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PubMedDate not supplied

Acute, flaccid quadriplegia in three cats with suspected coral snake envenomation.

Three cats were evaluated for acute, ascending, flaccid quadriplegia; depression; and reduced nociception. Complete or partial neuromuscular junction blockade was found on nerve stimulation studies during electromyographic examinations. Two of the cases had wounds on the chin or paw compatible with coral snake bites. Although a coral snake was found in only one case, coral snake envenomation was suspected because potential for exposure, clinical signs, and electrodiagnostic findings were similar to dogs reported with this condition and to cats with tiger snake envenomation. Only one case received coral snake antivenin. All cases recovered within seven-to-10 days.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Anisodamine as an effective drug to treat snakebites.

Anisodamine is a natural alkaloid drug isolated from the plant Anisodus tanguticus growing in western China. The chemical structure and pharmacological action are just like the cholinergic receptor blocking agents atropine or scopolamine. The specific characteristic of the drug is being able to relieve the dangerous situation of microcirculatory failure, especially in case of DIC or renal failure. The prognosis of the patients will be quite good. Another characteristic of the drug is that no serious toxic reaction occurs even in successive doses given intravenously up to 500 mg a day. This is about fifty times greater than a common dose of 10 mg. Since we begin with the drug as a routine medication for the symptomatic treatment of renal failure, DIC bleeding, and microcirculatory failure, we should say that the specific antivenin and anisodamine are two treasure drugs for snakebites.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Anaphylactoid reaction to rattlesnake envenomation.

The clinical manifestations of an anaphylactoid reaction are identical to true anaphylaxis; however, a previous exposure to the offending agent is not needed to manifest these symptoms. We present a case of an anaphylactoid reaction in a 62-y-o female following a first-time envenomation by a rattlesnake. The patient required s.c. epinephrine and i.v. diphenhydramine, methylprednisolone, and ranitidine. She had not been envenomated by a rattlesnake previously or received any horse-derived antivenins in the past.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1998

Scorpion sting.

Acute life threatening systemic involvement (cardiovascular and central nervous system) occur due to scorpion poisoning, often reported from rural part of world comprises the majority of developing countries. The most serious symptoms are hypertension, impaired left ventricular systolic function, hypotension and pulmonary oedema. Scorpion antivenin neutralizes circulatory and tissue venin. It has no action on effective effectors (Receptors). Prazosin possesses pharmacological properties that render it most suitable in antagonizing the toxicological effects of scorpion venom.

Animals↗
PubMed1960

Snake venom poisoning in Southern California.

The annual incidence of rattlesnake bite in Southern California is approximately 1 per 75,000 population. The case fatality rate is 1.5 per cent. The snakes implicated in the greatest number of injuries are the southern Pacific rattlesnake, the red diamond rattlesnake and the sidewinder. Rattlesnake venom produces deleterious changes in the blood cells, defects in blood coagulation, injury to the intimal linings of vessels, damage to the heart muscle, alterations in the respiratory cycle and, to a lesser extent, changes in neuromuscular conduction. The most frequently observed symptoms and signs following ophidiasis in this area are swelling and edema, pain, ecchymosis, swelling of the regional lymph nodes, weakness, sweating, increased body temperature, faintness, and hemorrhagic vesiculations. First aid treatment consists of immobilization of the affected part, application of a constriction band, incision and suction with subsequent local application of ice packs. Treatment in hospital consists of administration of antivenin, antitetanus agent and antibiotic. Transfusions, oxygen and a corticosteroid may be indicated in some cases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Venomous snakebite: past, present, and future treatment options.

BACKGROUND: Venomous snakebites continue to cause great morbidity, and treatment options are confusing the attending physician. In the United States approximately 45,000 snakebites occur each year, of which some 8000 are by 20 species of venomous snakes. METHODS: Information on venomous snakes and snakebite treatment was gathered from the libraries of the Wilderness Medical Society and the Rocky Mountain Center for Wilderness Medicine in Boise, Idaho (co-supported by the Boise State University and the Family Practice Residency of Idaho), as well as from current literature files of physicians practicing wilderness medicine. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Three genera of venomous snakes account for the majority of poisonous snake envenomations in this country. Most hospitalized victims are bitten either by rattlesnakes or copperheads or by unidentified snakes. Most of these bites occur during the summer months and are found on the extremities. Field treatment focuses on the application of a vacuum extractor and transportation to the nearest medical facility. Although constriction band use can be helpful, tourniquets, incision and suction, and ice therapy are contraindicated. Electric shock therapy is of no use and could cause serious injury. Hospital management focuses on rapid clinical evaluation and laboratory tests to establish the degree of envenomation, looking for clotting abnormalities. If envenomation has occurred and is reactive, polyvalent antivenin should be administered according to the degree of envenomation. Errors in diagnosis and treatment result in increased morbidity and put attending physicians at risk for litigation. Prevention remains the most successful approach to snakebite management.

Antivenins↗
PubMed1992

Venomous snakebites. Current concepts in diagnosis, treatment, and management.

It is essential that all emergency physicians become familiar with the recognition and treatment of venomous snakebites. Techniques such as the use of tourniquets and incision and suction should no longer be performed routinely. The mainstay of treatment for poisonous bites is the intravenous administration of the appropriate antivenin to neutralize the effects of the venom.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Gamma irradiation of Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje) Venom.

The aim of the present study was to prepare an effective and safe toxoid for the Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje) Venom by gamma irradiation. The effects of gamma irradiation (0.1-10 M rad) on the toxicity, as well as the antigen antibody complex formation reactivity was described. It appears from the results that the lethality of Naja haje venom irradiated in the dry form was not affected up to a dose of 10 M rad (100 KGy). On the other hand, the venom irradiated in the aqueous solution form showed a decrease in its lethality, and this was proportionately related to the dose of irradiation, while the ability of the venom antigens to react with its corresponding antibodies was retained up to irradiation dose of 5 M rad. The results of double immunodiffusion of non irradiated and the different dose levels of gamma irradiated venom (0.1-5 M rad) against a commercial Egyptian polyvalent antivenin, all showed similar patterns, the four visible lines obtained in the immunodiffusion reactions were identical and joined smoothly at the corners, indicating that there was no change in antigenic reactivity with antibodies determinants.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Latrodectism: bite of the black widow spider.

Latrodectism, the clinical syndrome that follows envenomation by the black widow spider, may easily be confused with more common conditions. Acute manifestations are characterized by agonizing pain and muscle spasm. Prolonged symptoms, primarily related to neurologic dysfunction, may occur. Familiarity with the manifestations of latrodectism is the key to diagnosis. Family physicians should consider latrodectism in patients presenting with severe pain and muscle cramps, particularly if the setting and history are consistent with a possible spider bite. Optimal therapy remains controversial. Early use of specific antivenin in severely envenomated patients may prevent the development of lingering symptoms, usually related to neurologic dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Management of snakebite.

Patients who have been or may have been bitten by a snake should receive prompt and careful clinical and laboratory evaluation. Fang marks, pain and swelling are characteristic of pit viper envenomation. Although no therapy is universally accepted, a number of treatment plans appear to be effective. If envenomation has occurred, intravenous administration of antivenin and/or surgical excision or incision should be carried out without delay. Prompt transferral to a medical facility is the most appropriate first-aid measure. If transportation is unduly delayed, immediate linear incision and suction may be of value.

Antivenins↗
PubMed1990

Boomslang bite--diagnosis and management. A report of 2 cases.

Bites by boomslang are uncommon and usually occur in adult snake handlers who are aware of the potentially fatal consequences, i.e. disseminated intravascular coagulation with delayed onset of spontaneous haemorrhage. Accidental bites in children are rare. Aids to diagnosis include the description of the bite, identification of the snake, and the recognition of an abnormal bleeding tendency before the onset of spontaneous haemorrhage. Specific boomslang antivenin arrests established bleeding but may not be immediately available, in which case the administration of heparin should be considered. Thrombo-elastography is a useful aid to diagnosis and management.

Antivenins↗
PubMed1989

[Pulmonary embolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation after being bitten by a Bothrops lanceolatus snake. Apropos of a case].

The authors report the case of a Bothrops lanceolatus snake bite complicated by severe pulmonary embolism a few hours after admission. This thromboembolic complication developed despite heparin therapy and was followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Vascular thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are rare after Bothrops lanceolatus snake bite as patients are usually hypocoagulable due to DIC. In this case, the thromboembolism was probably caused by the procoagulant effect of the thrombin-like enzymes of the snake venom which may have been injected directly into the vein of a young woman taking a contraceptive pill. A specific antivenin which has recently become available fort treatment may decrease the complications of Bothrops lanceolatus snake bite.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Severe cases of green pit viper snake venom poisoning.

Two severe cases of green pit viper bites were reported. The clinical manifestations were severe bleeding and diarrhea. The first patient had acute renal failure complicated from severe diarrhea and hypovolemia. Hematological findings showed hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia. Renal biopsy performed in the first case showed a picture compatible with that of the recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis. Green pit viper antivenine serum together with symptomatic and supportive treatment was given. Both patients recovered uneventfully.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1988

Rattlesnake bites in southern California and rationale for recommended treatment.

Rattlesnake bite is most common in young men who often are intoxicated and have purposely handled a venomous snake. The incidence of bites is highest in the spring and early summer months, and they most often occur in the afternoon. The hands and feet only are involved in 95% of all bites. First-aid therapy should be limited to splinting the extremity and transporting the victim to a medical facility. Definitive therapy is administering antivenin (Crotalidae) polyvalent intravenously in adequate initial doses and repeating every two hours until the venom is completely neutralized. Serum sickness usually follows all doses of more than five vials but is readily controlled by giving corticosteroids. Bites are avoided by protecting the hands and feet, not handling venomous snakes, and using utmost caution while in the snakes' habitat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Intravenous rattlesnake envenomation.

Intravenous envenomation by North American rattlesnakes is an uncommon occurrence, but a true emergency. In three documented, successfully resuscitated cases, the mainstay of treatment was the immediate intravenous administration of antivenin.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Envenomation by the Eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius). A study of 39 victims.

We gathered data on 39 victims of Eastern coral snake bite over a 12-year period. The most common situation resulting in snakebite was erroneous identification of the snake as the nonpoisonous scarlet king snake. While no patient died, several experienced severe envenomation, including bulbospinal respiratory paralysis. We found that neurologic symptoms may be delayed for 12 hours, and then may be precipitous. Envenomation occurs in 75% of the persons bitten by a coral snake. Antivenin is effective and should be intravenously administered early to patients who have been bitten by a positively identified coral snake, depending on the clinical presentation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1967

Standardization of Vipera ammodytes antiserum.

The determination of the activity of viper antiserum in terms of the effective dose against 1 minimum lethal dose (MLD) of venom often leads to results which are not very reproducible. The present study concerns the preparation of a standard Vipera ammodytes antiserum and the choice of a suitable venom test dose. Portions of purified, concentrated antiserum were distributed into vacuum-sealed ampoules for use as a standard, and the amounts of this standard antiserum needed to neutralize various amounts of ammodytes venom were determined. The antivenin unit (AU) was fixed at 1.90 mg; 1 AU is the amount of standard serum required to protect 50% of white mice weighing 18 g against 0.05 mg (5 MLD) of venom. The use of the standard antiserum for titration of crude antisera in terms of this AU is described.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Dynamic changes of horse serum T-globulin immunization with snake venoms, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids.

In course of immunizing horses with snake venoms, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, a new serum component, T-globulin, was formed and migrated between the beta- and gamma-globulins. The T-globulin content was parallel with the antibody titre after the middle course of immunization. There were many components in snake antivenin and T-globulin was composed of most of those components. The components of diphtheria T-globulin were the same as those of crude antitoxin and tetanus T-globulin except one precipitin.

Animals↗