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PubMed2000

[Determinants of sketch-map orientation: an examination into the adoption of egocentric and conventional systems of reference to sketch-map drawing].

This study examined the determinants of adults' sketch-map orientation in terms of adoption of Egocentric and Conventional Systems of Reference (ESR and CSR) proposed by Sholl and Egeth (1980). If an ESR adoption in sketch-map drawing depends on a tuning activity of 'orienting schemata' (Sholl, 1987), subjects are expected to comprehend their own body direction accurately at the current position. To test this hypothesis, subjects were asked to judge the direction to the library entrance relative to their body direction at the current position. Subjects were asked to judge the direction to the north, to confirm that those who adopted CSR in sketch-map drawing regard the top of the sketch-map as north. In addition, whether the frequency of ESR adoption increases by telling subjects to draw the current position first, or not was examined. Results indicated a significant increase in ESR adoption. Subjects who adopted ESR performed well in judging the direction to the library entrance. On the other hand, subjects who adopted CSR poorly performed in judging the direction to the north.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The adoption of corporate restructuring by hospitals.

This study investigates factors associated with the adoption of corporate restructuring by hospitals in Massachusetts, where restructuring occurred much more rapidly than it did nationally. Drawing on studies of management innovation in hospitals, this article hypothesizes that early adopters will differ from those that adopt later on the basis of individual and organizational factors, and that institutional forces will explain later adoption. The findings show no differences between early and later adopters but do show that after an intense period of restructuring, hospitals became less likely to adopt the innovation. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of reimbursement laws on the adoption pattern and the implications for the diffusion of management innovation, particularly under health care reform.

American Hospital Association↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors affecting a woman's intent to adopt hormone replacement therapy for menopause.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of attitude toward menopause, knowledge of menopause, social support for hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and self-efficacy for HRT with intention to adopt HRT for menopause. DESIGN: A prospective design, to explore the relationship between predictors and the criterion, intent to adopt HRT. SETTING: The participants were recruited from clinic sites in rural Nebraska and Wyoming. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 167 perimenopausal/menopausal women ages 39 to 58. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Multiple regression was used to examine the relationships between predictors and the criterion, intent to adopt HRT. RESULTS: Self-efficacy was found to predict intent to adopt HRT to a higher degree than the other predictors of support and knowledge. The combined influence of all three predictors affected intent to adopt HRT to a greater degree than any of the variables independently, R2 = .45. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that self-efficacy, support, and knowledge may affect a woman's intent to adopt HRT. A higher priority needs to be placed on enhancing a menopausal woman's self-efficacy, support, and knowledge to facilitate adoption of HRT.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Mechanisms of immunological eradication of a syngeneic guinea pig tumor: participation of a component(s) of recipient origin in the expression of systemic adoptive immunity.

The effects of carrageenan and trypan blue on the expression of adoptive immunity to the syngeneic guinea pig line 10 hepatoma were investigated. Adoptive immunity was assessed by observing dermal tumor growth in recipients of immune cells and by bioassays in which tumor challenge sites were transplanted into secondary hosts. Carrageenan abrogated transferred immunity in treated animals as evidenced by dermal tumor growth and by development of fatal ascites tumors in peritoneal cavities of the secondary hosts. Trypan blue, on the other hand, did not abrogate transferred immunity in treated animals. However, the i.p. bioassay revealed the presence of line 10 cells in the tumor challenge sites 10 days after adoptive transfer. In vitro and in vivo exposure of immune spleen cells to carrageenan or trypan blue had no significant effect on the subsequent adoptive transfer, indicating that the inhibitory activity of these agents cannot be attributed to direct toxicity to immune lymphoid cells. Tumor challenge sites taken from carrageenan or trypan blue-treated animals 5 days after adoptive transfer failed to grow progressively when transplanted s.c. into secondary hosts. This observation suggests the presence of immune cells at tumor challenge sites. Thus, the inhibitory effects were unlikely due to interference with recirculation of the i.v.-transferred immune cells. Adoptive immunity was not influenced in guinea pigs that received a lethal dose of irradiation (500 rads). These results demonstrate that a recipient component(s) sensitive to carrageenan and trypan blue but resistant to radiation is essential to the expression of adoptive immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Characteristics of animals adopted from an animal control center whose owners complied with a spaying/neutering program.

A study of 137 cats and 567 dogs received by and subsequently adopted from an animal control center was performed to determine characteristics of animals whose new owners subsequently complied with a prepaid spaying/neutering program. Four times as many dogs as cats were adopted. Females were adopted more frequently than males. Owners who adopted female cats were most likely to comply with the prepaid spaying/neutering program, followed, in order, by owners of male cats, owners of female dogs, and owners of male dogs. Most animals returned to the shelter were < 4 months old. Dogs suspected to be of mixed breeding that were > 4 months old were most likely to be adopted. Owners who adopted a female dog suspected to be of mixed breeding were more likely to have the dog spayed than were owners who adopted a female dog that appeared purebred.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1997

How Canadian radiologists adopt innovations: a survey.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Innovations and practice changes occur frequently in modern radiologic practice. In this study the authors sought to understand the process of adopting an innovation and to define the characteristics of some innovations and the effect of these characteristics on innovation adoption. METHODS: An anonymous mail survey of the membership of the Canadian Association of Radiologists was undertaken to obtain details about the process of adopting an innovation. Information on the perceived characteristics of the innovation was obtained, as well as the perception of change in practice. RESULTS: The survey was sent to 1005 radiologists and was returned by 372 (37.0%), of whom 278 gave information on an innovation adopted in the preceding year. The respondents reported heavy use of textual and other material resources throughout the process of innovation adoption, as well as consultation with colleagues. Continuing medical education (CME) events, in comparison, were little used as information sources. Compatibility of the innovation with current practice and a relative clinical advantage over existing practices were the most important characteristics of the innovations adopted. The complexity, relative financial gain and ability to try the innovation were all less important. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms a high rate of change in radiologic practice and documents the number and variety of learning resources used in the adoption of change. It is important for CME providers and educators to recognize the relatively low use of CME events in the process of change. Characterization of the innovations indicates concern with the clinical impact of the change and the individual physician's ability to accomplish the change within his or her practice.

Canada↗
PubMed1987

Re an Adoption Application (Surrogacy), 11 March 1987.

The Court was asked to make an adoption order in favor of a couple who had paid another woman to bear a child for them using the husband's sperm. The Court made the order, noting that the Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985, which bans commercial surrogacy agencies, negotiations, and advertisements had not been enacted at the time of this arrangement. It also held that the arrangement did not violate the Adoption Act 1958, which prohibits payments or rewards for or in consideration of adoption, because the payment to the surrogate was not made in contemplation of adoption. Moreover, it concluded that even if the payment had been made in contemplation of adoption, the Adoption Act gave the Court the power to authorize the payment retrospectively.

Adoption↗
PubMed1953

What is new in adoption.

Adoptions arranged through adoption agencies are on the increase because there are more agencies. The Citizens Committee on Adoption of Children in California has concluded that there are very few adoptable children under care in orphanages. Fifty per cent of physicians would prefer agency adoptions, but only 24 per cent actually refer both expectant mothers needing such services and couples wishing to adopt infants to such agencies. The program in this field of social welfare should be child-centered and physicians should seek and give cooperation to such agencies.

Adoption↗
PubMed1996

Replication of the Stockholm Adoption Study of alcoholism. Confirmatory cross-fostering analysis.

BACKGROUND: Two forms of alcoholism with distinct clinical features and mode of inheritance were first distinguished in the Stockholm Adoption Study. This involved a large sample of children born in Stockholm, Sweden, who were adopted at an early age and reared by nonrelatives. Type 1 alcoholism had adult onset and rapid progression of dependence without criminality, whereas type 2 had teenage onset of recurrent social and legal problems from alcohol abuse. METHODS: A replication study was carried out with 577 men and 660 women born in Gothenburg, Sweden, and adopted at an early age/by nonrelatives. The genetic and environmental backgrounds of the adoptees were classified by the exact procedures calibrated by discriminant analysis in the original study. RESULTS: Both type 2 and severe type 1 alcoholism were confirmed as independently heritable forms of alcoholism in male adoptees. The lifetime risk of severe alcoholism was increased 4-fold in adopted men with both genetic and environmental risk factors characteristic of type 1 alcoholism compared with the others (11.4% vs 3.0%). Neither genetic nor environmental risk factors for type 1 alcoholism by themselves were sufficient to cause alcoholism. In contrast, the risk of type 2 alcoholism was increased 6-fold in adopted sons with a type 2 genetic background compared with others; regardless of their postnatal environment (10.7% vs 2.0%). The sons with a type 2 genetic background in the replication sample had no excess of type 1 alcoholism, and vice versa. There was no increased risk of mild abuse in adopted men regardless of their genetic or environmental background. CONCLUSION: Type 1 and type 2 alcoholism are clinically distinct forms of alcoholism with causes that are independent but not mutually exclusive.

Adoption↗
PubMed1993

Systemic chemotherapy combined with local adoptive immunotherapy cures rats bearing 9L gliosarcoma.

Survival of Fischer rats bearing 9L gliosarcoma in the brain was measured to determine the efficacy of 1) systemically administered chemotherapy with local adoptive immunotherapy (chemo-adoptive immunotherapy) or 2) systemically administered chemo-immunotherapy. Winn assays, where tumor instillation coincided with the start of treatment, and one-week established tumor assays were conducted. Survival of chemo-adoptive immunotherapy treated groups given intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide and intracranial lymphokine activated killer cells and recombinant Interleukin-2 was significantly extended when compared to sham treated control groups, to groups given chemotherapy with intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide, and to groups treated by local adoptive immunotherapy with intracranial lymphokine activated killer cells and Interleukin-2. The killer cells were generated from spleens of donor rats that either had or had not been given cyclophosphamide 24 h earlier. Long-term survivors (9/39), sacrificed at day 70, were obtained only in the chemo-adoptive immunotherapy treated groups; 7/39 had no histologic evidence of tumor and had focal sterile abscesses at the site of killer cell instillation. Average group weight plotted over time showed that there was acceptable toxicity with chemo-adoptive immunotherapy; the toxicity was identical to that obtained with systemic cyclophosphamide treatment. In contrast, survival of chemo-immunotherapy treated groups given systemic cyclophosphamide and Interleukin-2 was not significantly extended from groups which were sham treated or treated only with systemic Interleukin-2. Rapid decline of average group weight plotted over time and early deaths following chemo-immunotherapy treatment indicated that the regimen was toxic. The effect of cyclophosphamide administration on the splenocytes of donor rats and the LAK cells generated from them was determined by in vitro studies analyzing cell number, viability, phenotypic expression and cytotoxicity against 9L tumor. In the treatment of this intracranial neoplasm, the beneficial effects of cyclophosphamide were determined to occur in situ in the tumor-bearing host. No benefit resulted from cyclophosphamide treatment of donor rats that supplied splenocytes for LAK cell production.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Adoption studies in functional psychosis.

The scientific rationale of the adoptive methods in genetic studies has been discussed. Three strategies have been employed in psychiatric research. In the adoptee's study method, one examines the adopted away offspring of biological parents, known to be affected by the disorder. A higher prevalence of the disorder among adoptees born to affected biological parents indicates that genetic factors are important. In the adoptee's relatives method, one starts with adoptees known to be disturbed, and then continues by investigating their biological and adoptive families. Comparisons of prevalence rates between relatives of the biological and the rearing index and control families permits one to estimate the influence of the genetic factors. A third method is cross-fostering, which is rarely employed. Children of normals who are "cross-fostered" to adoptive parents who later became ill, are studied. Adoption studies in the field of schizophrenia and manic depressive illness are more specifically discussed. Taken all together, the family, twin and adoption studies support the genetic etiology in schizophrenia and manic depressive illness, although it must be admitted that we need replications to arrive at firm conclusions in the last group of disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevention of travel-related infectious diseases in families of internationally adopted children.

Pretravel consultation before international adoption must encompass standard advice for those who travel, advice for those who are exposed to the newly adopted child, and information about caring for a new child during travel. Children who travel to meet siblings may need special accommodations before and during travel. Data on the health of internationally adopted children illustrate the risk of exposing family members and close contacts to some infectious diseases during or after international adoption. Parents, family members, and close contacts of the newly adopted child should be given advice to reduce their own and their child's risk. Targeted preadoption counseling, close attention to hygiene and safety advice, and prompt identification and treatment of infections lead to the safest and most trouble-free adoption travel experience.

Adoption↗
PubMed2005

Long-term developmental, behavioral, and attachment outcomes after international adoption.

Children adopted internationally and their families are a heterogeneous group. Internationally-adopted children have been reported to have a range of developmental and behavioral difficulties. The authors describe the current evidence documenting developmental outcomes for children and common behavioral and mental health concerns including attachment difficulties that may impact children and their families after international adoption. Pediatricians must be thoughtful to individualize the care of adoptive children and not make assumptions shortly after adoption. It is critical to avoid using "standard" parenting advice that may not apply to children who have experienced loss, deprivation, separation, and instability in their early lives. By listening to families, carefully evaluating children, and monitoring progress over time, pediatricians can avoid the pitfall of oversimplifying and underestimating the complexity and challenges that these families face. Instead, pediatric primary care providers can play a key role in maximizing the potential of an internationally adopted child and his or her family.

Adoption↗
PubMed2003

Attitudes of Israeli gynecologists regarding candidate screening and personal responsibility in assisted reproductive technologies versus adoption in Israel.

BACKGROUND: Although both assisted reproduction technologies (ART) and adoption services are designed to help childless couples, their legal status is overwhelmingly different. In particular, applicants for adoption services in Israel are required to undergo a meticulous background check, whereas ART has no such precondition. The present study evaluated the attitude of gynecologists in Israel towards this difference and their opinion of their own responsibility to children born by in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-one gynecologists were asked to complete a questionnaire covering their opinions on the acceptance of applicants for IVF programs compared to adopting couples and their professional responsibility to children born by IVF. RESULTS: Average age of the responders was 47.9+/-9.2 years; 75% were male; average number of own children was 2.6+/-1.3. Sixty-one percent believed that the use of IVF conferred a duty upon the physician to ensure the well-being of the future child, and 66% believed it important to somehow screen potential parents. Forty percent favored equalizing the preconditions for IVF candidates and adopting couples. Thirty-five percent supported changing the adoption laws to make the process easier, and 33% supported changing the IVF program to prevent unsuitable candidates from starting therapy. Among the latter, a strong marital bond was considered important by 17%, health status of the potential parents by 72%, and possession of a criminal record by 35%. Forty percent favored parental evaluation by a social worker, and 66%, by a psychological assessment. Only 24% thought that economic status was important. CONCLUSIONS: Most gynecologists in ART programs believe they have a duty to look out for the unborn child. Approximately one-third support the institution of changes in parental evaluation to facilitate the adoption process and to provide more restrictions in ART programs. Most believed that parental evaluation, preferably by a psychological assessment, is important prior to starting an IVF program.

Adoption↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of Korean-American adoptees and biological children of their adoptive parents: a pilot study.

This study compared a small group of Korean-American adoptees with their adoptive siblings who are biological children of the adoptive parents with respect to their psychosocial adjustment. Eighteen Korean-American adoptees were compared with nine biological children by a structured demographic, medical, clinical survey form and the Child Behavior Checklist-Parent Form (CBCL-P). The parents did not raise any more concerns about the adjustment of adopted children than their biological children. On the CBCL-P, the two groups did not differ significantly in competence T-scores, total behavioral problems, broad and T-scores and the total number of problem behaviors except for lower social competence in adopted children and a higher internalization score in biological children. In conclusion, the international adoptees, the Korean-American children have adjusted well during their early childhood after early adoption. Further studies employing a larger sample are warranted to better understand the international adoption practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Adoption results for self-reported personality: evidence for nonadditive genetic effects?

Twin studies consistently indicate moderate genetic influence on individual differences in personality as assessed using self-report questionnaires, with heritability estimates typically about 40%. In this first analysis of self-report personality data from the longitudinal Colorado Adoption Project, little evidence is found for additive genetic influence in parent-offspring and sibling adoption analyses based on a foundation sample of 245 adoptive families and 245 nonadoptive families with adopted and nonadopted children assessed yearly from 9 to 16 years. Although several factors might contribute to the discrepancy between twin and adoption results, we suggest that nonadditive genetic influence, which can be detected by twin studies but not by adoption studies, is a likely culprit. These findings have important implications for attempts to identify specific genes responsible for genetic influence on personality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Epidemiological and offspring analyses of developmental speech disorders using data from the Colorado Adoption Project.

Although the adoption design is the most powerful method to disentangle nature and nurture, it has not been applied previously to developmental speech or language disorders. The present study examined the speech outcomes of 156 adopted and nonadopted children at varying risk for speech disorders based upon self-reported parental speech history. The sample consisted of four groups: (a) 16 adopted children with an affected biological parent; (b) 19 adopted children with an affected adoptive parent; (c) 31 nonadopted children with an affected natural parent; and (d) 90 low-risk adopted and nonadopted children with no parental speech disorder history. Results revealed that 25% of the children with a genetic background of speech disorder displayed questionable speech, language, or fluency skills at age 7, in comparison to 9% of the children with no known genetic history. Logistic regression analyses indicated that positive biological parental background was the best predictor of offspring affected status. The child's Full-Scale IQ and the HOME Scale of family environment were not significantly associated with speech outcome. These results provide additional evidence that genetic factors contribute importantly to the vertical transmission of some developmental speech disorders of unknown origin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

International adoption: a health and developmental prospective.

Adoptions from international countries have become an option for many US families, with over 150,000 children adopted in the past 14 years. Typically, internationally adopted children present with a host of medical and developmental concerns. Issues such as growth stunting, abnormal behaviors, and significant delays in motor, speech, and language development are likely directly related to the prenatal and early postnatal environment experienced prior to adoption. The new family and its health-care team must quickly work to identify and address these issues to aid the child's integration into his or her new family. This article will examine potential issues seen in children who are being adopted, including the impact of early environment on subsequent development. We will summarize early and long-term medical issues and review the extent of developmental delays seen in children adopted internationally. Finally, we will discuss possible mechanisms leading to the observed delays, including the impact of stress on subsequent development. By understanding the extent of expected delays and the mechanisms likely causing the issues, the health-care team will be in a good position to quickly identify and develop intervention protocols that will foster the child's assimilation into his or her new family.

Acculturation↗