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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Tumor necrosis factor-induced lethal hepatitis: pharmacological intervention with verapamil, tannic acid, picotamide and K76COOH.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces hepatitis when injected in human beings or in rodents. The molecular mechanism by which TNF induces hepatic distress remains largely unknown, although induction of apoptosis of hepatocytes appears to be an essential step. In order to increase the therapeutic value of TNF, we have studied the protective activity of several molecules and found that four chemically totally different substances confer significant protection in the model of TNF-induced lethal hepatitis in mice sensitized with D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN), but not in mice sensitized with actinomycin-D (ActD) or against anti-Fas-induced lethal hepatitis. Verapamil, a calcium-channel blocker, tannic acid, picotamide, a thromboxane A(2) receptor antagonist, and K76COOH, an inhibitor, amongst others, of complement, protected significantly against induction of lethality, release of the liver-specific enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and induction of apoptosis in the liver after TNF/GalN, except for K76COOH, which paradoxically increased ALT values after challenge, and which also protected against TNF/GalN in complement-deficient mice. The data suggest that activation of platelets and neutrophils, as well as induction of inflammation occur in the TNF/GalN model, but not in the TNF/ActD or anti-Fas models, in which direct induction of apoptosis of hepatocytes may be more relevant. The protective activity of the drugs may lead to an increase in therapeutic value of TNF.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1997

A review of pharmacotherapeutics for prosthetic dentistry: Part I.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Success or failure of a clinical procedure often hinges on the proper application of pharmacologic principles of locally acting drugs. The competent and successful practitioner must therefore have a good background in basic pharmacology, be knowledgeable of pharmacotherapeutics, and keep abreast of the latest advances in medicinal agents. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to review pharmacologic properties of prototype and new drugs that are particularly useful for operative procedures and treatment of the oral cavity. The information presented should enable clinicians to improve clinical outcomes and make a more knowledgeable assessment and comparison of standard drugs with recently released drugs.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1999

Clinical trial of gingival retraction cords.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: A wide spectrum of different gingival retraction cords is used, while the relative clinical efficacy of these cords remains undocumented. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine whether clinicians were able to identify differences in clinical performance among 3 types of gingival retraction cords. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Dental students and faculty members ranked pairs or series of cords according to 6 criteria for clinical performance, with a blind experimental study design. Cords differed in consistency (knitted or twined) and impregnation (8% dl-epinephrine HCl, 0.5 mg/in or 25% aluminum sulfate, 0.5 mg/in). RESULTS: Knitted cords were ranked better than twined cords (P =.03). Cords containing epinephrine performed no better clinically than aluminum sulfate cords (P >.05). CONCLUSION: Clinicians were unable to detect any clinical advantages of using epinephrine impregnated gingival retraction cords compared with aluminum sulfate cords.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed2003

Effects of intraocular injection of a low concentration of zinc on the rat retina.

The main aim of this study was to investigate whether intraocular injection of low concentrations of zinc (no greater than 10 microM) aid the survival of ganglion cells in the rat retina after excitotoxic (NMDA) and ischemia/reperfusion injuries. We also determined whether low amounts of zinc cause any detectable retinal toxicity. Intraocular injection of NMDA caused substantial reductions in the mRNA levels of the ganglion cell-specific markers Thy-1 and neurofilament light (NF-L). Co-injection of 0.1 or 1 nmol zinc neither diminished nor exacerbated the effect of NMDA on the levels of these mRNAs. Likewise, ischemia/reperfusion caused significant decreases in the levels of Thy-1 and NF-L mRNAs and in the b-wave amplitude of the electroretinogram. These effects were not counteracted by injection of zinc. Intraocular injection of NMDA caused marked toxicological effects in retinal glial cells, including upregulations of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glial fibrial acidic protein (GFAP), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Interestingly, injection of 1 nmol zinc caused no changes in the levels of COX-2 and iNOS, yet produced similar, although quantitatively less pronounced, changes in FGF-2, GFAP and CNTF. The upregulations of FGF-2 and CNTF suggest that increasing zinc intake may benefit injured retinal neurons. However, this was not found to be the case in the present studies, perhaps due to the acute nature of the injury paradigms utilised.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Acne vulgaris.

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Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2003

Role of gustation in the recognition of oleate and triolein in anosmic rats.

Recent studies suggest a chemical perception of dietary fat in the oral cavity. To examine the role of gustation for the recognition of oleate and triolein, very short-term (5-min), two-bottle preference tests were conducted in anosmic rats. To minimize the effects of olfaction, texture and postingestive effects, rats were rendered anosmic with intranasal zinc sulfate, test substances were suspended in 0.3% xanthan gum solution and test fluids were offered for 5 min. Rats preferred oleate fluid but not triolein fluid to the control of 0.3% xanthan gum solution. The preference threshold for oleate in the rat oral cavity was between 0.2% and 0.5%. In the two-bottle preference tests between oleate and triolein, rats preferred oleate fluid to triolein fluid, showing discrimination of oleate and triolein. The results suggest that rat recognizes oleate by a gustatory cue and that fatty acid but not triglyceride is important for gustatory recognition of fat.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Dowel space preparation in root canals filled with glass ionomer cement.

The aim of this study was to evaluate post space preparation difficulties in canals filled with Ketac Endo and with Grossman's sealer. Sixty-three single-rooted teeth were prepared using a step-back technique and were divided into four groups: group 1--canals were irrigated with 25% tannic acid and filled with Ketac Endo and a single-cone technique; group 2--canals were irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite and fillings done as in the previous group; group 3--canals were irrigated with 25% tannic acid and filled with Ketac Endo and one gutta-percha cone previously adapted with chloroform; and group 4--canals were irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite and filled with Grossman's sealer and a lateral condensation technique. After 72 h, canals post space were prepared using Peeso drills. The time required was measured in seconds and analyzed by Tukey multiple comparison test (level 5%). Post space preparation time for groups 1 to 3 was longer than for group 4 and longer for group 1 than for groups 2 to 4.

Astringents↗
PubMed2005

[Acrodermatitis enteropathica in full-term breast-fed infant].

BACKGROUND: Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, caused by impaired absorption of zinc from the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms of acrodermatitis enteropathica occur within the first few months after birth and tend to appear shortly after discontinuation of breast-feeding. We report a breast-fed infant with acrodermatitis enteropathica. CASE REPORT: A full term, 4-month-old girl, consulted in dermatologic department for persistent and refractory anogenital lesions since the age of 1 month, with progressive erythematous, vesiculous and squamous lesions, sometimes erosive in a peri orificial and acral pattern. She was calm and healthy baby. She was breast feeding. The diagnosis of acrodermatitis enteropathica was confirmed by decreased plasma zinc level (14 microg/100 ml). Breast milk zinc levels was low (46 microg/100 ml), as plasma zinc level of the mother (94 microg/100 ml). A genetic study showed that she was homozygous for the mutation, whereas her brother and parents were heterozygous. She was given zinc sulphate, and her condition has improved significantly. DISCUSSION: Acrodermatitis enteropathica is characterized by a characteristic clinical feature and the diagnosis is confirmed by decreased plasma zinc level. Acrodermatitis enteropathica in exclusively breast fed infant is rare, it was essentially reported in premature babies. Our case report is particular because it's concerning a full-term breast-fed infant, with zinc deficiency in breast milk and mother's decreased plasma zinc level.

Acrodermatitis↗
PubMed1998

Influence of an antiperspirant on foot blister incidence during cross-country hiking.

BACKGROUND: Rubbing moist skin results in higher frictional forces than rubbing very dry skin. As friction increases, the probability of activity-related blisters also increases. Therefore reducing moisture may reduce blister incidence during physical activity. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether an antiperspirant can reduce foot blisters during hiking. METHODS: In a double-blind study, cadets attending the US Military Academy were separated into two groups that used either an antiperspirant (20% aluminum chloride hexahydrate in anhydrous ethyl alcohol) or placebo (anhydrous ethyl alcohol) preparation. Cadets were told to apply preparations to their feet for 5 consecutive nights. On day 6, cadets completed a 21-km hike, and their feet were examined for blisters before and after. RESULTS: Because of dropouts, the final sample size was 667 cadets with 328 in the antiperspirant group and 339 in the placebo group. There was a high rate of noncompliance with the treatment schedule: Cadets used the preparations from 0 to 5 nights before the hike. For cadets using the preparations at least 3 nights before the hike (n=269), the incidence of foot blisters was 21% for the antiperspirant group and 48% for the placebo group (P < 0.01). However, reports of skin irritation were 57% for the antiperspirant group and 6% for the placebo group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A 20% solution of aluminum chloride hexahydrate in anhydrous ethyl alcohol may be effective in reducing foot blisters during hiking; however, the side effect of skin irritation should be considered and preventive measures studied to reduce this irritation.

Aluminum Chloride↗
PubMed1999

Organotypic culture of neuroepithelium attached to olfactory bulb from adult mouse as a tool to study neuronal regeneration after ZnSO4 neuroepithelial trauma.

Chemical destruction of the olfactory mucosa leads to a neuronal regeneration. A new organotypic culture model is perfected to improve the regenerating processes study. Explants of neuroepithelium attached to olfactory bulbs were removed from adult mice and cultured, 12 h after ZnSO4 intranasal application. After 3 days in culture, explants showed a necrosis in the olfactory epithelium and a thinning of the olfactory bulb nervous layer. From the fifth day of culture, and mostly the tenth, new cells showed positive immunoreactivity with the olfactory marker protein (OMP), meaning they were regenerating olfactory neurons. Simultaneously, OMP immunoreactivity increased in the nervous and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulb, indicating epithelio-bulbar reconnection. This organotypic culture model could allow further investigations on the regenerating process kinetic.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum of burn patients treated with highly purified tannic acid.

The effects of local treatment with highly purified tannic acid (HPTA) on serum transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activity in burn patients were studied, retrospectively. Temporary elevations in the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were observed in both HPTA-treated patients and their matched controls. No statistically significant difference was found between the two patient-groups with respect to the mean enzyme activities, calculated as the areas under the curve between 5 and 15 days post-burn (PBD). These results seem to indicate that HPTA does not cause hepatotoxicity, at least when applied to a burned area corresponding to approximately 10% of the total body surface. This is in agreement with the widespread and frequent use of HPTA in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2001

Effects of aluminum on the neurotoxicity of primary cultured neurons and on the aggregation of beta-amyloid protein.

Recent epidemiological, neuropathological, and biochemical studies have suggested a possible link between the neurotoxicity of aluminum and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, this relationship remains controversial. To investigate detailed characteristics of neurotoxicity of aluminum, we used primary cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex as an in vitro model system for the observation of morphological changes induced by chronic exposure to aluminum. Although the exposure to aluminum chloride (10-100 microM) for 1 week did not cause marked neuronal death, degeneration of neuritic processes and accumulation of tau protein and beta-amyloid protein appeared after chronic exposure to 50 microM aluminum chloride for more than 3 weeks. We also investigated the polymerization of beta-amyloid protein in vitro using the immunoblotting technique. We thus found that aluminum induced conformational changes in beta-amyloid protein and enhanced its aggregation in vitro. The aggregated beta-amyloid protein was dissolved by the addition of desferrioxamine, a chelator of aluminum. The aggregated beta-amyloid protein pre-incubated with aluminum formed fibrillar deposits on the surface of cultured neurons.

Aluminum Chloride↗
PubMed2001

Effects of AlCl3 on toad skin, human erythrocytes, and model cell membranes.

Aluminum, a very abundant metal, could play a toxic role in several pathological processes, including neurodegeneration. Although the effects of Al(III) on biological membranes have been extensively described, direct information concerning the molecular basis of its biological activity is rather scanty. To examine aluminum challenges on cell membranes, various concentrations of AlCl3 in aqueous solutions were incubated with human erythrocytes, isolated toad skin, and molecular models of biomembranes. The latter consisted of multilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine, representing phospholipid classes located in the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane. These specimens were studied by scanning electron microscopy, electrophysiological measurements, and x-ray diffraction. The results indicate that Al(III) in the concentration range of 10-100 microM induced the following structural and functional effects: (i) change in the normal discoid shape of human erythrocytes to echinocytes due to the accumulation of Al(III) ions in the outer moiety of the red cell membrane; (ii) perturbation of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and to a lesser extent of dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine bilayers, and (iii) decrease in the short-circuit current and in the potential difference of the isolated toad skin, effects that are in accordance with a time-dependent modulation of ion transport in response to changes in the molecular structure of the lipid bilayer.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2002

Role of zinc ions in ricin-induced apoptosis in U937 cells.

We found that treatment of U937 cells with ZnCl(2) resulted in marked inhibition of ricin-induced DNA fragmentation and nuclear morphological change. Zn(2+) also completely inhibited the activation of caspase-3-, caspase-6-, and caspase-9-like proteases in ricin-treated cells, while no significant effect of Zn(2+) on these protease activities was observed when added directly to the lysate of ricin-treated cells, suggesting that Zn(2+) blocks the process of the activation of these caspases rather than the direct inhibition of the already activated enzymes. Fluorescence microscopic observation with Zn(2+) specific fluorescent probe dansylaminoethyl-cyclen suggested that there was a substantial increase in probe-detectable Zn(2+) in ricin-treated cells. Since the differences in the total Zn(2+) contents between ricin-treated and -untreated cells as measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer were too small to explain the increase in probe fluorescence in ricin-treated cells, it was suggested that release of Zn(2+) from intracellular stores or metalloproteins may occur rather than enhanced uptake from the medium. The Zn(2+) probe fluorescence change was observed prior to the depletion of intracellular glutathione. Carbobenzoxy-Asp-1-yl-[(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)oxy]methane (Z-Asp-CH(2)-DCB), a caspase family protease inhibitor, prevented ricin-induced increase in Zn(2+) probe fluorescence. These results suggest that redistribution of intracellular Zn(2+) occurs during ricin-induced apoptosis as early apoptotic event, and exogenously added Zn(2+) may prevent such intracellular Zn(2+) redistribution resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis.

Apoptosis↗