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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

John Bowlby and Margaret s. Mahler: their lives and theories.

Traumatic aspects of the lives of John Bowlby and Margaret Mahler can be seen to inform their intellectual careers, a perspective that suggests that attachment theory and separation-individuation theory are far more consonant with one another than otherwise. Articulating the domains of convergence between the two theories reveals the essential complementarity of the special strengths of each. Both theories were attempts to understand the role of experience in the development of mental representations. Mahler paid close clinical attention to inner mental states and their evolution, while Bowlby searched for behavioral correlates that could lend themselves to empirical observation and inferences about internal representations.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[Motivation and psychoanalysis. A cross-road].

The concept of drive in psychoanalysis corresponds to the question of motivation. This is related to the psychoanalytical methodology that is founded up on a specific process of communication, the listening and the interpretation of subjectivity and its unconscious origins. This specificity explains why psychoanalytic psychology deals with attachment and aversion drive (on one side sexuality, broadly speaking, including infantile sexuality, and on the other side aggressivity and destructivity). In the unconscious part of the mind, these drives are materialized in fantasies, action representations, that impose themselves unconsciously upon the conscious mind and give rise to intrapsychic conflicts and to personality disorders that are treated by psychoanalysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography of the femoral bifurcation as a supplement to conventional pelvic-leg arteriography].

In view of the fact that in prognosis and treatment of arterial occlusion, particular importance must be attached to the profunda femoris artery, and especially to the region of origin of this artery, it is imperative to achieve angiographic representation of the descent of the profunda femoris artery without any masking. The intra-arterial injection method employing digital subtraction angiography is the method of choice, since it requires a low amount of contrast agent, time, and film. In 90 per cent of the cases, ipsilateral anterior oblique projection will be most suitable to represent the femoral bifurcation, which depends on the course of the profunda femoris artery in anterior-posterior projection, the angle varying between 30 degrees 40 degrees. 50 to 70 per cent of the stenoses occurring in the descending part of the profunda femoris artery, can be recognised via oblique projection only.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The caregiving system in mothers of infants: a comparison of divorcing and married mothers.

This study was designed to investigate (1) the construct validity of a measure of the mother's internal representation of herself as a secure base in samples of married and divorcing mothers and infants, and (2) the relative contribution to infant security of this measure and a second representational measure, termed Psychological Protection, which focused specifically on the mother's responsiveness to the infant in the context of father visitation. There were 144 mothers and their first-born infants, age 12 to 20 months, who participated in the study. Of these, 51 dyads were from intact families; 93 were from families who had never married, had recently separated, or were in the process of divorce. Divorcing families were further divided into those in which the infant was participating in overnight timesharing arrangements with the father (n = 44) and those in which the infant was not (n = 49). Mothers completed questionnaires, they participated with their infants in the Strange Situation, and an hour-long, semi-structured Caregiving Interview was administered to them. Ratings of mothers on the Secure Base and Psychological Protection scales were based on verbatim transcripts of this interview. As predicted, mothers of securely attached infants in all family groups were discriminated from mothers of insecurely attached infants on the basis of Secure Base scores. Within the group of divorcing mothers, Secure Base scores were correlated with a rating of the mother's Psychological Protection of the infant in the context of visitation and both measures made independent contributions to infant attachment security. These findings are interpreted in terms of a more general model of the caregiving system. The manner in which the divorce context can disrupt the mothers' caregiving behavioral strategies and representations is also discussed.

Child Custody↗
PubMed1986

[The Capgras syndrome].

A new case of Capgras' syndrome is presented with a short review on the subject. Since there are many controversies about the etiology of this syndrome, and since some authors explain it with organic factors, others with psychodynamic factors, or a combination of the two, one should be careful with this syndrome to eliminate the presence of organic factors with a meticulous physical examination and appropriate neuropsychological tests. A thorough examination of early interpersonal relations is necessary to verify psychodynamic hypothesis, the most plausible being the splitting of internalized object representations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ensemble approach for NMR structure refinement against (1)H paramagnetic relaxation enhancement data arising from a flexible paramagnetic group attached to a macromolecule.

Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) measurements on (1)H nuclei have the potential to play an important role in NMR structure determination of macromolecules by providing unique long-range (10-35 A) distance information. Recent methodological advances for covalently attaching paramagnetic groups at specific sites on both proteins and nucleic acids have permitted the application of the PRE to various biological macromolecules. However, because artificially introduced paramagnetic groups are exposed to solvent and linked to the macromolecule by several freely rotatable bonds, they are intrinsically flexible. This renders conventional back-calculation of the (1)H-PRE using a single-point representation inaccurate, thereby severely limiting the utility of the (1)H-PRE as a tool for structure refinement. To circumvent these limitations, we have developed a theoretical framework and computational strategy with which to accurately back-calculate (1)H-PREs arising from flexible paramagnetic groups attached to macromolecules. In this scheme, the (1)H-PRE is calculated using a modified Solomon-Bloembergen equation incorporating a "model-free" formalism, based on a multiple-structure representation of the paramagnetic group in simulated annealing calculations. The ensemble approach for (1)H-PRE back-calculation was examined using several SRY/DNA complexes incorporating dT-EDTA-Mn(2+) at three distinct sites in the DNA, permitting a large data set comprising 435 experimental backbone and side-chain (1)H-PREs to be obtained in a straightforward manner from 2D through-bond correlation experiments. Calculations employing complete cross-validation demonstrate that the ensemble representation provides a means to accurately utilize backbone and side-chain (1)H-PRE data arising from a flexible paramagnetic group in structure refinement. The results of (1)H-PRE based refinement, in conjunction with previously obtained NMR restraints, indicate that significant gains in accuracy can be readily obtained. This is particularly significant in the case of macromolecular complexes where intermolecular translational restraints derived from nuclear Overhauser enhancement data may be limited.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Cognitive representations of bodily parts and products: implications for health behavior.

This study investigated the unexplored hypothesis that people may have cognitive representations of the body's parts and products (body schema) and that these may be relevant to illness behavior. Factor and MANOVA analyses revealed that body parts are viewed as differing in the Stigma attached to them and in the extent to which they are seen as Important, Vulnerable, Sexual, and Private, with these five dimensions found to be independent of age and health history. Seeking help for dysfunction varied across body parts, with subjects reluctant to seek help for highly stigmatized and private parts but likely to seek help for parts viewed as important and vulnerable. Significant gender and ethnic differences in representations of body parts also emerged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Combined space-variant maps for optical-flow-based navigation.

A robot navigating in an unstructured environment needs to avoid obstacles in its way and determine free spaces through which it can safely pass. We present here a set of optical-flow-based behaviors that allow a robot moving on a ground plane to perform these tasks. The behaviors operate on a purposive representation of the environment called the "virtual corridor" which is computed as follows: the images captured by a forward-facing camera rigidly attached to the robot are first remapped using a space-variant transformation. Then, optical flow is computed from the remapped image stream. Finally, the virtual corridor is extracted from the optical flow by applying simple but robust statistics. The introduction of a space-variant image preprocessing stage is inspired by biological sensory processing, where the projection and remapping of a sensory input field onto higher-level cortical areas represents a central processing mechanism. Such transformations lead to a significant data reduction, making real-time execution possible. Additionally, they serve to "re-present" the sensory data in terms of ecologically relevant features, thereby simplifying the interpretation by subsequent processing stages. In accordance with these biological principles we have designed a space-variant image transformation, called the polar sector map, which is ideally suited to the navigational task. We have validated our design with simulations in synthetic environments and in experiments with real robots.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Forward-dynamics simulation of anterior cruciate ligament forces developed during isokinetic dynamometry.

A mathematical (computer) model was developed and used to study the mechanics of the human knee during extension exercises employing an isokinetic dynamometer. All parts of the body were fixed to ground, except for the right shank and foot, which were free to move in the parasagittal plane. A linkage attached the dynamometer to the shank; tibiofemoral articulation consisted of single-point contact, allowing both sliding and rolling to occur. Physiologically based representations of ligaments and muscles imparted forces to the shank. A forward dynamics simulation was performed to calculate the forces developed in the knee for isokinetic speeds ranging from 0 (isometric exercise) to 300 degrees /s. Simulations were conducted for a constant-speed phase during isokinetic knee extension exercise. It was assumed for the duration of each simulated exercise that the quadriceps were fully activated and the other muscles were fully deactivated. The force in the anterior cruciate ligament was found to be governed by the force-velocity properties of the quadriceps; the model predicts that 300 deg/sec isokinetic exercise can reduce the force transmitted to the ACL by almost a factor of two compared with that present during isometric knee extension.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗
PubMed1992

Factorial structure of traits delineating personality disorders in clinical and general population samples.

Categorical and dimensional models for classifying personality disorders were evaluated by comparing the structure of personality pathology in a clinical sample (n = 158) with the structure in a general population sample (n = 274). Subjects completed 100 personality scales. Separate factor analyses revealed similar structures in the 2 samples. An underlying structure in a combined sample showed limited agreement with the concepts of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Fifteen factors were retained: Generalized Distress, Rejection, Restricted Expression, Compulsivity, Stimulus Seeking, Insecure Attachment, Diffidence, Intimacy Problems, Oppositionality, Interpersonal Disesteem, Conduct Problems, Cognitive Dysfunction, Affective Reactivity, Narcissism, and Social Apprehensiveness. The results are consistent with a dimensional representation of personality disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive-developmental systems theory in pervasive developmental disorders.

The concept of reality systems is introduced in context of cognitive-developmental systems theory. Examination of the parallels between the reality systems of normal infants and those of children with pervasive developmental disorders supports the view that the latter are stalled at an early stage of development. Evaluation of pervasively disordered children with closed-system and system-forming disorders indicates the aberrant manner in which such children orient toward and engage objects and events, a manner that precludes flexible adaptation to people or surroundings. Attention is given the role of interruption as it triggers a compensatory reaction to maintain systems and the contribution of such reactions in developing the intentional behavior so lacking in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Finally, the author discusses theory-driven strategies to correct deficits in the body schema, coping with surroundings, social development, and communication and representation.

Child↗
PubMed1979

On examination dreams.

The literature concerning examination dreams is reviewed, and the case of a patient who had a number of examination and examination-like dreams is described. Examination dreams are related to traumatic dreams, "idiosyncratic" dreams, and various behavioral expressions. In addition, constitutional factors involving impulse-defense imbalance, childhood experiences with physical difficulties and medical examinations, and ambivalent identifications and object relations seem to find representation in these dreams.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Tibiocalcaneal motion during running, measured with external and bone markers.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare tibiocalcaneal motion during running based on skeletal markers with tibiocalcaneal motion based on external markers. DESIGN. IN VIVO: measurements of external and skeletal tibiocalcaneal kinematics. BACKGROUND: External (shoe, skin) markers are typically used to determine rearfoot kinematics. However, it is not known if such markers are able to provide a good representation of the skeletal (tibiocalcaneal) kinematics. METHODS: Bone pins were inserted into the tibia and calcaneus of five subjects. The 3-D motion of markers attached to bone pins as well as of external markers attached to the shank and shoe were determined during the stance phase of five running trials. Intersegmental motion was expressed in terms of Cardan angles (plantarflexion/dorsiflexion, abduction/adduction, inversion/eversion). RESULTS: It was found that the skeletal inversion/eversion, abduction/adduction, and plantarflexion/dorsiflexion motions were similar across the subjects. The shape of the tibiocalcaneal rotation curves based on external markers were similar to those based on bone markers. However, the rotations were generally overestimated when using external markers, e.g. the average maximal eversion motion calculated from external markers was 16.0 degrees whereas the skeletal maximal eversion motion was only 8.6 degrees. These discrepancies were mainly due to the relative movement between shoe markers and underlying calcaneus. CONCLUSIONS: External markers are only gross indicators of the skeletal tibiocalcaneal motion. The rotations derived from external shoe and shank markers typically overestimate the skeletal tibiocalcaneal kinematics. RELEVANCE: Quantitative results determined from external markers have to be used with caution. For tibiocalcaneal rotations, external markers may be used to show trends, but absolute values cannot be trusted.

Journal Article↗