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At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Occupational risks of (meth)acrylate compounds in embedding media for electron microscopy.

(Meth)acrylates are the main constituents of embedding media widely used in electron microscopy research for low-temperature embedding of biological tissue. (Meth)acrylates toxicology is still incompletely understood and therefore an estimation of health hazards involved in handling must be inaccurate. (Meth)acrylate monomers are known to be harmful to skin and other tissues and may sensitize workers. Since low-temperature electron microscopy techniques have gained popularity in research laboratories, it is important to establish safety rules for handling the (meth)acrylate-containing solutions. The aim of our report is to review briefly the toxicological properties and occupational hazards of the chemicals involved, summarize our own experiences with resins and protective devices in this respect, give guidelines for safe embedding and pass on these data to all interested researchers in order that workers are not discouraged from using (meth)acrylate embedding media, but know the risks and how to minimize them.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in a modified acrylic structural adhesive.

Acrylates have a broad area of application in various products including glues, sealants and adhesives. Whereas anaerobic acrylic sealants are well-known sensitizers, acrylate glues that cure in air have only seldom been reported as allergens. Here a patient sensitized to such a glue, and developing hand dermatitis that spread to the lower arms, chest, neck and face, is presented. Her glue was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and contained 24.6% 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) and 0.4% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). These 2 acrylate compounds, as well as her glue, provoked an allergic patch test reaction. Also many other acrylate compounds, e.g., tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, gave an allergic reaction indicating cross-allergy. The patient could not continue in her previous workplace because of severely relapsing skin symptoms.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2001

[Effect of acryl thiourea on liver pathologic changes in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acryl thiourea, an inhibitor of phenol oxidase, on pathological changes in the liver of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. METHODS: From day 22 to day 42 postinfection with cercariae, the mice of the acryl thiourea group were each injected i.p. with acryl thiourea at a dose of 300 mg/kg every other day. The mice were killed on the 42nd day postinfection to observe the pathological changes in the liver. RESULTS: Compared to the infected control group, the liver tissue of the acryl thiourea group showed scattered foci of inflammatory cell infiltration, the mean diameter and area of the foci were significantly reduced (P < 0.01), and there were no eggs in the center of the foci except for some granules. CONCLUSION: After i.p. injections of acryl thiourea, no typical egg granuloma was found in the liver of infected mice. This was possibly due to the inhibition of schistosome phenol oxidase activity and so the female adult schistosomes could not produce normal eggs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Study on the acryl amide intake in the Beijing diet].

OBJECTIVE: A 24-hours recall study was performed to get the acryl amide intake in the Beijing diet. METHODS: 24 separate items bought in the Beijing Market were analyzed and 2460 diet lists (820 participants x 3 days) were calculated. RESULTS: The following mean intakes of acryl amide have been estimated (microg/dm): males 18.6, females 16.6. For the 97.5 percentile of the population the intake is estimated to: males 59.0, females 50.4. As dose calculated per kg bodyweight the mean intake becomes [microg/(kg bw x d)]: males 0.282, females 0.284. For the 97.5 percentile [microg/ (kg bw x d)]: males 0.898, females 1.007. The contribution of the different meals and to the intake was as follows: breakfast 20.48%, lunch 38.99%, dinner 39.42%, snacks 1.17%. CONCLUSION: The survey leads to the conclusion that lunch and dinner are significant sources of acryl amide in a typical Beijing diet even if they have relatively low levels of acryl amide. Chinese traditional breakfast food is also an important source of acryl amide in a typical Beijing.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1976

Antibiotic-impregnated acrylic bone cement.

In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to study the antibacterial and mechanical properties of Simplex and Palacos acrylic bone cements utilized for the production of acrylic cement-antibiotic composites. Acrylic cement without antibiotic had no bacteriostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas. Oxacillin, cefazolin, and gentamicin are stable in acrylic cement and are released in a microbiologically active form. The three antibiotics diffused from the Palacos in larger amounts daily and for a significantly longer time than from the Simplex. Mechanical tests demonstrated that admixture of antibiotics and acrylic cement had no influence on the compressive and diametral tension strengths of the cement. Bacteriostatic concentrations of oxacillin in wound hematomas were measured for fourteen days after implantation of an oxacillin-Simplex composite in dogs. High bactericidal concentrations of the antibiotic were measured in the surrounding bone for twenty-one days after implantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cytotoxic effects of acrylates and methacrylates: relationships of monomer structures and cytotoxicity.

Thirty-nine acrylates and methacrylates that had been used in dental resin materials were evaluated by a cytotoxicity test, and the relationships between their structures and cytotoxicity were studied to predict cytotoxic levels of dental resin materials in order to develop new low-toxic resin materials. All the acrylates evaluated were more toxic than corresponding methacrylates. In both the acrylates and methacrylates, a hydroxyl group seemed to enhance cytotoxicity. Dimethacrylates with 14 or fewer oxyethylene chains showed similar cytotoxicity while dimethacrylates with 23 oxyethylene chains showed lower cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity ranking of monomers widely used in dental resin materials was bisphenol A bis 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (bisGMA) > urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) > triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (3G) > 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) > methyl methacrylate (MMA). In acrylates, methacrylates, and ethylmethacrylates with either substituents, the lipophilicity of substituents affected their cytotoxicity, and an inverse correlation between IC50 and logP was observed. These results will be useful in developing new resin materials with low toxic monomer compositions.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1997

Effect of MMA-g-UHMWPE grafted fiber on mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement.

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were treated with argon plasma for 5 min, followed by uv irradiation in methyl methacrylate (MMA)-chloroform solution for 5 h to obtain MMA-g-UHMWPE grafted fiber. The grafting content was estimated by the titration of esterification method. The grafting amount of 5280 nmol/g was the largest for the MMA concentration at 18.75 vol%. To improve the mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement, pure UHMWPE fiber and MMA-g-UHMWPE fiber were added to the surgical Simplex. P radiopaque bone cement. The mechanical properties including tensile strength, tensile modulus, compressive strength, bending strength, and bending stiffness were measured. Dynamic mechanical analysis was also performed. By comparing the effect of the pure UHMWPE fiber and MMA-g-UHMWPE grafted fiber on the mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement, it was found that the acrylic bone cement with MMA-g-UHMWPE grafted fiber had a more significant reinforcing effect than that with untreated UHMWPE fiber. This might be due to the improvement of the interfacial bonding between the grafted fibers and the acrylic bone cement matrix.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2006

Development and application of methods for determination of residual monomer in dental acrylic resins using high performance liquid chromatography.

Two high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for determination of residual monomer in dental acrylic resins are described. Monomers were detected by their UV absorbance at 230 nm, on a Nucleosil C18 (5 microm particle size, 100 A pore size, 15 x 0.46 cm i.d.) column. The separation was performed using acetonitrile-water (55:45 v/v) containing 0.01% triethylamine (TEA) for methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate, and acetonitrile-water (60:40 v/v) containing 0.01% TEA for isobutyl methacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate as mobile phases, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Good linear relationships were obtained in the concentration range 5.0-80.0 microg/mL for methyl methacrylate, 10.0-160.0 microg/mL for butyl methacrylate, 50.0-500.0 microg/mL for isobutyl methacrylate and 2.5-180.0 microg/mL for 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate. Adequate assay for intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy was observed during the validation process. An extraction procedure to remove residual monomer from the acrylic resins was also established. Residual monomer was obtained from broken specimens of acrylic disks using methanol as extraction solvent for 2 h in an ice-bath. The developed methods and the extraction procedure were applied to dental acrylic resins, tested with or without post-polymerization treatments, and proved to be accurate and precise for the determination of residual monomer content of the materials evaluated.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1991

Genotoxicity of multifunctional acrylates in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay and mouse lymphoma TK+/-assay.

Multifunctional acrylates are being used increasingly as replacements for solvents, and occupational and general population exposure to this structural class is expanding. Four multifunctional acrylates and acrylic acid were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella typhimurium and mouse lymphoma L5178Y TK+/-assays. In the Salmonella assay, two of the compounds (trimethylolpropane triacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) showed weakly positive results with a single tester strain (TA1535) in the presence of hamster liver S9; the other three compounds were negative. All five compounds were negative in the Salmonella assay without S9 activation. In the mouse lymphoma assay, two of the compounds (acrylic acid and ethylene glycol diacrylate) were positive in both the presence and the absence of S9, one compound was positive only in the presence of S9 (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), and one compound was positive only in the absence of S9 (trimethylolpropane triacrylate).

Acrylates↗
PubMed1986

Chelation in metal intoxication. XIX. alpha-Mercapto-beta-aryl acrylic acid as antidotes to nickel and lead toxicity.

In view of the reported effectiveness of alpha-mercapto-beta-(2-furyl) acrylic acid (MFA) as an effective antidote to inorganic mercury toxicity, some alpha-mercapto-beta-aryl acrylic acids were synthesized and examined for their efficacy in counteracting nickel and lead intoxication in rats. alpha-mercapto-beta-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (MDA) was most effective and other compounds were less but about equally effective in enhancing urinary excretion and in reducing tissue concentration of Ni. MDA was the only compound to remove Ni from the brain. MFA was also more effective than other structurally related compounds in enhancing urinary and faecal excretion and in lowering body burden of Pb. All the compounds significantly reduced the inhibition of the activity of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) and increase in the urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) caused by Pb. The results do not show any relationship between the nature of the substitution at the beta-position of alpha-mercapto acrylic acids and their ability to reduce the concentration and the toxic effects of the two metals. However, these thiol chelating agents appear promising as antidotes to Ni and Pb poisoning.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1985

Identification of acrylate, the product of the dehydration of (R)-lactate catalysed by cell-free extracts from Clostridium propionicum.

Cell extracts from Clostridium propionicum harvested in the late log-phase catalysed the dehydration of (R)-lactate to acrylate at a maximum rate of 0.06 U/mg protein. The unsaturated acid was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and as p-bromophenacyl ester by gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy. The amount of acrylate formed was dependent on protein and (R)-lactate concentrations. However, due to product inhibition the yield of acrylate did not exceed 0.5%. Like the dehydration of (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate to glutaconate the dehydration of (R)-lactate to acrylate was inhibited by 1 mM hydroxylamine, 1mM azide, 0.1 mM dinitrophenol, 10 mM EDTA or by exposure to air. A radical mechanism is postulated.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1975

Minor connector designs for anterior acrylic resin bases: a preliminary study.

The effect of nine different designs on the strength of acrylic resin attachment to the partial denture framework in anterior endentulous spaces was tested. Thirty metal frameworks, incorporating nine different designs and a control, were fabricated. Acrylic resin was processed to these frameworks, and the resin was subjected to a shear force. The framework designs offering strong retention for acrylic resin bases allowed the use of a greater bulk of acrylic resin projecting through openings in the metal retention design.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1985

Porosity reduction and its associated effect on the diametral tensile strength of activated acrylic resins.

Each acrylic resin tested is basic to the armamentarium of the clinical dentist. From this study it is apparent that there exist several possible mechanisms that will aid in the reduction of porosity and subsequently enhance the tensile strength properties of chemically activated acrylic resins. With the manufacturer's recommended powder to liquid ratio mixtures, indications are that only small increases in curing pressure (approximately 0.68 MPa) are required to substantially enhance strength levels of the test materials. Therefore, when cured under conditions that avoid residual stress buildup, the small increases in pressure attainable by modified pressurization devices may indeed be of benefit in reducing porosity and enhancing the tensile strength of the acrylic resins. Similar increases in strength appear possible with various combinations of powder particle sizes and powder/liquid ratios used in an effort to reduce the monomer concentration in clinically desirable acrylic mixtures. It is important to realize that alteration of powder/liquid ratio and powder particle size mixtures offers a method of reducing porosity without the addition of external pressure. However, at this time it is not recommended that these sophisticated alterations of the basic resin components be performed by the clinician.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Non-mutagenicity of 27 aliphatic acrylate esters in the Salmonella-microsome test.

The mutagenicity of 27 acrylate esters was assessed in the Salmonella-microsome assay. Methyl, ethyl, butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl acrylate and methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate were tested; furthermore ethanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, neopentanediol, hexanediol and diethyleneglycol diacrylate and dimethacrylate. None of these 27 acrylate esters appeared to be mutagenic in the standard Ames assay with TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100, both with and without Aroclor 1254 or phenobarbital-induced S9 mix. A liquid incubation assay of methyl methacrylate, methyl, butyl and hexyl acrylate with TA100 neither gave any indication of a mutagenic activity of these compounds.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1985

Hydrolysis of several glycol ether acetates and acrylate esters by nasal mucosal carboxylesterase in vitro.

The in vitro activity of carboxylesterase recovered from the nasal mucosal tissue of B6C3F1/CrlBR mice toward several agents known to cause olfactory epithelial lesions when inhaled by rodents was determined. Apparent Vmax and Km values were obtained for mouse nasal carboxylesterase using ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (EGMEAc), ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (EGEEAc), propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEAc), methyl acrylate (ME), ethyl acrylate (EA), and butyl acrylate (BA) as substrates. The short straight-chained glycol ethers, EGMEAc and EGEEAc, appeared to be relatively good substrates for nasal carboxylesterase under enzyme saturating and subsaturating conditions as indicated by their high Vmax and Vmax/Km values. The short-chained acrylate esters MA and EA were also hydrolyzed to a greater extent than BA at enzyme-saturating levels; however, the reverse was true at subsaturating levels as indicated by the relatively high Vmax/Km ratio obtained for BA. MA and BA were observed to cause a loss of carboxylesterase activity at enzyme saturation levels while EA caused a loss of enzyme activity at only one-half Km concentration. Using EGMEAc as a substrate, no sex differences in nasal carboxylesterase activity were observed in mice or rabbits. The specific activity of nasal carboxylesterase was found to be equivalent to that of the liver and greater than that of the kidney, lung, or blood. Mice and dogs were found to have similar nasal carboxylesterase activities which were slightly higher than that found in rats and about six-fold higher than that found in rabbits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acrylates↗
PubMed1997

The effect of untreated UHMWPE beads on some properties of acrylic resin denture base material.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of surface untreated ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) beads on a range of properties of the polymerised acrylic resin denture base material. METHODS: UHMWPE in the form of surface untreated beads was added to acrylic resin denture base material in various percentages (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) to form a composite material. The influence on doughing and manipulation times, transverse and impact strength and hardness characteristics were examined. RESULTS: The results indicated that the manipulation and setting times gradually increased as the percentage of UHMWPE beads in the acrylic resin powder increased. By increasing the percentage of incorporated UHMWPE beads, there was a decrease in modulus of rupture and impact fracture resistance. There was also an effect on the hardness with an increasing percentage of beads lowering the hardness value, although this was not consistent. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the use of untreated UHMWPE beads is of no significant benefit to the properties of acrylic resin.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1982

Structure-toxicity relationship of acrylates and methacrylates.

The structure-toxicity relationships of acrylates and methacrylates were analysed in mice. In all test compounds, the acute oral toxicity (LD), the partition coefficient (P), and the second order rate constant (K) with reduced glutathione were measured experimentally. The toxicities of both acrylates and methacrylates were found to be dependent significantly upon log P or log K, especially upon the former. The correlation coefficient between log (1/LD50) and log P, was -0.9909 for acrylates and -0.795 for methacrylates, both being statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between log P and log K was -0.935 for acrylates and -0.744 for methacrylates.

Acrylates↗
PubMed2005

Pigmented-membrane formation on acrylic intraocular lenses after phacoemulsification.

PURPOSE: To report the formation of pigmented membranes on acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) after phacoemulsification and to determine the clinical characteristics of these pigmented membranes. DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: Four eyes of three patients were found to have pigmented membranes on their acrylic IOLs (Sensar AR40). Their medical records were reviewed. RESULTS: The pigmented membranes were observed at 4- to 9-month intervals after phacoemulsification. Their best-corrected Snellen visual acuity (BCVA) decreased by more than 2 lines, ranging from 20/63 to 20/40. After Nd:YAG laser treatment, BCVA improved 2 to 4 lines. At 5- to 12-week intervals after Nd:YAG laser treatment, recurrences of the pigmented membranes were observed with decreased BCVA. CONCLUSIONS: We have observed visually significant, recurrent, pigmented membrane formation in eyes implanted with Sensar AR40 acrylic IOLs. To the best of our knowledge, pigmented membranes on acrylic IOLs have not been described previously.

Acrylic Resins↗