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PubMed1981

Control of maintenance and anteroposterior skeletal differentiation of the anterior mesenchyme of the chick wing bud by its posterior margin (the ZPA).

If the posterior half of the chick wing bud (stages 17-22) is excised, the anterior half which normally forms humerus (part), radius and digit 2, forms only a single skeletal element, either humerus or humerus fused with reduced radius. Beginning at 18 h after operation, and continuing to 48 h the anterior and distal mesenchyme in such anterior halves becomes necrotic and the AER regresses. By contrast, if the anterior half of the chick wing bud (stages 17-22) is excised, the posterior half develops as in the normal bud, and forms humerus (part), ulna and digits 3, 4 and 5. Such posterior halves develop no more mesenchymal necrosis than the normal contralateral wing buds and the AER remains healthy. Further, if the excision of the posterior part is made in such a way as to leave in place a part of the zone of polarising activity (ZPA), a normal wing with complete skeleton is formed. Thus in order to survive and differentiate, the anterior part of the wing bud needs a factor supplied by the posterior part containing the ZPA. These results support the view that the ZPA plays a role in controlling the anteroposterior differentiation of the normal wing bud.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Physiological aspects of autogeny in Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae): influences of sugar-feeding, mating, body weight, and wing length.

Sugar feeding and mating promoted the expression of autogeny in Culex tarsalis. In sugar-fed cohorts fed 5, 10, and 20% sucrose solution, the mean number of egg rafts/female, mean number of eggs/raft, mean number of eggs/female, mean number of autogenous follicles/female, and the autogeny rate were all significantly greater than those in sugar-deprived cohorts. There were no significant differences in these parameters among the sugar-fed groups of 5, 10, and 20%. Similarly, magnitudes of the parameters mentioned above in female-male cohorts were significantly higher than those in female-alone cohorts. There was no difference in the hatching rate of the autogenous egg rafts in the cohorts fed on different sucrose solutions and the female-male cohorts, while it was 0 in male-deprived cohorts. There were positive correlations between mean emergence weight and mean number of autogenous eggs/female (r2 = 0.69), mean emergence weight and mean number of autogenous follicles/female (r2 = 0.75), mean wing length and mean number of autogenous eggs/female (r2 = 0.64), and mean wing length and mean number of autogenous follicles/female (r2 = 0.63). The regression analysis of the data indicated that females with emergence weights < 1.92 mg could not oviposit autogenously, and those with emergence weights < 1.89 mg could not develop the ovaries autogenously. Females with wing lengths < 2.89 mm could not oviposit autogenously and those with the wing length of < 2.83 mm could not develop the ovaries autogenously. The coefficient of correlation between emergence weight and autogenous follicles/female was greater than that between emerging weight and autogenous eggs/female. The coefficients of correlation between emergence weight and autogeny were greater than that between wing length and autogeny. Therefore, autogenous follicles/female is a more accurate parameter to describe autogeny expression level than autogenous eggs/female because oviposition is affected by other factors, and emergence weight is a more important factor determining autogeny expression than wing length.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

An analysis of the retinal afferents to the cat's medial interlaminar nucleus and to its rostral thalamic extension, the "geniculate wing".

The retinal afferents to the medial interlaminar nucleus and to its rostro-dorsal extension at the edge of the pulvinar have been studied in cats by fiber degeneration and autoradiographic methods. Fiber degeneration following section of one optic nerve shows two distinct retinal inputs: One is coarse-fibered and goes to the medial interlaminar nucleus itself; the second, which is fine-fibered, goes to the rostral and medial borders of the medial interlaminar nucleus and continues into the pulvinar. The regions in receipt of these fine fibers have been called the "geniculate wing". The topography of retinal representations and the degree of binocular overlap within the medial interlaminar nucleus and the wing have been studied by combining intraocular injections of 3H proline with local lesions of the injected eye, or with removal of the non-injected eye. In the medial interlaminar nucleus three distinct laminae are recognizable and are particularly clearly shown in horizontal sections. Rostrally and medially, lamina 1 maps the contralateral nasal retina as a mirror reversal of lamina A. Posterior and lateral to this, lamina 2 maps the ipsilateral temporal retina as a mirror reversal of lamina A1. Lamina 3 lies closest to the optic tract and receives crossed afferents from the temporal retina. In this lamina, which is the smallest, vertical retinal dimensions map as in the other layers, but we were unable to determine the mapping of the horizontal dimensions. In the geniculate wing, as in the other geniculate layers, vertical lines of the visual field are mapped as corresponding vertical diencephalic dimensions; horizontal retinal dimensions are mapped as horizontal lines in the wing, with central retinal areas represented furthest from the optic tract. In the geniculate wing the contralateral nasal and ipsilateral temporal retina are mapped with considerable binocular overlap. The crossed temporal retina has no demonstrable representation in the wing.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Genetic toxicity of six carcinogens and six non-carcinogens in the Drosophila wing spot test.

Six rodent carcinogens, 5 of which are also human carcinogens, and 6 compounds recognized as non-carcinogens were tested for their genotoxic activity in the Drosophila melanogaster wing spot test. 72-h-old larvae trans-heterozygous for the recessive wing cell markers 'multiple wing hairs' (mwh) and 'flare' (flr3) were fed various concentrations of the test compounds for a period of 48 h. With amitrole and 4-aminobiphenyl, larvae of the same age were also given an acute treatment of 6 h with higher concentrations, and, in addition, 48-h-old larvae were fed for a longer period of 72 h. Repeats of all experiments document the good reproducibility of the results in the wing spot test. Amitrole and 4-aminobiphenyl were genotoxic after both 48-h and 72-h treatments, but their activity could not be detected following acute exposure of only 6 h. Chlorambucil and melphalan were clearly genotoxic. The carcinogens sodium arsenite and sodium arsenate, however, which are highly toxic to Drosophila, could only be tested at low exposure levels and were negative under these treatment conditions. The 6 non-carcinogens (ascorbic acid, 2-aminobiphenyl, mannitol, piperonyl butoxide, stannous chloride and titanium dioxide) were all definitely non-genotoxic in the Drosophila wing spot test. The data for the non-carcinogens demonstrate that non-genotoxic compounds can be identified in the wing spot test with a reasonable experimental effort.

Aminobiphenyl Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Specific interactions of the wing domains of FOXA1 transcription factor with DNA.

FOX (forkhead box) transcription factors have diverse regulatory roles in development, signaling, and longevity, as well as being able to bind stably to target sites in silent chromatin. Crystal structure analysis showed that the FOXA DNA binding domain folds into a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif flanked on either side by "wings" of polypeptide chain. The wings have the potential to interact with the DNA minor groove along the long axis of the DNA helix, flanking the HTH interactions with the major groove. Diverse FOX family homologs exist, and structural studies with certain DNA target sites suggest that neither of the wing regions are well ordered or provide a stable contribution to DNA target site binding. However, FOXA1 binds certain DNA target sites with high affinity, and as a monomer. To determine whether the wing domains contribute to stable DNA binding, we assessed complexes of FOXA with high and lower affinity DNA target sites by hydroxyl radical footprinting and site-directed mutagenesis. The data revealed clear protections predicted for wing interactions at the high affinity target, but less so at the lower affinity target, indicating that the wing domains stably interact with high affinity DNA sites for FOXA proteins.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Enzyme profiles in two wing polymorphic soapberry bug populations (Jadera haematoloma: Rhopalidae).

Wing-polymorphic insects are excellent models for asking questions about trade-offs in physiology and life-history because of the existence of multiple morphs exhibiting numerous strategies living in one environment. We measured activities of select key enzymes in oxidative metabolism (citrate synthase), glycolysis (hexokinase, pyruvate kinase) and fatty acid oxidation (ß-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, HOAD) in flying and non-flying long-winged bugs from two populations (ancestral and derived) of the wing-polymorphic soapberry bug (Jadera haematoloma). In the ancestral population, flyers had significantly greater activities of citrate synthase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and HOAD than non-flyers. In contrast, in the derived population, flyers and non-flyers showed no significant differences in the activities of any of the enzymes tested. There were no significant differences in activities of citrate synthase as a function of adult age (3-20 d) for either population. Short-winged bugs in the derived population had significantly lower citrate synthase activities than either of the two derived, long-winged morphs, however, they were analogous to the ancestral long-winged non-flyer. These results suggest an evolution of alternative flight strategies between the two populations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Reproducibility of beam alignment using different bite-wing radiographic techniques.

Longitudinal radiographic assessment of crestal alveolar bone plays an important role in the diagnosis and long-term evaluation of periodontal disease in patients. Because practitioners use several radiographic techniques to obtain bite-wing radiographs, horizontal and vertical alignment errors could adversely affect the diagnostic impression gained from this type of radiographic examination. The objective of this study was to determine the alignment reproducibility of three different clinical techniques used to acquire bite-wing radiographs. Patients who require bite-wing radiographs as part of a dental school screening process were radiographed with modified standard bite-wing tabs and two different intraoral positioning devices. Horizontal and vertical angular deviations were measured and alignment errors were calculated for each radiograph. The mean total angular alignment error for the standard bite-wing tab technique was 6.2 degrees, whereas the mean alignment error for both positioning devices was less than 1.8 degrees. The results of this study suggest that an intraoral positioning device for acquiring bite-wing radiographs should be used.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed2002

Phage P4 origin-binding domain structure reveals a mechanism for regulation of DNA-binding activity by homo- and heterodimerization of winged helix proteins.

The origin-binding domain of the gpalpha protein of phage P4 (P4-OBD) mediates origin recognition and regulation of gpalpha activity by the protein Cnr. We have determined the crystal structure of P4-OBD at 2.95 A resolution. The structure of P4-OBD is that of a dimer with pseudo twofold symmetry. Each subunit has a winged helix topology with a unique structure among initiator proteins. The only structural homologue of the P4-OBD subunit is the DNA-binding domain of the eukaryotic transcriptional activator Rfx1. Based on this structural alignment, a model for origin recognition by the P4-OBD dimer is suggested. P4-OBD mutations that interfere with Cnr binding locate to the dimer interface, indicating that Cnr acts by disrupting the gpalpha dimer. P4-OBD dimerization is mediated by helices alpha1 and alpha3 in both subunits, a mode of winged helix protein dimerization that is reminiscent of that of the eukaryotic transcription factors E2F and DP. This, in turn, suggests that Cnr is also a winged helix protein, a possibility that is supported by previously unreported sequence homologies between Cnr and Rfx1 and homology modelling. Hence, in a mechanism that appears to be conserved from phage to man, the DNA-binding activity of winged helix proteins can be regulated by other winged helix proteins via the versatile use of the winged helix motif as a homo- or heterodimerization scaffold.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Broken wings--common with the Hardinger plug.

We used the Hardinger occluder plug in 51 consecutive total hip arthroplasties. In 34 hips, 1 or more of the 12 polyethylene wings fractured and could be washed out from the canal. As many as 7 wings were loose in 2 arthroplasties. Although numerous wings were broken, no failure occurred in occlusion. The placement of loose wings in the femoral canal was studied by cementing a Charnley prosthesis in a saw-bone prepared with loose wings. The model was cut into slices. We found that the plastic wings could come into contact with both the bone and prosthesis.

Hip Prosthesis↗
PubMed2006

The effect of water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and lactic acid on decontamination and shelf life of raw broiler wings.

In an attempt to improve the bacteriological quality and refrigerated shelf life of broiler meat, 10-min surface wash treatments with sterile distilled water (DW), 8% (wt/vol) water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruits (WES), and 2% (vol/vol) lactic acid (LA) were compared by using a broiler wing model. The aerobic plate counts (log10 cfu/g) of psychrotrophs, mesophilic aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and presumptive fecal coliforms on the samples were determined. Immediately after a 10-min decontaminaton, the mean count of all the bacterial groups was determined to be 3.9, 2.6, and 1.7 (log10 cfu/g) for DW, WES, and LA, respectively. Because the postdecontamination population level of psychrotrophs, mesophiles, and Enterobacteriaceae were low in the LA-treated group compared to the WES group, an equity between the 2 groups in the point of view of the 3 bacterial groups existed at d 10 of cold storage (3 +/- 1 degrees C). Shelf life was 7 and 14 d for wings treated with DW and WES, respectively, whereas the LA-treated wings did not spoil after 14 d of cold storage (3 +/- 1 degrees C). Nevertheless, an undesirable pale color and an acidulous odor occurred in the LA-treated wings. In contrast, a good color appeared on the WES-treated wings, which was also superior to the color of the DW-treated wings. Such advantages of WES may be important for poultry processors and for consumers. However, the immediate decontamination and refrigerated shelf life extension potential of WES should be intensively studied in antimicrobial interventions in poultry processing plants.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Surgical treatment for greater sphenoid wing fracture (orbital blow-in fracture).

The authors present 2 patients with greater sphenoid wing fractures that were treated surgically. This type of fracture is classified as a blow-in fracture of the lateral orbital wall. The first patient was a 16-year-old boy who was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Computed tomography (CT) disclosed a medial displacement of the inner wall of the greater sphenoid wing of the left orbit. He was unconscious for 3 days. After he recovered consciousness, he presented limited abduction of the left eye with diplopia in all gaze directions and mild left proptosis. Although these symptoms did not improve for 1 week, displaced bone fragments of the greater sphenoid wing were removed via the lateral orbital approach. The patient had a good postoperative course with progressive improvement in eye movement over the next several weeks. The second patient was a 22-year-old man whose face was hit in a fight. CT disclosed medial displacement of the inner wall of the greater sphenoid wing of the left orbit. Although the patient also presented limited abduction of the left eye on admission, this symptom improved gradually. However, diplopia in all gaze directions and mild left proptosis did not improve. Therefore, the displaced inner wall of the greater sphenoid wing was reduced via the lateral orbital approach. The patient showed a good postoperative course with progressive improvement over the next several weeks. This type of orbital fracture, which is classified as an orbital blow-in fracture, is relatively rare. This type of greater sphenoid wing fracture is caused by buckling of the orbital wall secondary to severe compression of the orbital rim. Surgical treatment using the lateral orbital approach through a hemicoronal skin incision afforded a wider operative field and better cosmetic result.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Stress fracture of the pelvic wing-sacrum after long-level lumbosacral fusion: a case report.

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of transverse stress fracture of the pelvic wing-sacrum after long-level lumbosacral fusion. OBJECTIVE: To report this rare complication of long-level lumbosacral fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There are a number of well-described complications of instrumented lumbosacral fusion, including delayed stress fracture of the pelvis. A bilateral pelvic wing-sacrum transverse stress fracture after long-level lumbosacral fusion has not been previously reported to our knowledge. METHODS: Radiography and computed tomography were used to confirm the diagnosis. Long lumbosacral fusion and a pelvic wing-sacrum fracture were shown. RESULTS: A 48-year-old woman underwent several revision spinal surgeries for collapse or instability occurring at the adjacent levels. She presented with low back and bilateral buttock pain with slow progression after last surgery. A bilateral transverse pelvic wing-sacrum stress fracture was found on plain radiographs 7 months later. CONCLUSIONS: Stress fracture of bilateral pelvic wing-sacrum can occur as a potential source of late pain after long fusions of the lumbosacral spine. A better understanding of the related biomechanical forces and preoperative risk factors may identify patients at risk and may aid in surgical planning. There are few reports of pelvic stress fracture as a complication of lumbosacral fusion, and it is typically described as a late occurrence. We present the occurrence of a bilateral pelvic wing-sacrum transverse stress fracture, not previously discussed to our knowledge.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Expression of the cut locus in the Drosophila wing margin is required for cell type specification and is regulated by a distant enhancer.

The cut locus is a complex gene whose function is necessary for specification of a number of cell types, including the external sensory organs. The cut wing class of mutations of the cut locus are homozygous viable and lack tissue from the wing margin, which is normally composed of external sensory organs and noninnervated bristles. Expression of cut was examined in the developing wings of wild-type and mutant pupae using an antiserum against Cut protein. Cut is expressed in all of the external sensory organs of the wing and the noninnervated bristles of the posterior margin. The cut wing class of mutations prevents Cut expression specifically in the wing margin mechanoreceptors and noninnervated bristles, apparently preventing neural differentiation. The transformed cells die soon after differentiation would have occurred. We identify an enhancer, located about 80 kb upstream of the cut gene promoter, that confers expression in the cells of the mechanoreceptors and noninnervated bristles from a heterologous promoter. The 27 gypsy retrotransposon insertions that prevent expression in these margin cells, all occur between this enhancer and the promoter. These gypsy insertions probably interfere with the interaction between the enhancer and the cut gene promoter.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The presence of quill mites (Gabucinia bicaudata) and lice (Struthiolipeurus struthionis) in ostrich wing feathers.

Quill mites (Gabucinia bicaudata) and lice (Struthiolipeurus struthionis) may infest ostrich feathers, resulting in skin damage, pruritus and excessive feather preening and loss. Four different feather types (prime white, femina extra wide, femina class 1, and femina short; n = 10) were collected. The quill mites and lice were removed with fine forceps, studied using a photographic optical microscope and counted microscopically at x 100 magnification following collection by sedimentation. They were placed in separate Petri dishes containing lactophenol solution and examined (x40 magnification). Anatomical features are described. The density of quill mites in all feather types of both wings was higher than that of the lice. There was no significant difference between the counts of both arthropods on the left wing and the right wing, respectively, except for the femina class 1 quill mites (P = 0.01). The femina extra wide feathers were a preferred habitat in both wings. Large standard deviations (quill mites left wing: 73 +/- 8; quill mites right wing: 69 +/- 7) suggested variations in the degree of migration between feather shafts or as a response to escape preening. It is recommended that ostriches be treated with an oral preparation of Ivermectin administered per os at a dosage rate of 0.2 mg/kg at 30-day intervals for quill mites, and with a 1-5 % Malathion dust at 14-day intervals for lice.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Winging effect in interatrial defect after transseptal mitral valvuloplasty: an anatomical study].

In the balloon catheters the redundancy of the deflated balloon produces 2 or 3 sort of thin wings. The presence of wings can reduce the catheter "pushability" or, in certain conditions, can determine tissue lesion (winging effect). Simulating a transeptal valvuloplasty of the mitral valve by technique of the 2 balloon in human fresh heart, we studied the winging effect over the interatrial septum in 12 hearts; in the first 6 the atrial septum was dilated with a 6 mm balloon (Group A), in the second 6 the atrial septum was dilated with a 10 mm balloon (Group B). The procedure was completed introducing consecutively 2 bigger balloons (15 + 20 mm). We suppose that the winging effect of the 2 bigger balloons (15 + 20 mm) could counter balance the theoretical advantage of a small balloon (6 mm). The atrial septal defect (ASD) after septal dilatation was 5.0 +/- 0.59 mm x 1.56 +/- 0.25 mm (long axis x short axis) in Group A and 6.53 +/- 0.35 x 2.16 +/- 0.39 mm in Group B (p less than 0.01). The final ASD (after introducing the 2 bigger balloons) was 7.04 +/- 1.06 x 2.36 +/- 0.57 mm in Group A and 7.03 +/- 0.18 x 2.16 +/- 0.32 mm in Group B (NS). Our data show that the winging effect can determine biological negative effects.

Catheterization↗
PubMed1990

Outcome, transport times, and costs of patients evacuated by helicopter versus fixed-wing aircraft.

We determined the differences in transport times and costs for patients transported by fixed-wing aircraft versus helicopter at ranges of 101 to 150 radial miles, where fixed-wing and helicopter in-hospital transports commonly overlap. Statistical analysis failed to show a significant difference between the trauma-care patients transported by helicopter (n = 109) and those transported by fixed-wing (n = 86) for age, injury severity score, hospital length of stay, hospital mortality, or discharge disability score. The times in returning patients to the receiving hospital by helicopter (n = 104) versus fixed-wing (n = 509) did not differ significantly. Helicopter transport costs per mile ($24), however, were 400% higher than those of fixed-wing aircraft with its associated ground ambulance transport costs ($6). Thus, helicopter transport is economically unjustified for interhospital transports exceeding 100 radial miles when an efficient fixed-wing service exists.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1999

The inturned protein of Drosophila melanogaster is a cytoplasmic protein located at the cell periphery in wing cells.

The inturned (in) gene is a component of the frizzled (fz) signaling pathway that controls the polarity of hairs and bristles in the epidermis of Drosophila. It appears to act downstream of fz, which encodes a putative receptor for a tissue polarity signal. The in gene encodes a novel protein that had been suggested to contain two potential transmembrane domains. It has been suggested that the In protein interacts with the actin cytoskeleton to regulate the formation of the pupal wing prehairs that become adult hairs. The initiation of prehairs is normally restricted to the vicinity of the distal most vertex along the apical surface of the pupal wing cells. In an in mutant, prehairs initate at a variety of locations along the apical cell periphery. We have used immunofluorescence to study the subcellular localization of the In protein. When expressed in cultured cells, we found that In is a cytoplasmic protein. However, we found that it is localized in the vicinity of plasma membrane and the cortical actin cytoskeleton of Drosophila wing disc and pupal wing cells. Thus, in wing cells the In protein is localized to the region of the cell where it appears to function. This subcellular localization presumably requires the function of other proteins and may represent a regulatory mechanism. Our data suggest that fz does not play a major role in the subcellular localization of In. The In protein is notably insoluble in buffers containing high salt and nonionic detergents. This lack of solubility is significantly reduced in fz and mwh mutants, implying that it may be related to the mechanism of in function.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Rearrangement of epithelial cell types in an insect wing monolayer is accompanied by differential expression of a cell surface protein.

The distribution of adhesive molecules on surfaces of cells represents covert information for specifying positions of cells within a tissue. In insect wing epithelia where cells are arranged in two monolayers separated by an extracellular space, these adhesive molecules are found on basal and lateral surfaces of cells. Protein 3B11 is one surface protein whose expression changes in concert with movement and alignment of cells in wing monolayers of Manduca as well as with migration of tracheoles between the two monolayers of the wing. As epithelial cells segregate into periodic, transverse rows of alternating cell types (scale cells and generalized epithelial cells), the expression of 3B11 changes from a uniform distribution throughout the epithelial monolayer to a distribution correlated with a cell's final position and phenotype. Initially protein 3B11 is uniformly expressed on nonadherent surfaces of cells, but with the inception of cell rearrangement, differential expression of 3B11 on basolateral surfaces of cells--both adherent and nonadherent surfaces--becomes a function of epithelial cell type. At the completion of the cell movements associated with segregation of cell types, 3B11 is once again uniformly expressed throughout the wing epithelium. Also, as the upper and lower epithelial monolayers interact at their basal surfaces during adult development, 3B11 is expressed at the interface between the two epithelial monolayers and presumably functions in the nonspecific interaction between these monolayers. Examining the expression patterns of this protein as well as other adhesion molecules in wing epithelia should reveal general rules about either the simplicity or the complexity of the molecular prepatterns that orchestrate overt tissue patterns in epithelial monolayers.

Amino Acid Sequence↗