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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

The fleas (Siphonaptera) of South Carolina with an assessment of their vectorial importance.

We document 25 species of fleas from South Carolina including new state records for two species, the ctenophthalmids Epitedia cavernicola and Rhadinopsylla orama. Host and other collection data, by county, are provided, including many new records amassed from 1992-1998 and some older records gleaned from the Clemson University Arthropod Collection. One flea species, the rhopalopsyllid Polygenis gwyni, is especially common and widespread in South Carolina, particularly on the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) in coastal plain habitats. The largest number of flea species (8) from a single host species was recorded from the cotton mouse, Peromyscus gossypinus. Several flea species of potential medical or veterinary importance were recorded, some of which are potential vectors of pathogens, such as the agents of murine typhus, murine typhus-like disease, sylvatic epidemic typhus, cat scratch disease, and rodent bartonellosis. A host-flea list for South Carolina is included.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Enrofloxacin use in a long-distance transport model of equine respiratory disease.

Successful clinical management of bacterial pneumonia in horses depends on the administration of an appropriate antimicrobial agent at an adequate dosage and frequency, given by the correct route of administration for an adequate duration. Empiric antimicrobial therapy should be based on the clinician's experience and current veterinary literature. Based on the frequency of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens isolated from horses with bacterial pneumonia, every effort should be made to provide antimicrobial coverage for this class of pathogens. Gram-negative pathogens may co-exist; therefore, broad spectrum antimicrobial coverage may be necessary. Antimicrobial agents posing potential drug related risks (e.g. nephrotoxicity in dehydrated patients, peracute colitis in racehorses) may not be appropriate for empiric use and enrofloxacin offers an enhanced spectrum of antimicrobial activity with reduced risk of complication. Our findings indicate that in cases of exclusive Gram-positive respiratory disease, solo therapy with enrofloxacin is not indicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Vaccination against feline retrovirus infections].

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), both of veterinary importance, their antigenic and genetic variability as well as their pathogenicity are described. Disease following FeLV infection is interpreted as a consequence of genetic recombination, as a result of viral evolution in vivo. The principles and efficacy of vaccines are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Avoiding biohazards in medical, veterinary and research laboratories.

Personnel in medical, veterinary or research laboratories may be exposed to a wide variety of pathogens that range from deadly to debilitating. For some of these pathogens, no treatment is available, and in other cases the treatment does not fully control the disease. It is important that personnel in laboratories that process human or microbiological specimens follow universal precautions when handling tissues, cells, or microbiological specimens owing to the increasing numbers of individuals infected with hepatitis C and HIV in the US and the possibility that an individual may be asymptomatic when a specimen is obtained. Similar precautions must be followed in laboratories that use animal tissues owing to the possibility of exposure to agents that are pathogenic in humans. Personnel with conditions associated with immunosuppression should evaluate carefully whether or not specific laboratory environments put them at increased risk of disease. We offer here some general approaches to identifying biohazards and to minimizing the potential risk of exposure. The issues discussed can be used to develop a general safety program as required by regulatory or accrediting agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Persistence and spread of a chloramphenicol resistance-mediating plasmid in antigenic types of Escherichia coli, pathogenic for piglets.

All chloramphenicol-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets in the State veterinary Serum Laboratory, Copenhagen, in 1974-1975 harbored plasmids of IncFII group with largely the same resistance markers. Two strains from 1978 carried plasmids with similar characters. Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA from these plasmids with restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BglII, and PstI shows that the Cm plasmids are extremely closely related; but the patterns obtained (particularly from PstI digests) enable the classification of the plasmids into groups. These bear a strong relation to time and place of isolation so that plasmids isolated on the same farm belong to the same group even when their host strains are of different antigenic types. It is concluded that these plasmids have evolved from a single plasmid.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular epidemiology of human and bovine anaplasmosis in southern Europe.

The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens such as A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum that have an impact on veterinary and human health. In this study, we characterized A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum infections in humans, wild and domestic animals, and ticks in southern Europe (particularly in south-central Spain and in Sicily) by means of serologic study, PCR, and sequence analysis of major surface proteins (msp) 1alpha and 4 and 16S rDNA. The results suggest that A. marginale infections in this region are maintained in cattle and deer, with ticks and tabanids serving as biological and mechanical vectors of the pathogen, respectively. Infections with A. phagocytophilum may occur in humans and are maintained in cattle, donkeys, deer, and birds and are most likely transmitted by several tick species with as yet an unknown role as reservoir hosts for other wild and domesticated mammals. The presence of concurrent infections in cattle and deer suggests that these pathogens may multiply in the same reservoir host and illustrates the complexity of the epidemiology of bovine and human anaplasmosis in this region.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed2005

An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 in broiler breeders, Korea.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was diagnosed in broiler breeders, submitted to the National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service in South Korea. Grossly, the dead breeders had lesions consistent with HPAI, including pancreatic mottling, splenomegaly, pulmonary edema and congestion, and hemorrhages in the mucosa of the proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine, and on the serosal surface. Microscopically, there were necrotized hepatitis and pancreatitis, lymphocytic meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, and interstitial pneumonia. Influenza viral antigen was demonstrated in areas closely associated with histopathologic lesions. The AI virus was isolated from cecal tonsils, feces, trachea, and kidney of the chickens. The isolated virus was identified as the highly pathogenic H5N1, with a hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site deduced amino acid sequences of QREKRKKR/GLFGAGLFGAIAG. In order to determine the pathogenicity of the isolate, eight 6-week-old specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated intravenously with the virus, and all the birds died within 24 hr after inoculation. This is the first report of an outbreak of HPAI in the chickens in South Korea.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2026

Mycoplasma and Bartonella in cats from the tropical tourist Gili Islands, Indonesia.

Bartonella spp. and haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. are important vector-borne bacteria of veterinary and zoonotic relevance, yet information on their circulation in Indonesian island ecosystems remains limited. We investigated their occurrence and molecular diversity in 117 domestic and free-roaming cats from the Gili Islands, Indonesia, using full-length 16S rRNA nanopore metagenomics followed by targeted PCR, sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Bartonella DNA was detected in 18/117 (15.4%) cats and haemotropic Mycoplasma DNA in 40/117 (34.2%). Sequence analysis identified Bartonella henselae as the predominant species together with Bartonella clarridgeiae. MLST of B. henselae revealed three sequence types (ST1, ST16 and ST42), with ST1, a lineage reported in both feline and human isolates, predominating. Comparison with the PubMLST database showed significant geographical differences in the distribution of ST1 and ST42, supporting regional variation in the circulation of B. henselae lineages. Haemoplasma characterization identified Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis and a Mycoplasma feliminutum-like organism, comprising ten distinct sequence variants. Haemoplasma positivity was significantly associated with age, with adults showing higher positivity than younger animals (P < 0.001), whereas Bartonella infection was not associated with age, sex or island of origin. The detection of zoonotically relevant B. henselae lineages and the genetic diversity of feline haemoplasmas provide evidence of the circulation of vector-borne bacteria among cats in this tropical island ecosystem. These findings provide the first molecular epidemiological baseline for this region and contribute to understanding the circulation and genetic diversity of feline vector-borne pathogens in Southeast Asia.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Pathogenicity of a bovine attaching effacing Escherichia coli isolate lacking Shiga-like toxins.

Escherichia coli isolate 7996-90, obtained from a calf with diarrhea, had negative results of tests for K-88, K-99, 987P, F41, CS31A, F1845, F165 or E. coli adherence factor adhesins and had negative results of tests for the toxins heat-labile, heat-stable A, heat-stable B, Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-I or SLT-II. Strain 7996-90 had localized adherence to HEp-2 cells, caused actin rearrangement in host cells to which it adhered, hybridized with the eaeA probe, and produced the 94-kd outer membrane protein associated with attaching effacing lesions. This isolate caused attaching effacing lesions in Caco-2 cell polar monolayers, rabbit intestinal loops, and the intestines of gnotobiotic pigs. The isolate belongs to serotype O26: NM and is considered a class-II attaching effacing enteropathogenic E coli. Until recent addition of more sensitive assays at veterinary diagnostic laboratories, isolates such as 7996-90 were not readily recognized as pathogens because they failed to fit into the enterohemorrhagic E coli group, members of which, be definition, produce SLT. The assays described can facilitate diagnosis of attaching effacing E coli infection when histologic evaluation is hampered by autolysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pathogens in dog bite wounds in dogs in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Over a year swabs were taken from 87 untreated bite wounds in dogs seen by veterinary practitioners in Harare, Zimbabwe. Swabs were also taken from normal skin adjacent to the wound site, and gingival swabs were collected from normal dogs coming to the same clinics. The swabs were cultured aerobically for pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus intermedius, and the antibiotic sensitivities of the pathogens were determined by disc diffusion assay. The most common pathogens isolated from the wounds were S intermedius (23 per cent), Escherichia coli (18 per cent) and non-lactose-fermenting coliforms (14 per cent). S intermedius was common on the normal skin of the dogs with infected wounds, and was associated with wounds on the abdomen, hindlimbs and tail and wounds that were more than three days old. This organism was, however, isolated only infrequently from the gums and there was little correlation in general between the prevalence of pathogens in the mouth and their prevalence in wounds. Of the S intermedius isolates from wounds, 30 per cent were resistant to penicillin and multiple antibiotic resistance was common among the enterobacterial isolates. The majority of the pathogens were sensitive to cotrimoxazole.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Antifungals and their use in veterinary ophthalmology.

Many variables affect the outcome of keratomycosis and systemic fungal infections in animals. These include pathogenicity of the fungal organism(toxins, trophisms, and evasion of host response); previous treatment with topical or systemic corticosteroids, which can have a dramatic negative impact on host defense mechanisms: concurrent systemic illness or immunocompromise: severity/extent of infection; and degree of pain (ie,increased reflex tearing dilutes topical medication) [14]. Experimental work suggests that antibiotics may occasionally exacerbate fungal infections [142],and some researchers advocate that concurrent antibiotic therapy is contraindicated in horses with yeast infections and septate fungal infections unless bacterial infection is also suspected [14]. Nevertheless, given that normal conjunctival flora often include bacteria and fungi and because care of keratomycoses often includes mixed bacterial and fungal infections, the possible dynamics (natural influences and local competition) between ocular surface microorganisms merit further investigation. There are many unanswered questions regarding the accuracy of in vitro susceptibilities and corneal concentration capabilities for antifungal topical medications [14]. Inherent host resistance or other immune interactions between the patient and fungus are perhaps the most important determinants of the outcome but are currently difficult to measure or assess except by subjective clinical observation [14].

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Systemic immune responses in sheep, induced by a novel nano-bead adjuvant.

Although a number of adjuvants are currently approved for use in veterinary species, only alum has been widely used in humans. While it induces strong antibody responses, cell mediated responses are often low and inflammatory reactions at the site of injection are common. We investigated the immunological properties of a novel nano-bead adjuvant in a sheep large-animal model. In contrast to alum, antigen covalently coupled to nano-beads induced substantial cell mediated responses along with moderate humoral responses. No adverse reactions were seen at the site of immunisation in the sheep. Thus, nano-bead adjuvants in veterinary species may be useful for the induction of immunity to viral pathogens, where a cell mediated response is required. These findings also highlight the potential usefulness of nano-bead vaccines for intracellular pathogens in humans.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1991

Ixodid and argasid ticks. Keys to their identification.

Ticks of the Ixodidae family are important ectoparasites of humans and animals. Of the 80 or so species found in the United States, about 20 are of veterinary importance. Ticks are second only to mosquitoes as carriers of human pathogens. The ixodid (or hard) ticks are the most common and are represented by the genera Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Dermacentor. Accurate identification of the species of ixodid ticks within an area is a prerequisite to control and eradication. Therefore, veterinarians should have a working knowledge of the biology and identity of the more common mammalian-parasitizing ticks in the United States. In the United States, the argasid (or soft) ticks are less common than the ixodid (or hard) ticks. Argasids are represented by the genera Argas, Ornithodoros, and Otobius. Although the overall anatomy of the various species of argasids is similar, their functional approaches to feeding, reproduction, host finding and preference, tick-host behavior, tick relationship to their environment, and disease association vary among species. Accurate identification of the species of argasid ticks within an area is useful in their control.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The French antibiotic resistance monitoring programs.

Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from animal origin in France is organised by the French Agency for Food Safety (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, AFSSA) through two types of networks. The first collects non-human zoonotic Salmonella strains in one centre (AFSSA, Paris) where they are tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility. The others, managed by AFSSA Lyon, deal with bovine pathogenic strains and are multicentric, that is they collecting antibiotic sensitivity and other data from the local public veterinary diagnostic laboratories. This requires standardisation of the methods used in each partner laboratory. Statistical analysis of any change in French resistance patterns can be monitored by these three networks either as a function of strain pathogenicity and/or of the ecological origin of the isolate. The system also encourages efficient collaboration between veterinarians and the laboratory. Such collaboration improves both the quality of routine antibiotic testing and understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Diagnostic testing for fungal diseases.

Fungal infections can be challenging to diagnose, and accurate interpretation of laboratory data is important to ensure the most appropriate treatment for the patient. An overview of the nonspecific diagnostic aids and specific fungal diagnostics is presented. Additionally, a brief summary of the role of free-living saprophytes and pathogenic dimorphic fungi is discussed in relation to exotic animals seen in veterinary practice. The important fungal diseases are reviewed with reported prevalence, hosts and with specific diagnostic testing recommendations.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of the Staph-Zym-system for identification of Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus intermedius.

The Staph-Zym system was evaluated as a means for identifying cultures of Staphylococcus hyicus isolated from pigs and bovines and cultures of Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from canines. The selected cultures had been identified by conventional methods. The Staph-Zym system correctly identified all 52 S. hyicus and all 33 S. intermedius. It is concluded that the Staph-Zym system is a practical and reliable test for identifying mostly animal pathogenic S. hyicus and S. intermedius, and might possibly be useful for veterinary microbiologists.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Phylogeny of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster as determined by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA genes from the two rRNA operons.

The so-called Mycoplasma mycoides cluster consists of six species or subspecies of mycoplasmas (Mollicutes). These species are pathogenic for ruminants and some of them are of great concern in veterinary medicine. The members of the M. mycoides cluster have two rRNA operons (rrnA and rrnB). The nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of 10 strains, representing all of the known species and subspecies of the M. mycoides cluster, were determined by direct automated solid-phase DNA sequencing. The sequences of both rRNA operons were determined by a novel strategy involving in vitro amplification by PCR with one operon-specific primer pair and one general primer pair. Interestingly, sequence differences (polymorphisms) between the two operons were observed for all strains. Two strains of M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae were sequenced, and 15 polymorphisms were found in the type strain (F38) and 17 polymorphisms were found in the other strain (4/2LC). Eight polymorphisms were found in the 16S rRNA genes of the M. mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type, and sequence length variations in a poly(A) region were observed in the 16S rRNA genes of the two operons of this species. Secondary-structure analysis showed that polymorphisms were present in both stem and loop regions. The nucleotide substitutions in the polymorphic sites of the stem regions often resulted in a change from a canonical to a noncanonical base pairing or vice versa. A compensatory mutation was never observed in the other nucleotide of the base pair. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA sequences indicated that Mycoplasma sp. strain PG50 should be included in the M. capricolum species group. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA sequences of M. mycoides subsp. capri and the M. mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type were 99.9% identical. We therefore suggest that these species be reclassified in a common species group (for instance, "Mycoplasma capri") distinct from the M. mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type, which formed an intermediate branch between the M. capricolum species group and the M. capri species group.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-Screen latex agglutination test for detection of MRSA of animal origin.

Methicillin (oxacillin)-resistant staphylococci (MRS) have emerged as major clinical and epidemiological pathogens, and there have been frequent reports of MRS infections in the veterinary field. The MRSA-Screen latex agglutination test (Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was compared with an oxacillin agar screen test, MIC determination, and mecA PCR assay, the "gold standard." In an analysis of 15 mecA-positive and 48 mecA-negative S. aureus animal isolates, as well as 9 mecA-positive and 147 mecA-negative, coagulase-negative staphylococcal animal isolates, the latex agglutination test surpassed the widely used oxacillin agar screen method and MIC determination, with a sensitivity and a specificity of 100%. The MRSA-Screen test is a reliable and rapid method of detecting MRS in the veterinary field.

Animals↗