QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF RED CELL AGGLUTINATION: THE ANALYSIS OF A PATTERN OF AGGLUTINATION PRODUCED BY HUMAN GROUP B CELLS AND ANTI-B SERUM.
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Nondialyzable substances similar to blood group A antigens occur in White Leghorn embryos, and in partially purified egg-grown influenza virus preparations. The presence of material with group A activity in the virus itself is not proved. Commercial influenza virus vaccines which were tested contained non-dialyzable substances with group A activity. Injections of this nondialyzable material into human volunteers caused an increase in anti-human blood group A(1) and A(2) antibodies.
Recent claims for the existence of meiotic drive in the ABO blood groups require the assumption of equal fertility (if there is no other selection operating) for the various mating types. There is evidence that does not support this assumption, and there are no convincing a priori grounds for making it.
Tests on chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, baboons, and a gorilla, with blood grouping reagents prepared for human red cells, have disclosed patterns of reactions characteristic of each primate species. Determinations have been made of A-B-O groups and subgroups, M-N types, Rh-Hr types, secretor status, and Lewis types. Immunization experiments with ape and monkey blood are in progress.
Saline extracts of the butter clam Saxidomus giganteus specifically agglutinated human red blood cells of phenotypes A(1) and A(1)B. The agglutinin was completely absorbed by A(1) and A(1)B cells, partially absorbed by A(2) cells, and unaffected by B and O cells. Of 21 sugars tested, only N-acetyl-d-galactoseamine and N-acetyl-d-glucoseamine inhibited the agglutinin.
The distribution of the Rhesus and ABO blood groups, thalassemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Europe and in Jewish populations argues for a regulatory mechanism at the population level which adjusts gene frequencies so that the overall genetic load is not excessive, since gene frequencies giving a high genetic load at one locus are often associated with those giving low genetic loads at other loci.
The blood group B specificity of Escherichia coli O(86) antigen, a B specific oligosaccharide fraction from it, and the B activity of a preparation of an "infectious mononucleosis receptor" from cattle erythrocytes are destroyed by alpha-galactosidase from the coffee bean, as demonstrated for the E. coli antigen by three methods. Blood group H(O) activity appears simultaneously. Galactose is the only hexose released from all three substances.
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