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PubMed2004

A prevalent POLG CAG microsatellite length allele in humans and African great apes.

The human nuclear gene for the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma ( POLG) contains within its coding region a CAG microsatellite encoding a polyglutamine repeat. Previous studies demonstrated an association between length variation at this repeat and male infertility, suggesting a mechanism whereby the prevalent (CAG)(10) allele, which occurs at a frequency of >80% in different populations, could be maintained by selection. Sequence analysis of the POLG CAG microsatellite region of more than 1000 human chromosomes reveals that virtually all allelic variation at the locus is accounted for by length variation of the CAG repeat. Analysis of POLG from African great apes shows that a prevalent length allele is present in each species, although its exact length is species-specific. In common chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) a number of different sequence variants contribute to the prevalent length allele, strongly supporting the idea that the length of the POLG microsatellite region, rather than its exact nucleotide or amino acid sequence, is what is maintained. Analysis of POLG in other primates indicates that the repeat has expanded from a shorter, glutamine-rich sequence, present in the common ancestor of Old and New World monkeys.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Interlaminar astroglial processes in the cerebral cortex of great apes.

The present study was designed to document the architecture of neocortical astroglia in great apes, following glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. These anthropoid species were missing from previous phylogenetic descriptions of astroglia with interlaminar processes, a characteristic event of the cerebral cortex within the Primate Order. Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan), Gorilla gorilla (gorilla) and Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) brain samples showed the typical "palisade" of interlaminar processes. Yet, those from Pan troglodytes were less uniform, showing extended cortical segments with astrocytic ("syncytial-type") appearance, intermingled with segments expressing the interlaminar "palisade". Present observations contribute to fill in missing data on the phylogenetic emergence of the cerebral cortex astroglial interlaminar processes. Considering the extreme consistency of the expression of astroglial interlaminar "palisades" among anthropoid species, this apparent variability among Pan individuals could be due to various possibilities, which are considered in this report.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Neuropeptide Y in the infundibular nucleus and hypophysis of great apes.

We studied the distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity in the infundibular nucleus and the hypophysis of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. Using antibodies developed in rabbit against synthetic porcine NPY, we found numerous NPY-immunoreactive neuronal somata in the infundibular nucleus; this nucleus was also filled with short NPY-positive processes and an abundance of punctate structures that could be indicative of synaptic terminals. Numerous varicose NPY-positive fibers were concentrated in the upper infundibular stem in association with capillary loops of the portal vasculature and with the long portal vessels. Bundles of long varicose fibers ran down the infundibular stem, some appearing to terminate in the lower stem in the vicinity of short portal vessels. The bulbous infundibular process contained only sparsely distributed fibers; they were mostly concentrated near vessels at the border between the infundibular process and the anterior pituitary gland, where the fibers often terminated in a spray-like fashion near blood vessels. No NPY immunoreactivity was seen in the anterior pituitary gland. These results provide anatomical evidence for the release of NPY into the portal vasculature of great apes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

How great apes perform on a modified trap-tube task.

To date, neither primates nor birds have shown clear evidence of causal knowledge when attempting to solve the trap tube task. One factor that may have contributed to mask the knowledge that subjects may have about the task is that subjects were only allowed to push the reward away from them, which is a particularly difficult action for primates in certain problem solving situations. We presented five orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), two bonobos (Pan paniscus), and one gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) with a modified trap tube that allowed subjects to push or rake the reward with the tool. In two additional follow-up tests, we inverted the tube 180 degrees rendering the trap nonfunctional and also presented subjects with the original task in which they were required to push the reward out of the tube. Results showed that all but one of the subjects preferred to rake the reward. Two orangutans and one chimpanzee (all of whom preferred to rake the reward), consistently avoided the trap only when it was functional but failed the original task. These findings suggest that some great apes may have some causal knowledge about the trap-tube task. Their success, however, depended on whether they were allowed to choose certain tool-using actions.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The endogenous reverse transcriptase activity of Gibbon ape lymphoma virus: characterization of the DNA product.

The DNA product of the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction of Gibbon ape lymphoma virus has been analyzed and characterized. Data show that in simultaneous detection assays in which the type and/or concentration of divalent cation is varied the best yield of rapidly-sedimenting DNA was obtained from reactions containing 1.5 mM Mn2+. This yield is ten-fold better than the yield observed at the optimal Mg2+ concentration (5.0mM). Evidence is presented to show that DNA synthesized at the optimal concentration of either of these cations consists of large pieces varying in size from 4 to 12S. This DNA hybridizes efficiently to homologous viral RNA (greater than 60 percent annealing) and protects at least two-thirds of GALV 70S [32P]RNA from ribonuclease digestion. The hybrids formed with homologous viral RNA are stable as evidenced by their thermal elution patterns from hydroxylapatite columns. In contrast, DNA synthesized in reactions in which the concentration of Mn2+ or Mg2+ was greater than optimal was predominantly 4S or smaller in size and displayed a low level of hybridization (less than 10 percent) to homologous viral RNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Use of a monoclonal antibody (APE-1) directed against the conserved GTPEYLAPE motif present in protein kinases as an affinity purification reagent.

cDNA sequence studies have predicted the existence of protein kinases that have not been characterized at the protein level. This laboratory has previously shown that polyclonal rabbit antibodies directed against a highly conserved sequence motif, GTPEYLAPE, present in the catalytic domain of many protein kinases will react during immunoblots with several protein kinases containing the same or homologous motifs. In this report I describe the development of a mouse monoclonal antibody, designated APE-1, that reacts with the GTPEYLAPE motif. In addition, the use of this monoclonal antibody in the affinity purification of kinase activities from rabbit reticulocyte lysate is described. This approach may provide a general method for the purification of previously uncharacterized protein kinases that share regions which are homologous to the GTPEYLAPE motif. Refinements in this method may permit the rapid purification of nonabundant and/or rapidly inactivated protein kinases that have not been isolated using other approaches.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Biochemical evidence for the interaction of regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase with IDA (Inter-DFG-APE) region of catalytic subunit.

To explore the structural basis required for the holoenzyme formation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, we have prepared rabbit anti-peptide antibodies that can block the holoenzyme formation without affecting the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The antibodies were raised against a specific site in the catalytic (C)-subunit, termed IDA (Inter-DFG-APE) region, which lies between the kinase subdomains VII and VIII. Although the C-subunit immunoprecipitated with anti-IDA antibodies could not form a stable complex with regulatory (R)-subunit, it was still susceptible to inhibition by the R-subunit or by PKI, a specific inhibitor peptide containing a pseudosubstrate site. These results indicate that there exists an IDA region-mediated interaction between the R- and C-subunits, which is distinct from that mediated through the substrate site and substrate binding site. In accordance with this idea, association of synthetic IDA peptides with the R-subunit was directly demonstrated by resonance mirror analysis. The calculated association constants of IDA peptides were high enough to suggest a possible involvement of the IDA region in the initial step of holoenzyme formation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Nucleotide sequences of immunoglobulin-epsilon pseudogenes in man and apes and their phylogenetic relationships.

To understand the phylogenetic relationships between hominoids, the nucleotide sequences of immunoglobulin-epsilon processed pseudogenes from chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan were determined. The basic structures of these processed pseudogenes agreed with their human counterpart. Although the degrees of nucleotide differences between man and the African apes had no statistical significance, all the analytical data examined supported the theory that chimpanzee is the closest relative of man. This result was consistent with that deduced by our recent qualitative study. Studies on the nucleotide sequences of globin genes have suggested that the molecular clock runs more slowly in hominoids than in non-hominoid primates. According to the present data, however, further retardation of the evolutionary rate was not observed in the human lineage. Assuming that orangutan diverged 14 million years ago and that the evolutionary rate between the orangutan lineage and the lineage leading to the other three species is constant, the divergence dates of chimpanzee and gorilla were estimated to be 4.9(+/- 0.9) and 5.9(+/- 0.9) million years ago, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Transcriptional activity of the gibbon ape leukemia virus in the interleukin 2 gene of MLA 144 cells.

The gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV)-infected T-cell line, MLA 144, constitutively makes the lymphokine, interleukin 2 (IL 2), without stimulation by antigen or mitogen. This line contains two GALV insertions in the IL-2 gene: one in the 3' untranslated region of the gene and one 1200 bp 5' to the gene. It is likely that one or both of these viral insertions is(are) involved in activation of IL-2 expression. We investigated the ability of sequences within the LTR of MLA 144 cells (GALV-MLA) to act as transcriptional elements and have demonstrated here the presence of cis-acting sequences in the GALV LTR capable of enhancing transcription of the GALV promoter as well as two heterologous promoters, SV40 early and IL-2. The results indicate that insertion of the enhancer element(s) alone is not sufficient to activate IL-2 expression but can enhance levels of IL-2 expressed from the activated gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Genetic organization of gibbon ape leukemia virus.

Gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) is a highly oncogenic C-type retrovirus capable of inducing myeloid leukemia in juvenile gibbons. GaLV is antigenically most closely related to a new world monkey virus, simian sarcoma associated virus (SSAV), and less to the murine and feline C-type leukemia viruses. To begin to understand how this virus induces leukemia at the molecular level, we have sequenced a GaLV genome and shown that it has a "minimal" genetic complement of 5'R-U5-gag-pol-env-U3-R3'. No additional genes could be identified. Such a genetic structure is identical to those of the murine and feline C-type leukemogenic viruses. Despite its suggested murine origin, the GaLV sequence is as closely related to the murine viruses as it is to the feline retroviruses. Finally the GaLV sequence is indistinguishable from that of the fragments of SSAV available indicating that, in fact, SSAV is of gibbon origin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

The mouse homolog of the Gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor: genetic mapping and a possible receptor function in rodents.

The mouse homolog of the Gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) receptor (Glvr-1) was mapped to mouse Chromosome 2 (Chr 2) by Southern blot analysis of somatic cell hybrids and positioned on this chromosome using an interspecies genetic cross. Mouse Chr 2 also encodes a receptor (Rec-2) for the wild mouse virus M813. To investigate whether Glvr-1 and Rec-2 could be the same gene, we sought evidence for sequence homology between the env- genes of their respective viruses. Southern blot hybridization with GALV-derived env and pol-env probes failed to detect any homology between GALV and M813, but did show that all mouse species tested carry numerous copies of GALV-related sequences. We speculate that a functional receptor for GALV-related viruses was expressed during Mus evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Language learning in two species of apes.

A 4 year old pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) has spontaneously begun to use symbols for the purpose of communicating. Other apes have required training before they began to use symbols fluently. By contrast, this pygmy chimpanzee has begun to learn and appropriately employ graphic symbols simply as the result of exposure to human models. He has also spontaneously demonstrated an ability to comprehend many spoken English words and his multi-word utterances consistently provide more information than his single-word utterances.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of the tissue distribution of reverse transcriptase, p30 and type-C virus in a gibbon ape with lymphocytic leukemia.

Tissues obtained at necropsy from a 7 year old male gibbon ape with malignant lymphoma and leukemia were analyzed by electron microscopic, immunological and enzymological techniques to determine the comparative localization of tumor cells and virus throughout the body. In general, the different assays correlated well; the reverse transcriptase (RT) assay and p30 radioimmunoassay (RIA) being the most sensitive, although the RT assay was able to detect activity in one tissue scored negative by p30 RIA. Tissues were infiltrated with tumor cells to varying degrees which correlated well with the level of virus markers in most cases with the exception of the liver and kidney. In these 2 organs there was marked infiltration of free virus and tumor cells but there was no evidence of virus infection or production by these cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The aquatic ape theory reconsidered.

Hardy's Aquatic Ape Theory (AAT) proposes that man progressed phylogenetically to the two-legged hairless creature that he is today via a semi-aquatic diversion which probably began during the Pliocene or perhaps as early as the Miocene era. It revolutionizes the human evolutionary story and in the process, challenges the classical anthropoid theory which has been the dominant theory of evolution since the time of Darwin. Possible reasons for the existance of many of man's previously unexplained characteristics (bipedalism, hairlessness, subcutaneous fat, bradycardia and others) is resolved without the proposal of any new or unreasonable hypotheses. Yet the AAT has been largely ignored. Morris and Morgan have supported the theory in the face of considerable criticism. This paper is a review of the theory and a collection of some of the opposing views presented by contemporary orthodox evolutionists.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The aquatic ape theory and some common diseases.

The Aquatic Ape Theory claims that human ancestors once lived in a semi-aquatic habitat. Some human diseases might be explained by our aquatic past. Such problems include hyperventilation, periodic breathing, laryngo- and bronchospasm, vasomotor rhinopathy, seborrhea, dandruff, male pattern alopecia, rhinophyma, osteoarthritis, inguinal hernias, varicose veins, common obesity, myopia, and ear-wax.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Aquatic ape theory and fossil hominids.

While most older palaeo-anthropological studies emphasise the similarities of the fossil hominids with modern man, recent studies often stress the unique and the apelike features of the australopithecine dentitions, skulls and postcranial bones. It is worth reconsidering the features of Australopithecus, Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis in the light of the so-called Aquatic Ape Theory (AAT) of Hardy and Morgan, and to compare the skeletal parts of our fossil relatives with those of (semi)aquatic animals. Possible convergences are observed with proboscis monkeys, beavers, sea-otters, hippopotamuses, seals, sea-lions, walruses, sea-cows, whales, dolphins, porpoises, penguins and crocodiles.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A human moderately repeated Y-specific DNA sequence is evolutionarily conserved in the Y chromosome of the great apes.

Evolutionary conservation of the human-derived moderately repeated Y-specific DNA sequence Y-190 (DYZ5) was investigated in the chimpanzee, orangutan, and gorilla. Southern blot analysis showed the presence of the sequence in the Y chromosome of all great apes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and in situ hybridization revealed that the repeat is organized in one major block and confined to a small region of the Y chromosome of the three species. DYZ5 was assigned to the proximal short arm of the Y chromosome of the chimpanzee and orangutan and to the long arm of the Y chromosome of the gorilla. In light of its evolutionary conservation, DYZ5 may have an as yet undetermined structural function in the Y chromosome.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Comparative mapping of human alphoid sequences in great apes using fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Twenty-seven human alphoid DNA probes have been hybridized in situ to metaphase spreads of the common chimpanzee (PTR), the pigmy chimpanzee (PPA), and the gorilla (GGO) to investigate the evolutionary relationship between the centromeric regions of the great ape chromosomes. The surprising results showed that the vast majority of the probes did not recognize their corresponding homologous chromosomes. Alphoid sequences belonging to the suprachromosomal family 1 (chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, and 19) yielded very heterogeneous results: some probes gave intense signals, but always on nonhomologous chromosomes; others did not produce any hybridization signal. Almost all probes belonging to the suprachromosomal family 2 (chromosomes 2, 4, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, and 22) recognized a single chromosome: chromosome 11 (phylogenetic IX) in PTR and PPA and chromosome 19 (phylogenetic V) in GGO. Localization of probes of suprachromosomal family 3 (chromosomes 1, 11, 17, and X) was found to be substantially conserved in PTR and PPA, but not in GGO. Probe pDMX1, specific for the human X chromosome, was the only sequence detecting its corresponding chromosome in all three species. PPA chromosomes I, IIp, IIq, IV, V, VI, and XVIII were never labeled, even under low-stringency hybridization conditions, by the 27 alphoid probes used in this study. These results, with particular reference to differences found in the two related species PTR and PPA, suggest that alphoid centromeric sequences underwent a very rapid evolution.

Animals↗