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The results of bacteriological study of 2210 residents of the Extreme North are presented. The author's complex many factorial system of bacteriological screening is discussed, whose use will enable one to raise the detection parameter of bacilli excretors up to 2.93% in the preliminary detected population groups.
Experimental studies have provided a nutrient broth for elective accumulation of Salmonella (MA broth) and a differential diagnostic culture medium for selective isolation of the causative agents of Salmonella toxic infections. The MA broth is used for bacteriological isolation of salmonellae from the low-infected material and for a sanitary-and-bacteriological study of meat-and- sausage and other foods for this pathogen. A combination of high accumulating and inhibiting properties of the designed broth is its main advantage of over its foreign analogue (Muller's tetrathionate broth). The differential diagnostic culture medium for selective isolation of salmonellae (analogue of brilliant grun-agar) has a high sensitivity to the bacteria of the genus Salmonella, such as S. typhimurium, S. enteriditis, and S. london, that are causative agents of food toxic infections and form transparent bright-pink colonies on the medium. The growth of microbial associates, such as Escherichia coli, Proteus, Shigella, pathogens of a typhoid-and-paratyphoid group, is considerably suppressed. Bacteria of the genus Klebsiella are well differentiated as transparent bright-yellow colonies.
During the 19th century, a large number of researchers produced many different and even contradictory theories about the aetiology of endemic goiter and cretinism. The bacteriological revolution, i.e. the acceptance of the germ theory of infectious diseases, pushed scientists to try to isolate a germ for every disease. In the case of goiter and cretinism, this was fruitless endeavour. Nevertheless, the impact of the bacteriological revolution was largely positive because it provided a new scientific model of the genesis of disease and strengthened confidence in the possibility of fighting endemic as well as epidemic disease by simple but generally applied preventive measures such as, in the present case, iodine prophylaxis.
Bacteriological water quality status in terms of total coliform and faecal coliform count was studied on both--east and west banks of river Yamuna in Delhi. Membrane filtration technique was adopted for enumeration of total coliform and faecal coliform count in the river water sample collected on monthly basis for 2 years--2002 and 2003. The study reveals the impact of diverse anthropogenic activities as well as the monsoon effect on the bacterial population of river Yamuna in Delhi stretch. Microbial population contributed mainly through human activities prevailed in the entire stretch of Yamuna river with reduction in bacterial counts during monsoon period due to flushing effect. Bacteriological assessment does not provide an integrated effect of pollution but only indicate the water quality at the time of sampling. Hence, this parameter is time and space specific.
Evidence supporting the bacteriologic etiology of periodontal diseases has led investigators to monitor the microbiologic species associated with each disease. The type of study performed has evolved at different levels over the years and is predominantly influenced by available technologies. As the technology has advanced, so too have attempts at monitoring specific microorganisms. The ultimate goal in most research efforts on clinical bacteriologic monitoring of the periodontal diseases has been to obtain a method of measuring microorganisms in a specific, rapid, low-cost fashion. The method would be used on a daily basis at chairside in the dental operatory to direct treatment at a target microbial population, evaluate treatment, or predict future areas of attachment loss. It is suggested that future efforts try to incorporate microbiologic-host interactions that are likely to be important in the etiology and pathogenesis of the periodontal diseases.
Organization of the work of bacteriological laboratories in tuberculosis institutions of the RSFSR is discussed in regard to the aspects of their lawful status, functions and activity results. It was shown with extensive materials (from more than 30 administrative territories) that systemic bacteriological examination of the groups of high tuberculosis risk markedly lowered the number of the sources of tubercle bacilli isolation not registered in tuberculosis dispensaries. Patients with urogenital pathology were found to be frequent sources of tubercle bacilli isolation. It was recommended to decrease the number of assays for drug resistance of the isolates, to perform them only by clinical indications and to change the investigation procedure by testing mainly the resistance of tubercle bacilli.
An aetiological role for non-specific genital tract infection (GTI) in male infertility has long been postulated and has led to routine bacteriologic culture of semen in some laboratories. To assess the value of examination of various semen characteristics and conventional culture of semen as diagnostic criteria for GTI, frequencies of bacterial isolation and relationships with leukocytospermia and other abnormalities of semen were determined in 806 samples from 459 men seen over a 2 year period. Combinations of features suggestive of GTI were present in 19.6%. High leucocyte counts were found in 13.5% of specimens and evidence of possible accessory sex organ dysfunction in 57.7%. Significant numbers of bacteria were isolated from 19.5% of samples. Of the few pathogens cultured (46 specimens), 53% were Staphylococcus aureus, a possible contaminant. Furthermore, only one specimen had more than 10(6) pathogenic bacteria per ml, also Staph. aureus. There was a lack of correlation between the presence of bacteriospermia, leukocytospermia and semen changes possibly attributable to accessory sex organ dysfunction, shedding doubt on their relevance to identification of GTI. This was the case even in repeatedly culture-positive specimens. Conventional bacteriological examination of semen specimens is not merited as a routine procedure.
The quantitative bacteriology of 13 chronic leg ulcers was sequentially assessed by both swab and biopsy culture techniques, and the effect of either a 10% benzoyl peroxide lotion or placebo lotion was evaluated. There was good correlation between the swab and biopsy culture techniques in 12 of the 17 instances where simultaneous swabs and biopsies were done. Though the benzoyl peroxide did not favorably affect the bacterial flora, ulcer healing did appear to correlate with quantitative bacterial counts. THREE of five ulcers containing fewer than 10(5) organisms per gram of tissue or per centimeter of ulcer surface area healed, while none of eight ulcers containing more than 10(5) organisms healed. Quantitative bacteriological measurements can serve as useful tools in evaluating healing of leg ulcers.
In 108 female patients with history of urinary tract infections bacteriologic work-up was done in urine taken by catheterisation. 85% of the urine samples were sterile, 15% had bacterial counts less than 10(4) ml. The incidence of contaminated urines was the same when the urine was controlled one and three weeks later again by catheterisation. When urine samples were taken by suprapubic bladder puncture at the time when the catheterisation was done, a significant higher percentage of the punctured urine was contaminated. The results were discussed in terms of the interpretation of bacteriologic data obtained by suprapubic bladder punction.
Bacteriological techniques have traditionally been used to detect faecal pollution of drinking water supplies. Recently, methods have been developed to distinguish between human and animal faecal pollution in temperate climates. The present study assessed the applicability and practicality of these methods in tropical countries. Fieldwork in Nigeria and Zimbabwe has shown that animal faecal pollution can reliably be identified by the detection and enumeration of Rhodococcus coprophilus using modified M3 agar, whereas human faecal contamination can be identified by the detection of sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria. Each of these organisms was detected only in the faeces of the type (human or animal) that it was meant to indicate. Although Streptococcus bovis has been used in the past in mainly temperate countries to distinguish animal from human faecal contamination, the present study has shown that this organism is not a reliable indicator of animal pollution in the tropics because it was excreted by a proportion of the human population in both Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Water sources known to be contaminated by human or animal excreta were examined for these indicator organisms. The results correlated with the results obtained from examining human and animal faecal specimens for these organisms. The role of these bacteriological methods in water pollution control programmes is discussed.
Two hundred and sixty nine beef, 230 sheep and 165 pig carcase surface were examined bacteriologically. Direct and indirect contact examination techniques were utilised. Colony counts per cm2 were expressed in geometric progression. Counting procedures, direct and indirect contact examinations, and effects of chilling were considered. Subsequently, results from an additional 489 beef, 520 sheep, and 408 pig carcases were employed to illustrate a count classification arrangement against which bacteriological monitoring assessments could be measured.
In a farewell lecture the relevance of bacteriology for the education of medical students is described. In the times of Koch and Pasteur the bacteriological diagnostic of epidemic diseases was the main problems, to day it is the isolation and differentiation of the patient's own bacteria which give the background for resistance or sensitivity tests to chemotherapeutics. The choice of antimicrobial substances depends not only on the sensitivity of the individual bacterial strain or the toxicology of certain substances but also on the necessity to preserve the normal microecology of the gut and other biotopes. This normal bacterial colonisation is an important factor of colonial resistance against superinfection. Other points for the choice of antimicrobial substances are the epidemiological distribution of resistant strains and the possible interference between the immunological system and certain antibiotics.
There is a need for more detailed information on the relative merits of the culture and direct sputum smear examination methods, separately and in various combinations, using one or more sputum specimens. The efficiency and relative cost of different bacteriological measures for the detection of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, in the conditions of the Singapore tuberculosis control programme, are demonstrated. The findings provide guidance for deciding how, and in what order, these bacteriological measures should be used, and may assist planners and executives of national tuberculosis control programmes in the rational commissioning of laboratory facilities that already exist or are to be established.
The authors make an analysis of the modalities for the integration of the bacteriological examinations for M. tuberculosis in 3 sanitary units in the city of Jassy. In view of detecting pulmonary tuberculosis, although an improvement was noted in the activity of integration, an intensification is necessary of the culture examination in the present stage of the tuberculous endemia. Also a more close cooperation is necessary between laboratories from sanitary units, and with the central laboratory for cultures of M. tuberculosis. With regard to extra-respiratory tuberculosis the large number of demands for bacteriological examinations from the hospital as well as from the ambulatory units, makes necessary the organization of diagnostic centres by specialities.
The authors have carried out a comparative analysis of the sensitivity of the microscopic examination as compared with that of the bacteriologic cultures in the evidencing of the Koch bacilli in biologic products obtained from new cases of tuberculosis, before the start of any kind of treatment with tuberculostatics. The authors attempted to establish the proportion of positive results with the two tests in the conditions of an increased number of slides to be examined by microscopic methods from 1 to 4. At the same time other reciprocal quantitative relationships have been determined between these two tests, and differences were evidenced at the same time between the positive results obtained in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. It was concluded that for achieving an optimal output with bacteriological investigations of tuberculosis the ideal solution is to examine 3 slides prepared from a specimen, and to seed 3 culture tubes, or 4 tubes for asymptomatic patients.
Collecting milk from mothers of preterm infants and feeding it unprocessed to their own babies has been tested. Mothers were instructed by protocoll and by intensive personal informations. Unprocessed human milk samples were bacteriologically screened by Uricult-dip-slides. 69% of 2,261 milk samples examined showed a total colony count of less than or equal to 10(4)/ml and no growth of gramnegative bacteria. These samples could be given unprocessed to the preterm infants. No side effects have been noticed. Bacteriological criteria for feeding unprocessed human milk are discussed in the paper.
After a short survey of the indigenous bacterial flora, and of the important bacteria causing infections of the upper respiratory tract, the conditions which are mandatory for proper evaluation of the bacteriological results and which must be observed by the physician in obtaining and forwarding specimens are discussed. Swabs must be sent in preservation media; otherwise the detection rate of viable organisms will fall considerably. Transport should therefore be as rapid as possible. Viral infections often pave the way of infections of the upper respiratory tract. In hospitalised patients however the suppression of the normal flora and selection of resistant strains by antibiotics often play the major role. Chemotherapy should be preceded by bacteriological investigation or, at least, by taking a suitable specimen for the detection of the causal bacteria and determination of their susceptibility to antibiotics. "Blind" therapy will result in 20-30% failures of the treatment. The following questions should be answered before antibiotics are started: Is there really a need for immediate chemotherapy? How likely are the causal bacteria to be sensitive? What defence mechanisms can be expected from the patient? What side effects of the antibiotic must be taken into consideration? The most important infections of the upper respiratory tract, the selection of effective antibiotics and the susceptibility of the more frequent pathogens of this area are also discussed. Finally some aspects of perioperative prophylaxis of infections after surgery of the upper respiratory tract are described.
We analysed the bacteriological urinary findings of all inpatients of the urological department on admission, during hospitalization and on discharge, over a period of one year. The percentage of urological patients with florid urinary tract infections was less than 10%. The most commonly found pathogen was E. coli, followed by Proteus, enterococci, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella. Any change in the bacterial spectrum was not associated with individual diseases or their treatment. Mixed infections were rarely seen. The nosocomial urinary tract infection rate was an overall 1.5%. Since the clinical findings on admission often require the immediate administration of antibiotics, the results of urine culture cannot always be awaited. Given the present situation with respect to resistance, the use of antibiotics with a sensitivity of only 50% does not appear to make good sense. Prior to receiving the bacteriological report, cephalosporins of the second and third generation are to be recommended to treat complicated urinary tract infections in hospitalized urological patients.