated with both increased blood pressure and an increased risk of hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Prospective associations of fasting insulin, body fat distribution, and diabetes with risk of ischemic stroke. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that diabetes, body fat distribution, and (in nondiabetic subjects) fasting insulin levels are positively associated with ischemic stroke incidence in the general population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: As part of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, we measured diabetes by using fasting glucose criteria, waist and hip circumferences, and fasting insulin levels with a radioimmunoassay in > 12,000 adults aged 45-64 years who had no cardiovascular disease at baseline. We followed them for 6-8 years for ischemic stroke occurrence (n = 191). RESULTS: After adjustment for age, sex, race, ARIC community, smoking, and education level, the relative risk of ischemic stroke was 3.70 (95% CI 2.7-5.1) for diabetes, 1.74 (1.4-2.2) for a 0.11 increment of waist-to-hip ratio, and 1.19 (1.1-1.3) for a 50-pmol/l increment of fasting insulin among nondiabetic subjects. Ischemic stroke incidence was not statistically significantly associated with BMI (comparably adjusted relative risk = 1.15, 95% CI 0.97-1.36). With adjustment for other stroke risk factors (some of which may mediate the effects of diabetes, fat distribution, and hyperinsulinemia), the relative risks for diabetes, waist-to-hip ratio, and fasting insulin level were 2.22 (95% CI 1.5-3.2), 1.08 (0.8-1.4), and 1.14 (1.01-1.3), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is a strong risk factor for ischemic stroke. Aspects of insulin resistance, as reflected by elevated waist-to-hip ratios and elevated fasting insulin levels, may also contribute to a greater risk of ischemic stroke.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Body fat distribution in Alaskan Eskimos of the Bering Straits region: the Alaskan Siberia Project.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the body fat content and distribution of adult Alaska Natives of the Bering Straits Region. DESIGN: Cross-sectional screening in the spring of 1994. SUBJECTS: 454 non-pregnant native residents from four rural Alaskan villages. MEASUREMENTS: Height, weight, waist, hip and thigh circumference, bioelectrical impedance, sagittal abdominal diameter, and triceps, biceps, suprailiac, subscapular and thigh skinfolds. RESULTS: Mean height, weight and subscapular-to-triceps ratio were higher in men than women. The women had larger waist, hip and thigh circumferences, higher body fatness, as well as larger skinfolds than the men. There were no demonstrable differences between men and women in measures of body fat distribution. The proportions of women and men with high waist-to-hip ratio (>/=0.8 for women, >/=0.9 for men) for low (<25 kg/m2), medium (25-30 kg/m2) and high (>30 kg/m2) body mass index (BMI) groups were compared with a Canadian study of all races. 1 In the lowest BMI subgroup (<25 kg/m2) a much higher proportion of Eskimo women exhibited a high waist-to-hip ratio (91%) than Eskimo men (42%) or Canadian women (29%) or men (51%). In the highest BMI subgroup (>30 kg/m2) Eskimo women were similar in proportion of high waist-to-hip ratio (99%) compared to Eskimo men (100%), but still demonstrated a much greater proportion of subjects with high waist-to-hip ratio than either Canadian men (90%) or women (76%). CONCLUSIONS: The large abdominal fat depots found in Eskimo women were similar to men, and may indicate that future increases in diabetes mellitus and other metabolic alterations can be anticipated. International Journal of Obesity (2000) 24, 171-179

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Abnormalities of body fat distribution in HIV-infected persons treated with antiretroviral drugs: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

We prospectively assessed the 1-month prevalence of abnormal body fat distribution in HIV-infected individuals. Of 1,359 patients treated with antiretroviral drugs, 578 (43%) had signs of abnormal fat distribution. Peripheral fat loss was observed in 382 patients (28%), whereas 412 (30%) had signs of fat accumulation. The presence of lipodystrophy (peripheral fat loss with or without fat accumulation) was found to be independently associated with increasing age (less than 35 years of age as a reference group: 35 to 41 years of age, OR = 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1-2.3]; and older than 41 years of age, OR = 2.4 [95% CI, 1.7-3.5]), current use of stavudine (OR = 2.4 [95% CI, 1.8-3.3]), current use of abacavir (OR = 2.1 [95% CI, 1.3-3.4]), and elevated lactate level (OR = 1.6 [95% CI, 1.1-2.4]). The prevalence of lipodystrophy was higher among patients who had received stavudine for a longer period (no stavudine in the current combination as a reference group: <6 months, OR = 1.1 [95% CI, 0.6-1.8]; 6-24 months, OR = 2.4 [95% CI, 1.7-3.5]; and >24 months, OR = 3.2 [95% CI, 2.4-4.3]). This study confirms the association between the use of stavudine and lipodystrophy.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Lipid accumulation and body fat distribution is influenced by type of dietary fat fed to rats.

The amount of fat in the diet is known to influence body weight and body composition, but it is not clear whether dietary fat composition can affect body composition independently. We studied the effects of six months of feeding diets containing lard (L), corn oil (CO), fish oil (FO) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) on body weight and body composition in adult male Wistar rats. Although FO fats ate slightly less total energy than the other groups, there were no differences among groups in body weight at any time during the study. However, body composition, the composition of depot triglyceride, body fat distribution and insulin resistance were all influenced by the type of fat in the diet. FO rats had less total body fat, less intra-abdominal fat, and less insulin resistance than all other groups. Although some of these metabolic effects may have been secondary to a slightly lower energy intake, we believe these data demonstrate the potential impact which dietary fat composition can have on metabolism and body weight regulation.

Adipose Tissue↗