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PubMed2006

The body as interactive display: examining bodies in a public exhibition.

'Body Worlds' is an exhibition of human bodies that is currently touring Europe, the Far East and the USA. The public display of 'real' human bodies has caused public controversy and debate about the moral and educational value of the exhibition. Relatively little academic research, however, has been undertaken to explore how visitors see and reflect on the exhibits. In this journal, Tony Walter recently examined messages people left in the exhibition's comment-books to reveal how people saw the bodies. His investigation provides interesting insights into people's understanding of and attitude to Body Worlds. This paper complements Walter's findings by analysing video-recordings of visitors looking at the 'plastinated' bodies at the showing of Body Worlds in London in 2002/03. The analysis reveals how people anatomise the exhibits and consider them in the light of their knowledge and experience of 'real' human bodies, such as those of other people and their own. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the observations and findings from the analysis bear upon debates on Body Worlds and in the sociology of health and illness.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1988

Growth and body composition of mice selected for high body weight.

To elucidate the influence of high body weight selection on body compositional relationships, the accumulation of lipid, protein, and ash was investigated in two lines of mice selected for high 42-day body weight (H lines) and an unselected foundation population (FP). The two H lines differed in population size and were designated as the high-large (HL) and high-small (HS) lines. Logistic body growth curves revealed that HL mice exhibited an accelerated growth rate and reached a higher mature body weight than FP or HS mice. Over the range of body weights examined, HL mice had more lipid, less protein, and less ash than FP or HS mice of the same sex and body weight. However, HL lipid accumulation (relative to body weight increase) was not accelerated in comparison to that of FP mice. This study suggests that the existing model of selection-mediated compositional changes requires expansion to account for the ability of high-growth selection to direct an acceleration of body growth without a correlated enhancement of the relative rate of fat accumulation.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

[Human body volume measurement by sulfur hexafluorde-dilution method and its application to human body composition assessment].

The absolutely accurate measurement of adiposity in a living organism is undoubtedly difficult. Although a number of methods have been developed, none has been proven to be both theoretically and empirically an unquestioned validating criterion method for the estimation of human body composition. In the present study, a new method was introduced that is rapid, safe, and relatively simple to administer and has the added advantage of not requiring a measurement of the underwater weight. The procedure involves the direct measurement of body volume by applying a sulfur hexafluoride (SH)-dilution method with the subject only standing in a 375-1 closed chamber (Shimazu BSF-100) that is filled with air and 0.26 liters of SH. Results indicate that body volume (r = 0.998) and body density (r = 0.819) measured by the SH method were highly correlated to those determined by underwater weighing. Reproducibility of body volume was found to be almost perfect (i.e., 0.995) with the regression coefficient of 1.03 and the intercept of -1.5. Variability (CV = 0.7%) in body volume of a 45-year-old reference man measured by SH method was very similar to variation (CV = 0.6%) in mass volume of the 60-1 prototype. The calculated percent body fat (r = 0.851) and fat-free mass (0.962) with some correction of body density were also highly correlated to those determined by underwater weighing. We suggest that SH method may be useful for assessment of human body composition.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1986

Body weight, total body water and hematocrit in diarrheic piglets.

Piglets aged 12 to 72 h in which diarrhea had been induced by enteric Escherichia coli infection or sucrose gavage were studied with respect to body weight, total body water concentration (determined by tritiated-water dilution) and hematocrit. Sucrose-induced diarrhea reduced body weight by 13 to 17%, and E. coli diarrhea, by 8 to 9%. Neither age nor diarrheal treatment affected total body water concentration, although diarrheic piglets tended to have higher hematocrit values at all ages. There was a significant daily cycle in the piglets' hematocrit values, so hematocrit might be a less valid reflector of neonates' whole body hydration status than of adults'. It was concluded that diarrheic neonatal piglets lose body water and dry matter in a ratio similar to that of normal body water and dry matter concentrations, thus their bodies have normal total body water concentrations and normal average specific heat values.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in Coturnix coturnix japonica. 5. Correlated responses in adult body weight, liver weight, ovarian follicle production, and carcass composition of laying hens.

Laying female quail of five strains (R-1, randombred control; HP and LP, high or low concentration of egg yolk very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) precursor in laying females: HW and LW, high or low 4-week body weight) were sampled after 120 days of egg production for body weight, liver weight, ovarian follicle production, and carcass composition. Body weight change during the reproductive period was associated with starting body weight, but not with yolk VLDL precursor (total plasma phosphorus). Egg production was slightly depressed in both the HW and HP strains. Liver weight was associated with body weight. Percent dry matter of liver was not different between strains. Liver as a percentage of body weight was slightly greater in the HP strain. Egg and yolk weights were associated with body weight but not with concentration of yolk VLDL precursor. Ovarian follicle number and weight were also influenced by body weight but not by concentration of yolk VLDL precursor. Carcass composition was influenced by body weight. The larger HW strain contained more fat and less protein than the smaller LW strain after 120 days of egg production.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Body composition and other physical parameters as determinants of age at sexual maturity and performance efficiency in dwarf hens divergently selected for body weight.

Hens in this study were produced from random breeding within lines (high, low, and control) of dwarf White Leghorns that had been divergently selected for four generations for 20-week body weight. Birds were weighed at 10 weeks of age and placed in individual cages at 18 weeks of age. Body weights, shank lengths, and egg weights were obtained at sexual maturity (day of first egg) and at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after sexual maturity. Egg production was recorded during 28-day periods. Thirty hens/line were sampled at sexual maturity and at the above times after sexual maturity for body composition (percent fat, protein, moisture, and ash). High line hens showed increased percent body fat and reduced percent protein and moisture compared to low and control hens. Coefficients of determination (R2) for age at sexual maturity and body weight were small (R2 less than or equal to .20) for high and control hens. There were no meaningful relationships between body weight or other physical measurements and sexual maturity in low hens. There were no significant relationships between body composition and age at sexual maturity in high and control hens. There was a strong cubic association (R2 = .73; P less than .001) between percent ash and age at sexual maturity in low hens, although the biological importance of this relationship was uncertain. Coefficients of determination between body weight and performance efficiency (egg mass per body weight) were small to moderate (R2 = .04 to .46) for high and control hens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of body height and body weight in relation to growth in children in the North Backa region].

INTRODUCTION: Body weight and height in regard to age present an important indicator for evaluation of health status in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate body weight and height in regard to age in children of the North Backa Region (Subotica, Backa Topola and Mali Idos) compared to reference values. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Results of transversal anthropometric measurements performed from 1995-1998 of body weight and body height of 25.790 children aged 1-18 from Health Centers in North Backa Region have been statistically processed by software "CHILD". Body weight and height in regard to age were evaluated by standard deviation, according to international World Health Organization reference values and National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS/WHO). RESULTS: Body weight was established (+2 standard deviation) in 9.33% children, while 1.14% had decreased body weight from -2 standard deviation. Obesity, as well as undernourishment, dominated among children from village Mali Idos. Body height higher than +2 standard deviation was registered in 8.07% children, mostly among boys from Backa Topola. Body height lower than -2 standard deviation was found in 2.10% children of our region. DISCUSSION: Obesity in children aged 1-18, in our region is higher than in the children from UN regions and subregions. Only Russia has worse results generally speaking. In regard to the WHO Global Database of underweight children, we can say that in our children it is hardly present. CONCLUSION: These findings reflect the need for prospective growth monitoring of children in our area and for health improvement through nutrition intervention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Normal internal organ weight of Thai adults correlated to body length and body weight.

OBJECTIVE: Examine the relationship between the internal organ weight with body weight and body length. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Analysis of data from 250 autopsies from the Ramathibodi Hospital from August 2003 to February 2005. The cases were from sudden unnatural death including accident, homicide and suicide and excluded decomposed bodies, fire related deaths and cases where medical treatment had been given. The age ranged from 15 to 88 years and there were 51 females and 199 males. Parson's correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the internal organ weight with body weight and body length. RESULTS: The mean+/-standard deviation (SD) were represented by males and females respectively; Brain 1339+/-160/1165+/-184 gm, heart 311+/-66/278+/-160 gm, lung 910+/-347/675+/-255 gm, liver 1439+/-365/ 1214+/-275 gm, spleen 103+/-46/92.9+/-48 gm, kidney 260+/-68/230+/-42 gm. CONCLUSION: The relationship between internal organ weight and body weight showed each internal organ significantly correlated with body weight in males at p-value < 0.05, whereas in females it only correlated to liver, kidney and spleen at p-value < 0.05. For the correlation between internal organ weight and body length, it showed only brain, lung, liver and kidney correlated to the body length in males at p-value < 0. 05, but not in females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Body size, subcutaneous fatness and total body fat in older adults.

In a sample of healthy adults (24 men, 21 women; 54 to 85 years of age) anthropometry was collected and body density measured by underwater weighing. Estimates of body fat were computed from body density. The men were significantly larger than the women in body size and have significantly less percent body fat and less subcutaneous fat on their arms and legs. There were no sex differences in measures of subcutaneous fat on the trunk or in estimates of total body fat. Chest and abdominal circumferences were the measurements most highly correlated with total and percent body fat in the men. In the women, abdominal circumference and subscapular skinfolds were highly correlated with percent body fat, as were subscapular and midaxillary skinfold with total body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Reference values for body fat content as a measure for desirable body fat content.

From an epidemiological viewpoint, adiposis is one of the cardiovascular risk factors. Usually adiposis is determined by a comparison of body weight with reference values (e.g. Broca index, MLIC standards), although body weight depends on variables such as muscle mass and body frame. Reference values for body fat content are seldom found and are mostly based on mean values. Data on an epidemiologically desirable body fat content should, however, be related to criteria similar to those of the MLIC standards.- The caliper method was applied in order to obtain provisional reference values for the desirable body fat content. The actual body fat content was determined from a total of 500 subjects consisting of both sexes, aged from 15 to 65. The subjects were selected according to the +/- 10% range of MLIC ideal weight. Subsequently, the body fat content was calculated on the assumption of the corresponding Broca or MLIC standards, thus estimating the body fat content of subjects with normal or ideal weight. These reference values, divided into age groups of 5 year intervals and separated according to sex, show apart from sex differences a distinct age dependency. They should offer a better differentiation between overweight and adiposis, in the hope that epidemiological consequences of adiposis can be circumscribed more precisely.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Standardized uptake values of FDG: body surface area correction is preferable to body weight correction.

UNLABELLED: Standardized uptake values (SUVs) are widely used to measure 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in various tumors. It has been reported that normalization of FDG uptake for patient body weight (SUVbw) overestimates FDG uptake in heavy patients, as their fraction of body fat (with low FDG uptake) is often increased. The objective of this study was to determine if "normalization of FDG uptake for the body surface area" (SUVbsa) is independent of the patient's body size and is more reliable than SUVbw. METHODS: FDG-PET images were acquired on 44 patients (body weight range: 45-115 kg) with cancer. SUVbw [(mCi/g of tissue)/(mCi injected/patient body weight in g)] and SUVbsa [(mCi/g of tissue)/(mCi injected/patient BSA in m2)] were determined for the liver. Since most observers are accustomed to using the SUVbw, the two values were compared by setting the mean SUVbsa equal to that of SUVbw. RESULTS: SUVbw and SUVbsa were 3.42 +/- 0.85 (mean +/- s.d.) and 3.42 +/- 0.60, respectively. The standard deviation of the SUVbsa was smaller than that of SUVbw. More importantly, there was a strong positive correlation between SUVbw and, not only body weight (r = 0.75) but also BSA (r = 0.68), whereas only a weak correlation between SUVbsa and body weight (r = 0.41) or BSA (r = 0.38) was found with a near flat regression line. CONCLUSION: SUVbw overestimates FDG uptake in large patients. SUVbsa appears preferable to SUVbw, since it is minimally affected by the body size.

Body Surface Area↗
PubMed1998

Whole body protein metabolism estimated by 15N tracer experiments and body composition of mice selected for different growth parameters.

Whole body protein synthesis was investigated in growing male mice which were long-time selected for high carcass protein amount (DU-6P, protein line) or for high body weight (DU-6, growth line) and in the unselected randomly bred control (DU-Ks). Six mice/line were housed singly in metabolic cages for the estimation of N balance, whole body protein synthesis (end-product method, single dose of 15N-labelled amino-acid mixture), and N distribution in the body. Another six mice/line were used for the determination of the body composition. All mice had free access to a commercial stock diet (crude protein 268 g, gross energy 19 MJ/kg dry matter) and to water. Body weight of both selection lines was about twice that of control mice at the same age. Selection for high body weight resulted in higher body fat content. Scaled to the corresponding body protein pools, the protein synthesis rates of selected mice were significantly higher than in controls, but were not significantly different between both selection lines in contrast to the protein deposition rates. The higher protein accretion in the protein line in comparison to the growth line seems to be due to a combination of a lower protein breakdown and an increased protein synthesis rate.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships between heat production, heat loss, and body temperature for rats with burn injuries between 26% and 63% of the body surface area.

Burn injury in man is characterized by increased body temperature proportional to burn wound size and may represent fever and/or hyperthermia. A nonseptic animal model used to study this phenomena has not been described. To test the hypothesis that large burn injuries in rats would produce increased body temperature, the rectal, skin, and body temperatures were sequentially measured and were calculated for rats in the control group and rats with burn injuries covering 26% to 63% of the body surface area [< or = 35%, 36% to 45%, and > or = 46% body surface area]. The group with burns covering > or = 46% of the body surface area had significantly higher rectal temperatures than did at least one other group on postburn days 7, 9, 11, 13, 18, and 20. On postburn days 7 and 11 this increase was significantly higher than that of all burn and control groups. Animals did not demonstrate any overt evidence of wound infection. These data do not establish a cause for increased body temperature after burn injury but suggest that a reproducible animal model may be possible for the study of the cause of increased body temperature after burn injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Development of the body checking questionnaire: a self-report measure of body checking behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a brief self-report inventory to assess body checking behaviors. METHOD: Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the 23-item Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) was developed. The BCQ measures the global construct of body checking behaviors with three correlated subfactors that assess checking related to overall appearance, checking of specific body parts, and idiosyncratic checking rituals. RESULTS: The BCQ was found to have good test-retest reliability (.94) and the subfactors had good internal consistency (.88, .92, and .83). The measure correlated highly with other measures of negative body image and eating disorders, demonstrating its concurrent validity. Additionally, the BCQ was found to differentiate normal controls and eating disorder patients, as well as nonclinical participants scoring high and low on a measure of concern with body size and dieting. DISCUSSION: Due to the potential role of ritualistic body checking in the maintenance of body dissatisfaction by directing excessive attention to body shape/weight, the BCQ may prove to be a useful clinical tool in the assessment and treatment of eating disorder patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Body dysmorphic disorder and other clinically significant body image concerns in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: prevalence and clinical characteristics.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed prevalence and clinical correlates of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), eating disorders (ED), and other clinically significant body image concerns in 208 consecutively admitted adolescent inpatients. It was hypothesized that adolescents with BDD would have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Adolescents with eating disorders were expected to have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and trauma-related symptoms. Trauma-related symptoms were also examined in relation to BDD, in the absence of specific hypotheses. METHOD: Participants completed the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ) and reliable and valid self-report measures of suicidality, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociation, and sexual preoccupation/distress. Prevalence of BDD, eating disorders, and other clinically significant body image concerns was determined, and clinical correlates were examined. RESULTS: 6.7% (n = 14) of participants met DSM-IV criteria for definite (n = 10) or probable (n = 4) DSM-IV BDD, 3.8% (n = 8) met criteria for an eating disorder, and 22.1% (n = 46) had clinically significant shape/weight concerns (SWC) that did not clearly meet criteria for BDD or an eating disorder. Both the BDD and SWC groups scored significantly higher than the group with no significant body image concerns (no BDD/ED/SWC group) on measures of anxiety and suicidality. The BDD, SWC, and ED groups all had significantly higher levels of depression than the no BDD/ED/SWC group. Only the SWC group scored significantly higher than the no BDD/ED/SWC group on measures of PTSD, dissociation, and sexual preoccupation/distress. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of participants had clinically significant body image concerns or a body image disorder. These concerns/disorders were associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and suicidality. In addition, the group concerned with body shape or weight had significantly greater symptoms of PTSD, dissociation, and sexual preoccupation/distress. These relatively common body image concerns and disorders deserve further study in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Inclusion body anatomy and functioning of chaperone-mediated in vivo inclusion body disassembly during high-level recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli.

During production in recombinant Escherichia coli, the human basic fibroblast growth factor (hFGF-2) partly aggregates into stable cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. These inclusion bodies additionally contain significant amounts of the heat-shock chaperone DnaK, and putative DnaK substrates such as the elongation factor Tu (ET-Tu) and the metabolic enzymes dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (LpdA), tryptophanase (TnaA), and d-tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (GatY). Guanidinium hydrochloride induced disaggregation studies carried out in vitro on artificial aggregates generated through thermal aggregation of purified hFGF-2 revealed identical disaggregation profiles as hFGF-2 inclusion bodies indicating that the heterogenic composition of inclusion bodies did not influence the strength of interactions of hFGF-2 in aggregates formed in vivo as inclusion bodies compared to those generated in vitro from native and pure hFGF-2 through thermal aggregation. Compared to unfolding of native hFGF-2, higher concentrations of denaturant were required to dissolve hFGF-2 aggregates showing that more energy is required for disruption of interactions in both types of protein aggregates compared to the unfolding of the native protein. In vivo dissolution of hFGF-2 inclusion bodies was studied through coexpression of chaperones of the DnaK and GroEL family and ClpB and combinations thereof. None of the chaperone combinations was able to completely prevent the initial formation of inclusion bodies, but upon prolonged incubation mediated disaggregation of otherwise stable inclusion bodies. The GroEL system was particularly efficient in inclusion body dissolution but did not lead to a corresponding increase in soluble hFGF-2 rather was promoting the proteolysis of the recombinant growth factor. Coproduction of the disaggregating DnaK system and ClpB in conjunction with small amounts of the chaperonins GroELS was most efficient in disaggregation with concomitant formation of soluble hFGF-2. Thus, fine-balanced coproduction of chaperone combinations can play an important role in the production of soluble recombinant proteins with a high aggregation propensity not through prevention of aggregation but predominantly through their disaggregating properties.

Chaperonin 10↗
PubMed2005

Body shape preference and body satisfaction of Taiwanese and Japanese female college students.

The purpose of this study was to compare the body shape preference and body satisfaction of Taiwanese and Japanese female college students. Taiwanese female students in Taiwan (n=109) and Japanese female students in Japan (n=144) voluntarily completed a four-part Body Image Questionnaire concerning (1) demographic background, (2) body figure ratings, (3) cognitive attitude toward body size, and (4) subject satisfaction with body characteristics. More Japanese than Taiwanese women rated significantly larger body figures and dissatisfaction with their body shape and body parts.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of passive body heating on body temperature and sleep regulation in the elderly: a systematic review.

Insomnia in the elderly is associated with circadian body temperature changes. Manipulating body temperature prior to sleep onset may improve sleep quality in the elderly. This systematic review analyzed the effect of passive body heating on body temperature and sleep quality. Three studies related to passive body heating for the elderly identified from a computerized database search were evaluated. All of them used crossover designs to examine effects of passive body heating on sleep quality. Passive body heating such as a warm bath immersed to mid-thorax with 40-41 degrees C water for 30 min in the evening could increase rectal body temperature, delay occurrence of body temperature nadir and increase slow wave sleep (deep sleep) in healthy female elderly with insomnia. The elderly also perceived "good sleep" or "quickness of falling asleep" after the bathing condition. Evening warm bath facilitates nighttime sleep for the healthy elderly with insomnia.

Aged↗