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PubMed2006

Windows into nothingness: terror management, meaninglessness, and negative reactions to modern art.

Why do people dislike art that they find meaningless? According to terror management theory, maintaining a basic meaningful view of reality is a key prerequisite for managing concerns about mortality. Therefore, mortality salience should decrease liking for apparently meaningless art, particularly among those predisposed to unambiguous knowledge. Accordingly, mortality salience diminished affection for modern art in Study 1, and this effect was shown in Study 2 to be specific to individuals with a high personal need for structure (PNS). In Studies 3 and 4, mortality salient high-PNS participants disliked modern art unless it was imbued with meaning, either by means of a title or a personal frame of reference induction. Discussion focused on the roles of meaninglessness, PNS, and art in terror management.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Healing Icons: art support program for patients with cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this report is to describe the structure and process of an art support program for patients with cancer who are age 16 and older. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healing Icons is a six-session art support program for cancer patients. During the program participants create a three-dimensional mixed-media art piece to convey a unique personal perspective on receiving a diagnosis of and being treated for cancer. Concurrently, the patients spontaneously share common experiences about their cancer, which leads to strong emotional bonds. The purpose and goals of the program, method of implementation, and evaluation are described. Information and suggestions that clinicians might find useful in developing similar programs are discussed. Patient participants, their families, and staff in the cancer center have reported positive clinical evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of Healing Icons are derived from the therapeutic factors present in a traditional support group blended with the creative process. This kind of program opens new avenues for expressing feelings and thoughts but should be structured in such a way that group processes are not allowed to negatively impact participants. Healthcare professionals interested in collaborating with artists on similar programs for cancer patients may approach artists through local art councils, art schools, and artists guilds. Brainstorming sessions with artists would help to capitalize on the expertise of artists within the community. Initiating a pilot project would help gauge patient interest and would provide valuable feedback from the healthcare team. Research is needed to validate the clinical outcomes derived from this program, as empirical findings would greatly enhance the clinical evaluations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Observational study of an Arts-in-Medicine Program in an outpatient hemodialysis unit.

BACKGROUND: Long-term hemodialysis is associated with impaired quality of life (QOL) and depression, which are thought to worsen compliance with the treatment regimen. With the success of our hospital's Arts-in-Medicine Program, we launched a similar set of activities in the long-term dialysis unit and sought to measure their effects. METHODS: At baseline and 6 months, we administered the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Beck depression scales to 46 patients (44% men; mean age, 52 years) and assessed their percentage of achieved dialysis time, interdialytic weight gain, and predialysis laboratory results. We tested for a relationship between these variables and Arts-in-Medicine Program participation (low and high; 51% and 49%). Arts in Medicine was offered each shift, led by artists, and included artwork, crocheting, crafts, seasonal displays, poetry, and playing musical instruments. RESULTS: At 6 months, the patients, nurses, technicians, and physicians subjectively believed that Arts in Medicine had a positive impact on the unit. In paired comparisons to baseline, there was significant improvement in SF-36 scores for Role-Physical (mean values, 34.4 to 38.7; P = 0.04), less weight gain (3.6 to 3.2 kg; P = 0.02), greater serum carbon dioxide content (20.4 to 22.5 mEq/L [mmol/L]; P < 0.01), greater phosphate levels (5.3 to 5.7 mg/dL [1.71 to 1.84 mmol/L]; P = 0.04), and a trend to less depression (Beck score, 15.3 to 12.1; P = 0.07). Regression analyses showed that high participation correlated with improved SF-36 scores for Social Function (11.1-unit increase; P = 0.01), Bodily Pain (7.6-unit increase; P = 0.04), and Role-Physical (6.6-unit increase; P = 0.06), as well as a trend to greater albumin levels (0.11 g/dL [1.1 g/L]; P = 0.08), but with greater phosphate (0.8 mg/dL [0.26 mmol/L]; P = 0.01) and lower calcium levels (0.3 mg/dL [0.07 mmol/L]; P = 0.07). CONCLUSION: Participation in a new Arts-in-Medicine Program correlated with improved QOL measures, and there were encouraging trends for depression, as well as certain laboratory and hemodialysis parameters.

Depression↗
PubMed2006

Beauty and art.

Definitions of beauty and art have been turned upside down when trying to describe 20th century and postmodern art. The classical sense of beauty looks toward the replication of nature as its inspiration. The development of Impressionist art and modern art forced the rules of aesthetics to be rethought and revised. Old standards of aesthetics were brought into question with each successive artistic challenge. This article endeavors to explore the meaning of beauty and the aesthetic experience as it relates to defining art.

Art↗
PubMed2004

A brief exploration of neurological art history.

The invention of realistic portraiture to reveal "inner life" is attributed by some art historians to Jan van Eyck who worked in Flanders from 1420 onwards. We show, using clinical neurological examination of the gold mask of Agamemnon dating from 1550-1500 BC and of the portraits of Henry III and his son Edward I -- important English royals -- painted between 1216 and 1307, that realistic portraits were made well before the 15th Century. Thus artists unwittingly used neurology as part of their realistic approach to the presentation of the face. Because neurological diagnosis is often visual, neurology, in turn, has a rich potential to unveil examples of realism in art. We consider the art pieces examined here also pertinent to art historians, as they assess the role of art in documenting history.

Blepharoptosis↗
PubMed2004

Anton Raederscheidt's distorted self-portraits and their significance for understanding balance in art.

Following a right cerebral stroke, the German artist Anton Raederscheidt produced a remarkable series of self-portraits that depicted his severe visual neglect and gradual recovery. These distorted images, like those drawn by others with this disorder, inform us about lateral balance in art and why it is common in the art of cultures separated in time and space. After describing how artists in various cultures have employed lateral balance, I present Arnheim's view that this aspect of art is the result of visual forces generated by the brain. Following a brief history of visual neglect, I present evidence that this disorder provides us with clues to the origin of the visual forces responsible for lateral balance in art. The relevant brain mechanisms control exploration of visual space by integrating orienting movements with visual spatial information. The prevalence of lateral balance in art becomes understandable when we consider that these brain mechanisms evolved to promote survival in our vertebrate ancestors. I end with a speculative neurological account of the aesthetics of lateral balance--why it is pleasing and its absence is displeasing.

Famous Persons↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Arts-based therapies in the treatment of eating disorders.

Arts-based therapies are increasingly being employed, in conjunction with empirically valid traditional therapies, in the residential treatment of eating disorders. A systematic database search of arts-based therapies in the treatment of eating disorders was conducted. In addition, program staff at 22 residential eating disorder treatment programs were contacted to provide information regarding arts-based therapy utilization rates. Of the 19 programs that participated in this study, all incorporate arts-based therapies on at least a weekly basis in the treatment of eating disorders. However, while published narrative reflections on arts-based therapies and eating disorders imply a generally positive outcome, no known, empirically valid studies exist on this experiential form of therapy within the area of eating disorders.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed2003

Medicine and the arts in the undergraduate medical curriculum at the University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway.

The authors describe a course titled Medicine and the Arts, established in 1996, that is part of the first semester of the undergraduate medical curriculum at the University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine. The course comprises four two-hour seminars on literature, visual arts, architecture, and music. The core objectives of the course are to demonstrate how art can be a source of personal and professional development, and also how art represents a source of insight into patients' experiences and the social, cultural, and historical context of medical practice. The course emphasizes that art is ambiguous and many layered and that its interpretation requires sensitivity, engagement, imagination, and reflection. Fostering these skills is a major aim of the course because these skills are also essential for clinical competence and professional development. The course's seminars are integrated into the curriculum but are not compulsory. Although the topics covered by the course have not been explicitly addressed in the formal examination of students, there has been some discussion about doing so, which would be a signal that those topics are as important as others in the curriculum.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1977

Art and recovery style from psychosis.

The concepts of integration and sealing-over as recover styles from acute psychosis are common clinical parlance. Our experience with acute schizophrenic patients has led to specific operational definitions and a scale which can reliably assign patients to these two categories. All acutely schizophrenic patients on an NIH Clinical Center research ward participated in individual art sessions during drug-free periods at admission, at discharge, and at 1-year follow-up. In each session, the patient drew: a) a picture of his choice; b) a self-portrat; and c) a picture of his psychiatric illness. We hypothesized that integrators would pictorially represent themselves and their illness with greater expression, ideational fullness, and affective force than patients who sealed-over. Twenty-four patients were divided equally into integrator and sealing-over groups (based upon ratings at follow-up) and matched for age, sex, and race. Their art productions were presented randomly to two independent raters unfamiliar with the patients. They scored pictures quantitatively for color, motion, detail, empty space, and global expressiveness. Inter-rater reliability was satisfactory. A mean rating was obtained for all pictures from each patient on each of the five art variables. Paired t-tests (two-tailed) were applied to contrast the two groups on each of the five art variables. The results were that the integrators used more color (p less than .05), drew with greater detail (p less than .01), and more globally more expressive (p less than .05). Integrators also tended to depict more motion (p less than .10), but were not different from the sealing-over patients in amount of space left empty. These results support the validity of integration and sealing-over as defined and support the use of art as a medium through which differences in individual styles of coping with the psychosis can be discriminated. Slides of the patients' artwork illustrate the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Toward an understanding of art in nursing.

The art of nursing is a term on which there is little definitional agreement. Nursing includes both artistic and scientific traditions; at times, the balance between these two approaches is an uneasy one. An examination of aesthetics offers a perspective to ground practice in nursing art through John Dewey's philosophy of art as experience. Differences and similarities between science, art, and craft are examined. Nursing art is defined as helping patients create coherence in lives threatened by illness and change.

Art↗
PubMed2003

Abstraction in art with implications for perception.

The relationship between people and art is complex and intriguing. Of course, artworks are our creations; but in interesting and important ways, we are also created by our artworks. Our sense of the world is informed by the art we make and by the art we inherit and value, works that, in themselves, encode others' world views. This two-way effect is deeply rooted and art encodes and affects both a culture's ways of perceiving the world and its ways of remaking the world it perceives. The purpose of this paper is to indicate ways in which a study of abstraction in art can be used to discover insights into, to quote the call for papers for this issue, 'our perception of the world, acquired through experience' and 'the way concepts are formed and manipulated to achieve goals'.

Art↗
PubMed2003

Abstraction and art.

In a given social context, artistic creation comprises a set of processes, which relate to the activity of the artist and the activity of the spectator. Through these processes we see and understand that the world is vaster than it is said to be. Artistic processes are mediated experiences that open up the world. A successful work of art expresses a reality beyond actual reality: it suggests an unknown world using the means and the signs of the known world. Artistic practices incorporate the means of creation developed by science and technology and change forms as they change. Artists and the public follow different processes of abstraction at different levels, in the definition of the means of creation, of representation and of perception of a work of art. This paper examines how the processes of abstraction are used within the framework of the visual arts and abstract painting, which appeared during a period of growing importance for the processes of abstraction in science and technology, at the beginning of the twentieth century. The development of digital platforms and new man-machine interfaces allow multimedia creations. This is performed under the constraint of phases of multidisciplinary conceptualization using generic representation languages, which tend to abolish traditional frontiers between the arts: visual arts, drama, dance and music.

Art↗
PubMed2006

The role of art-making in identity maintenance: case studies of people living with cancer.

The aim of this qualitative research was to understand why some people with cancer take up art as a leisure activity, and how visual art-making in daily life might support identity maintenance/reconstruction. The study forms part of a larger project with people who view art-making as a resource for living with chronic illness. In order to provide a detailed, holistic analysis, the paper focuses on the accounts and artwork of three participants, two women (aged 47 and 59 years) each with breast cancer, and a man (aged 51 years) with stomach and lung cancer. The participants turned to art after a process of reflection but did not necessarily reject their pre-illness lifestyles or selves. Rather, art-making afforded many opportunities to retain familiar personal and social identities, and to resist being dominated by labels related to their illness. A practical implication is that people coping with cancer may need not only cognitive and emotional support, but opportunities to find meaningful activities. Such activities can be understood to have a powerful role in maintaining a familiar, positive identity in cancer, and providing a resource for coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Training the clinical eye and mind: using the arts to develop medical students' observational and pattern recognition skills.

INTRODUCTION: Observation, including identification of key pieces of data, pattern recognition, and interpretation of significance and meaning, is a key element in medical decision making. Clinical observation is taught primarily through preceptor modelling during the all-important clinical years. No single method exists for communicating these skills, and medical educators have periodically experimented with using arts-based training to hone observational acuity. The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand the similarities and differences between arts-based and clinical teaching approaches to convey observation and pattern recognition skills. METHOD: A total of 38 Year 3 students participated in either small group training with clinical photographs and paper cases (group 1), or small group training using art plus dance (group 2), both consisting of 3 2-hour sessions over a 6-month period. FINDINGS: Students in both conditions found value in the training they received and, by both self- and instructor-report, appeared to hone observation skills and improve pattern recognition. The clinically based condition appeared to have been particularly successful in conveying pattern recognition concepts to students, probably because patterns presented in this condition had specific correspondence with actual clinical situations, whereas patterns in art could not be generalised so easily to patients. In the arts-based conditions, students also developed skills in emotional recognition, cultivation of empathy, identification of story and narrative, and awareness of multiple perspectives. CONCLUSION: The interventions studied were naturally complementary and, taken together, can bring greater texture to the process of teaching clinical medicine by helping us see a more complete 'picture' of the patient.

Art↗
PubMed1997

Warning: attending a sport, racing or arts venue may be beneficial to your health.

Concerted efforts to create health-promoting sport, racing and arts venues have become possible since the advent of health promotion foundations in four of Australia's eight states and territories. Large numbers of Australians attend sport, racing and arts venues in pursuit of leisure activities. There is evidence that sport and racing participants and spectators, and certain subgroups of the arts community, have adverse risk-factor profiles that make them an ideal target for health promotion interventions. Through the use of sponsorship, health promotion foundations 'purchase' health-promoting policies in sport, racing and arts settings-policies that have the potential to become institutionalised once sponsorship dollars are depleted. This paper discusses the policies 'purchased' by the foundations and outlines a comprehensive surveillance and evaluation system developed for the Western Australian Health Promotion Foundation. The system monitors the implementation of health-promoting environments at the micro level (sponsorship project); intermediate level (sponsored group); and macro level (community). The article concludes by outlining some of the lessons learned in Western Australia. These provide the basis for development of best practice in working with sport, racing and arts groups, and other sectors outside health, to create health-promoting environments.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Injuries in martial arts: a comparison of five styles.

OBJECTIVE: To compare five martial arts with respect to injury outcomes. METHODS: A one year retrospective cohort was studied using an injury survey. Data on 263 martial arts participants (Shotokan karate, n = 114; aikido, n = 47; tae kwon do, n = 49; kung fu, n = 39; tai chi, n = 14) were analysed. Predictor variables included age, sex, training frequency ( 3 h/week), experience (<3 years v >or=3 years), and martial art style. Outcome measures were injuries requiring time off from training, major injuries (>or=7 days off), multiple injuries (>or=3), body region, and type of injury. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI). Fisher's exact test was used for comparisons between styles, with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: The rate of injuries, expressed as percentage of participants sustaining an injury that required time off training a year, varied according to style: 59% tae kwon do, 51% aikido, 38% kung fu, 30% karate, and 14% tai chi. There was a threefold increased risk of injury and multiple injury in tae kwon do than karate (p<0.001). Subjects >or=18 years of age were at greater risk of injury than younger ones (p<0.05; OR 3.95; CI 1.48 to 9.52). Martial artists with at least three years experience were twice as likely to sustain injury than less experienced students (p<0.005; OR 2.46; CI 1.51 to 4.02). Training >3 h/week was also a significant predictor of injury (p<0.05; OR 1.85; CI 1.13 to 3.05). Compared with karate, the risks of head/neck injury, upper extremity injury, and soft tissue injury were all higher in aikido (p<0.005), and the risks of head/neck, groin, and upper and lower extremity injuries were higher in tae kwon do (p<0.001). No sex differences were found for any of the outcomes studied. CONCLUSIONS: There is a higher rate of injury in tae kwon do than Shotokan karate. Different martial arts have significantly different types and distribution of injuries. Martial arts appear to be safe for young athletes, particularly those at beginner or intermediate levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Length of training, hostility and the martial arts: a comparison with other sporting groups.

Previous research has indicated that training in the martial arts leads to a reduction in levels of hostility. However, such research has only compared hostility within martial arts groups. The present research compares two martial arts groups and two other sporting groups on levels of assaultive, verbal and indirect hostility. Moderated multiple regression analyses revealed a significant interaction between length of training in the respondent's stated sport and whether that sport was a martial art in predicting assaultive and verbal hostility. The form of the interaction suggests that participation in the martial arts is associated, over time, with decreased feelings of assaultive and verbal hostility.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Group art therapy as an adjunct to treatment for chronic outpatients.

Art therapy has lagged behind other therapeutic modalities in being subjected to rigorous evaluation of its effectiveness. This study examines psychosocial outcome for a group of chronic psychiatric outpatients. Half the patients were randomly assigned to a ten-week supportive art therapy group as an adjunct to treatment; the other patients served as a control group. Patients who remained in the art therapy group for the full ten weeks reported a significant improvement in their attitudes toward themselves as measured by the Progress Evaluation Scales, and their therapists rated them as significantly better able to get along with others. The authors believe the study demonstrates the potential of supportive art therapy to enhance functioning of chronic psychiatric patients in the short run. Empirical attention to long-term gains and to the efficacy of specific forms of art therapy is needed in the future.

Adult↗