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PubMed1978

[Centromere staining in ten species of ruminants by C and R banding techniques].

The centromeric regions of acrocentric or telocentric chromosomes of 10 species of the order Artiodactyla, suborder Ruminantia, have shown to be equally deeply stained either with the C-banding or the R-banding technique. These unusual staining properties could be linked with the presence of a particular type of chromatin. The importance of centromeric fusions linked with speciation in the Bovoidea is recalled.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1893) Moravec, 1982--capillaria with an atypical life cycle].

Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1893)--commonly known as Capillaria hepatica is a nematode parasitising in liver of rodents, some domestic and wild mammals: Insectivora, Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Primates including human as well. C. hepaticum is the only nematode--geohelminth, which for the continuity of the life cycle needs the death of the host being the intermediate and final host at the same time. The eggs of the parasite deposited by female worms in liver of the host became entrapped in fibrotic tissue. C. hepaticum is a cosmopolitic nematode. Rats and mice (domestic and field) are the main hosts of this parasite, the prevalence of infection can be very high e.g. Rattus norvegicus--100% in the Baltimore Zoo (Farhang-Azad 1977) as well as from the urban area of Milan (Italy)--the prevalence of infection was 36% (Ceruti et al. 2001). Hepatic capillariasis was not recorded in our country but its existence seems to be very probable.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Expression of genes controlling modification of amylase in hybrids and original representatives of a cattle subfamily (Bovinae)].

Modifications of similar type were noted in the number of multiple AMY-1 forms of amylase isozyme for various species of Artiodactyla. It is supposed that these modifications are linked to periodical activation during evolution of genes responsible for modification of the molecules. Data obtained on Bovinae hybrids testify to this point of view. Inactivation of active and reinactivation of "silent" genes responsible for modification of AMY-1 molecules are observed in hybrids of bison x cow and bison x aurochs combinations.

Amylases↗
PubMed1990

[Cytoarchitecture and topography of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei of swine (Sus scrofa domestica)].

The topography and cytoarchitecture of nc. hypothalamicus ventromedialis, nc. hypothalamicus dorsomedialis and nc. infundibularis were descripted in the pig. The nc. hypothalamicus ventromedialis is the dominant nucleus in the tuber cinereum. The rostral pole lies caudal to the nc. hypothalamicus anterior. Its caudal pole is bounded by the nc. premamillaris and the nc. hypothalamicus ventrolateralis. Scattered neurons separate the nc. hypothalamicus ventromedialis dorsal from the nc. hypothalamicus dorsomedialis. Dorsolateral it is limited by the fornix and medial from the ventricular wall by the nc. hypothalamicus periventricularis ventralis and the nc. infundibularis. The neurons are medium-sized. They are compactly arranged at the periphery but in the centre the texture is much looser. The nc. hypothalamicus dorsomedialis is a poorly delimited nucleus in the rostral part of the medial hypothalamus. Ventral it is separated from the nc. hypothalamicus ventromedialis by a narrow relative cell free zone. The area hypothalamica rostralis limits it dorsolateral and the nc. paraventricularis dorsomedial. The caudal boundary is formed medial by the nc. periventricularis dorsalis and lateral by the fornix and the area hypothalamica lateralis. Small and medium-sized neurons predominate in this nucleus. The nc. infundibularis surrounds the infundibulum and reaches the recessus mamillaris. The two lateral parts are united at the floor of the third ventricle. Its small neurons are associated with the ependym. The topography and cytoarchitecture of the pig tuber cinereum was compared with the nuclear configuration of other Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Carnivora and Rodentia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Haematology of clinically normal and sick captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).

A retrospective analysis of haematological values from clinically normal captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the red cell count, haemoglobin level, packed cell volume and lymphocyte count were higher and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and eosinophil count were lower in juveniles than in adults. Newborn animals were anaemic compared with juveniles and adults and had high reticulocyte counts. The values from healthy reindeer were used to identify abnormal haematological variations in a number of sick animals. It was shown that reindeer exhibit similar haemopathological responses to those of other artiodactyla, with increases in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and fibrinogen level being of particular diagnostic significance. Eosinophilia was the only abnormal haematological finding in individuals with subclinical infections of intestinal parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Genetic variability of antigenic structure of the Lpm-protein and alpha2-macroglobulin among non-mustelid mammals].

The data on interspecific distribution and antigenic variability of homologues of mink Lpm-protein (Lpm) and alpha 2M-globulin (alpha 2M) among 43 species of 6 orders of mammals are presented. Strong variability of antigenic structure of Lpm and alpha 2M of Rodentia and Artiodactyla orders was established. This fact allows to classify the macroglobulins studied as belonging to the group of evolutionary high-speed plasma globulins. In the plasma of human and green marmoset (Cercopithecus aephiops) the only homologue of alpha 2M was found. The lack of reaction to Lpm in above-mentioned species allows to postulate significant differences between Carnivora and Primates in the organization of this gene cluster. Unique features of antigenic variability of Lpm and alpha 2M were also fixed among other systematical groups tested. Taken together, the data obtained stimulate scientific interest to the study of molecular organization of the Lpm and alpha 2M gene families.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Incidence of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in arthropods (Arthropoda) and antibodies in vertebrates (Vertebrata)].

The paper summarizes data on hitherto assembled findings of Spirochaeta burgdorferi, the causal agent of Lyme disease in arthropods and the incidence of antibodies in birds and mammals. The authors evaluate some vectors and reservoir animals, incl. possible carriers. Borrelia burgdorferi was found so far in 30 species of Arthropoda, 13 species of mites (Acarina), 15 species of flies(Diptera), two species of fleas (Siphonaptera). The role of insects as vectors was not proved so far. Antibodies were detected in eight species of birds (Aves, Passeriformes) and in 22 mammalian species: one species of marsupiales (Marsupialia), 3 species of carnivores (Carnivora), seven species of rodents (Rodentia), two species of rabbits and hares (Lagomorpha), in 8 species of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) and one species of odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla). The great majority of species comes from the non-arctic area.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Species specific motility patterns of hyperactivated mammalian spermatozoa and quantitative analysis of the hyperactivation of bull spermatozoa].

Movement tracks of spermatozoa of human, lion, tiger, cow, pig and sheep are recorded by dark field photography (fluid layer thickness 16.7 microns, exposure time 1 s). Comparison before and after capacitation by an incubation of 2 h in modified tissue culture medium TCM 199 with 10% fetal calf serum resulted in two quite different patterns of hyperactivated spermatozoa: 1) Tracks are broadened due to enlarged lateral head displacement or radius of rotating head movements respectively (tiger, lion) and show beside that a markedly increase in erratic motility (human). 2) In the studied species of artiodactyla, cow, pig and sheep, a qualitative new, panicle-like pattern arised as a result of superposition of spermatozoa head pendular movements around the axis of forward motility and the other one around the head axis. This new type of tracks allows a simple quantitative analysis of hyperactivation of bull spermatozoa, first described in this report. The method is applied to investigations on efficacy of capacitation media and provides evidence for high individual differences of semen donors in capacitation success.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evolutionary variants of the mos gene].

The occurence of members of mos oncogene family in the vertebrates genome has been studied with the help of highly labeled single-stranded DNA probes. These included subgenic v-mos clones as well as the unique sequence--specific recombinants from mos-related human locus gp5 and the K51 locus from rat genome. The probe from gp5 (mos pseudogene) interacts only with DNA of primates and of rodents. On the other hand, mos gene and the gene from K51 locus are present in all vertberates tested. Recent duplication of the main mos gene in Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla orders of mammals was identified. The persistence of K51 and mos genes during evolution indicates their importance. The segregation of three mos-related genes in human-hamster hybrids points to their location on different human chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[The topography and cytoarchitectonic of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) I. The topography of the diencephalon of the cow. (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) (author's transl)].

The study contains a comprehensive review of the literature on the brain of the cattle, followed by notes on form and location of the brain in the skull of the cow and of the diencephalon. In addition we point to some possibilities for locating the brain by stereotaxic manipulations. Several structural particularities are discussed, where to a limited extent references to structures of the brains of other domestic artiodactyla are made.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evolutionary aspects of the distribution of Ascaridoidea in mammals (author's transl)].

In an attempt to interpret the distribution of Ascaridoidea in Mammals and Birds, a scheme is proposed, based on the concept of geological periods of evolutionary expansion for parasitic lines. It is assumed that the evolutionary expansion period of Ascaridoidea in Mammals occurred after the diversification of primitive mammals; this would explain the absence of ascarids in these groups. Periods of evolution appear to coincide with the diversification of Carnivora and Sirenia, the first to become invaded; Artiodactyla and Equidae became invaded later, at the time of their diversification. The other cases of parasitism of Mammals by Ascarids are thought to be "captures".

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Distribution of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) in the higher vertebrates.

The presence of testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) in a variety of higher vertebrate species has been investigated by an ammonium sulphate precipitation technique. TeBG has been demonstrated in significant amounts in primates, carnivora, marsupiala, and some artiodactyla, even in circumstances where previously electrophoretic studies failed to identify it. For the first time it has also been shown in trace amounts in certain rodents and birds. TeBG in the kangaroo substantiates the primitiveness of the protein in the mammal line and its absence in certain orders and species of eutherian mammals must represent a secondary loss.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Anatomy of the lymphangions of the small intestine].

Anatomy of lymphangions (valve segments) has been studied in 120 human and animal cadavers. Methods of investigation were: polychrome injection of arteries, veins and lymphatic bed; macro-microscopic preparation; staining of histopreparations after van Gieson, hematoxylin-eosin, complex technique after A.V. Borisov (1973); impregnation after V.V. Kuprianov (1965); detection of bundle collagene fibers after Mallory and elastic fibers after Weighert. The data collected on the lymphangions demonstrate that the valve segments (lymphangions) in the small intestinal wall appear in phylogenesis at first in birds. Avian lymphangions are cylindric and the valves are of semilunar form and the distance between them is 2--3 cm. In predators (dog, cat, fox, marten) lymphangions are round or conical. Their size is within 6--8 mm. In other animals (rodents, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla) the lymphangions are 3--5 times longer comparing their width. In human ontogenesis the valve segments of the lymph vessels are formed in tela submucosa of the small intestine in 6--7-month-old fetuses. Some other peculiarities in animal and human anatomy of lymphangions have been revealed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Hyalomma (Hyalommina) arabica sp. n. parasitizing goats and sheep in the Yemen Arab Republic and Saudi Arabia.

Hyalomma (Hyalommina) arabica sp. n. is described from 62 adults (29 males, 33 females) taken throughout the year from 23 goats and two sheep, mostly at 200 m altitude in the southern tihama foothills of Ta'izz Province, Yemen Arab Republic. One female from a goat at 2,300 m altitude in this Province may have attached to the host elsewhere and a male from Mecca, Saudi Arabia, was on a goat imported from an unknown source for the traditional religious pilgrimage feast. We postulate that the original host of adults was the Nubian ibex, Capra ibex nubiana F. Cuvier (Artiodactyla: Caprinae). This parasite is most closely related to H. (H.) kumari Sharif, which infests chiefly wild and domestic Caprinae from India to northwestern Iran and Tadzhik, SSR. It also shows relationships to H. (H.) punt Hoogstraal, Kaiser and Pedersen, which parasitizes gazelles and domestic mammals in Somalia and Ethiopia, but differs more widely from the third African-Arabian member of this subgenus, H. (H.) rhipicephaloides Neumann, which feeds on the Nubian ibex and gazelles in the Red Sea and Dead Sea areas. The Hyalomma subgenus Hyalommina now contains seven species, four confined to the Indian subcontinent (including Nepal, Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Afghanistan) and Southwest Asia, and three in eastern Africa north of the equator and Arabia.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Lack of acid-resistant trypsin inhibitor in mare's colostrum: short communication.

Mare's colostrum was collected and examined for the presence of trypsin inhibitors. It was found to contain a low level of trypsin inhibitor which could be denatured by 2.5% trichloroacetic acid and, therefore, it clearly differs from the acid-resistant colostral inhibitor of Artiodactyla and Carnivora. This finding is exceptional for a species that concentrates IgG in the colostrum and whose newborn absorbs colostral proteins non-selectively by the gut. It appears that the presence of colostral trypsin inhibitor is not essential for the transmission of maternal immunity via the colostrum and the gut.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Applications of pig zona pellucida immunocontraception to wildlife fertility control.

A unique application of pig zona pellucida (PZP) immunocontraception is the control of wildlife populations. A native PZP vaccine has been successfully applied to wild horse and donkey populations. A single annual booster inoculation was capable of maintaining contraception. Seven consecutive years of PZP treatment in wild mares resulted in no detectable debilitating side effects, and reversibility of contraception has been documented among mares treated for up to 4 consecutive years. Long-term treatment (5-7 years) is associated with some ovulation failure and depressed urinary oestrogen concentrations. Complex social behaviours in horses were unaffected by treatment. PZP immunocontraception has also been successfully applied to white-tailed deer, with no detectable changes in ovarian histology after 2 years of treatment. Seventy-four species of captive zoo animals have been treated with the PZP vaccine, with documented success in 27 species, including members of the orders Perissodactyla (Equidae), Artiodactyla (Cervidae, Capridae, Giraffidae, Bovidae), and Carnivora (Ursidae, Mustelidae, Felidae). Immunocytochemistry studies have demonstrated a high degree of crossreactivity between anti-PZP antibodies and African elephant zona pellucida. The need for a one-inoculation form of the vaccine has led to the incorporation of PZP into lactide-glycolide microspheres, which cause a delayed release of the PZP. PZP immunocontraception of wildlife has potential because of (1) > 90% effectiveness, (2) the ability for remote delivery, via darts, (3) reversibility after short-term use, (4) a wide breadth of effectiveness across many species, (5) a lack of debilitating side-effects even after long-term treatment, and (6) minimal effects upon social behaviours.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild and domestic animals in northern California.

Wild and domestic animals from 3 geographic-climatologic areas in northern California were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. A total of 2,796 serum samples representing 37 species of wild mammals, 35 species of wild birds, and 5 species of domestic animals were tested by the indirect hemagglutination test. Of 1,174 wild mammal serums tested, 10.8% were positive, which compared with 14.7% of the 1,221 domestic mammal serums. Of 229 wild carnivores tested, 45% were seropositive, including 69% of 86 bobcats, 28% of 58 coyotes, 48% of 25 raccoons, 27% of 26 gray foxes, 22% of 32 striped skunks, a civet cat, and a mink. Serologic evidence of infection was found in 38% of 47 rural domestic cats, but none of the 7 dogs tested was seropositive. Of 160 murid rodents (rats and house mice) in rural habitats, 4% were seropositive, which compared with 2% of 399 cricetine rodents (mostly deer mice) collected from wilderness habitats. Seven percent of 56 wild Artiodactyla (deer and feral pigs) were seropositive, which compared with 15% of 1,048 domestic sheep tested. Of 401 birds tested, 3.5% had antibodies against T gondii. The highest prevalence of antibodies among birds was in crows (14%). Toxoplasma was isolated from 1 raven, by mouse inoculation. In general, the highest prevalence of seropositive carnivores, rodents, and sheep was in the coastal region below 100 ft elevation, where the weather is cool and damp for much of the year. In the central valley the highest prevalence among sheep was in areas under irrigation. The prevalence of antibodies was lowest in the mountain areas, where climatologic extremes prevail at various seasons of the year.

Animals↗