Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Benzalkonium Compounds”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Determination of benzalkonium chloride in eye care products by high-performance liquid chromatography and solid-phase extraction or on-line column switching.

Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides, which is commonly used as a bacteriostat. In this work, the three major homologues of BAK are quantitated in the over-the-counter eye care products Murine and Murine Plus using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analytes are separated from various product excipients and concentrated by either solid-phase extraction onto Sep-Pak C18 cartridges or by an on-line column-switching technique using 1-cm reversed-phase precolumns. Absolute recoveries of BAK homologues by the solid-phase extraction technique ranged from 97.2 to 98.7% for standards and from 98.0 to 98.4% for samples. Absolute recovery of the BAK homologues by the column-switching technique was 101.3% for standards and ranged from 99.9 to 103.7% for samples. Relative recoveries were quantitative by both techniques. Assay precision (R.S.D. values) were +/- 2.2% to +/- 2.6% and +/- 0.4% to +/- 0.8% by solid-phase extraction and column-switching techniques, respectively. The method provides advantages of high sample throughput, excellent column life and automation.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed1994

Quantitative analysis of quaternary ammonium antiseptics using thin-layer densitometry.

A thin-layer chromatography method for quantitative analysis of quaternary ammonium antiseptics is described. Silanized silica gel was used as the stationary phase. The mobile phase consisted of methanol-25% (m/v) sodium acetate solution-acetone (65:35:20). The method is able to separate the chain homologues of benzalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride and cetrimide. Detection was performed using a colour reaction with potassium triiodide solution. The different homologues were quantified using UV densitometry at 400 nm. A number of commercial samples was analysed using this method. From the results it appears that it is worthwhile to have a limit test for the composition of quaternary ammonium antiseptics in pharmacopoeial monographs, the more so as the antibacterial activity depends on it.

Acetates↗
PubMed1989

The effect of a neurotoxin (benzalkonium chloride) on the lower esophagus.

Achalasia of the esophagus may be associated with abnormalities of the myenteric plexus (hypo- and anganglionosis). This report evaluates this relationship by studying the effect of benzalkonium chloride (BK, a topical neurotoxin) on the lower esophagus. Following midline laparotomy, topical BK (0.5%) was applied to the muscularis of the lower 1.0 cm of the esophagus for 30 min in 38 Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g). Thirty-eight additional rats acted as controls (unoperated, n = 19; sham laparotomy, n = 19). At 1 and 3 months animals were evaluated for weight gain, daily food intake (g/100 gm body wt), lower esophageal sphincter (LES) manometry, and contrast esophagram. At 3 months, the esophagus was evaluated for histologic study and acetylcholinesterase staining. Esophagram showed distal narrowing with proximal dilatation in BK rats (inner diameter 4.71 +/- 0.61 vs 6.17 +/- 0.58 in controls, P less than 0.001). Daily food intake was significantly less in BK rats (5.57 +/- 0.41 g vs controls 7.69 +/- 0.33 g P less than 0.001). Daily weight gain was also less in BK rats (1.13 +/- 0.34 vs controls 1.83 +/- 0.25, P less than 0.001). An increased LES pressure was noted in BK rats (5.45 +/- 0.89 mmHg vs controls 4.04 +/- 1.04 mmHg; P less than 0.1). A histologic study showed aganglionosis in BK rats with positive cholinesterase staining fibers compared to controls. Topical BK results in distal esophageal aganglionosis characterized by distal narrowing, proximal dilatation, decreased food intake, and limited weight gain when compared to controls. These findings are similar to those observed in achalasia and support a primary neurogenic cause for its etiology.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1993

Actions of benzalkonium chloride as a potent depressant at the neuromuscular junction.

Benzalkonium chloride (BA), a positively charged surface active agent, applied (> 10 nM) in the superfusing solution, produced a concentration-dependent reduction in the amplitude of both evoked endplate potentials (EPPs) and spontaneous miniature EPPs of the frog. Voltage-clamped endplate currents (EPCs) and spontaneous miniature endplate currents (MEPCs) were also diminished in amplitude, in the presence of BA (50-140 nM), whereas their time-course and reversal potential were not obviously affected. No significant change due to the addition of 50 nM BA was observed in apparent properties of the ACh channel estimated from ACh-induced current fluctuations. In the relationship between the amplitude of ACh potentials and the net charge for iontophoretic pulses at a single junction, the principal pattern of action of BA (30-60 nM) appeared to be a parallel shift to the right. At concentrations greater than about 1 microM, BA slightly increased the resting input conductance of the non-synaptic muscle fibre membrane. It was suggested that this increase was attributable to a slight increase in Cl ion conductance of the non-synaptic membrane. These results indicate that BA effectively blocked neuromuscular transmission, acting as an ACh receptor antagonist at smaller concentrations and as a more potent blocker that acts through multiple sites at greater concentrations.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1979

A review of chemotherapeutic plaque control.

Of the plaque-control agents studied, it would appear that chlorhexidine is the most suitable agent to prevent plaque accumulation and the development of gingivitis. It also is attractive to speculate on the possibilities of a commercially available mouthwash. A trio of antibiotics--kanamycin, spiramycin, and vancomycin--may prove of value in the treatment of severe gingival and periodontal disease. The ultimate role of xylitol has yet to be determined. Regardless of the agent selected, access to the gingival sulcus region seems critical.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Encapsulation of drugs and excipients in liposomes--measurements with drug-specific electrodes.

In this study, the degree of encapsulation of benzalkonium chloride in liposomes was quantitatively measured using a potentiometric membrane electrode specific for benzalkonium chloride. The encapsulation of lidocaine hydrochloride was examined with another ion-selective electrode for comparison. Liposomes were prepared from a commercially available liposome concentrate (Phosal 75 SA). Photon correlation spectroscopy was used to detect the formation of liposomes in the size range of 200 nm. The measurements with the membrane electrode enabled the activity of the free drug to be quantitatively determined in the presence of liposomes. The investigations showed that, in the concentration range examined, up to 97% of the amphiphilic benzalkonium chloride is encapsulated in the liposomes. In the case of the hydrophilic lidocaine hydrochloride, virtually no liposomal encapsulation occurs.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed1989

Penile desensitization does not affect postcopulatory genital autogrooming in rats: evidence for central motor patterning.

Postcopulatory genital autogrooming was studied in rats following desensitization of the glans penis due to topical application of an anesthetic ointment or to surgical transection of the dorsal penile nerve. These treatments sharply reduced the number of mounts resulting in intromission, but genital autogrooming was largely unaffected. The probability and duration of genital grooming were sensitive to the mount bout status of the copulatory event. The probability of autogrooming was higher, and the duration longer, after mounts that ended mount bouts and after intromissions, than after mounts that were incorporated within a mount bout. These findings suggest that the apparently compulsive genital autogrooming within a copulatory context is not regulated by afferent impulses from the penis, but may largely reflect central motor programing.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗