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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The challenge of comparative health policy research for applied medical anthropology.

In this paper I argue that medical anthropologists can work in settings outside of academia to effect policy and that this work can simultaneously contribute to scientific knowledge and to the discipline of anthropology. In doing this, I first discuss the concept of policy and bind these ideas within the framework of health policy. Then I discuss the roles of anthropologists in the health policy field and the problems of selecting issues for research and the concern about the dichotomy between pure and applied research. Finally, I review some key health policy issues in American society and discuss how medical anthropologists can work toward practicing their craft in practical ways.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1980

Social policy for child custody: a multidiciplinary framework.

The need for collaboration between mental health professionals and those in the legal system in the development of a preventively-oriented social policy for children involved in custody disputes is discussed. Prior efforts toward this end are examined, and systemic influences that may impede the process are highlighted. Suggestions are offered for improving such efforts, and directions for needed empirical work are elaborated.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2006

A framework for assessing the impact of land use policy on community exposure to air toxics.

Our research focuses on the linkage between land use planning policy and the spatial pattern of exposure to air toxics emissions. Our objective is to develop a modeling framework for assessment of the community health risk implications of land use policy. The modeling framework is not intended to be a regulatory tool for small-scale land use decisions, but a long-range planning tool to assess the community health risk implications of alternative land use scenarios at a regional or subregional scale. This paper describes the development and application of an air toxic source model for generating aggregate emission factors for industrial and commercial zoning districts as a function of permitted uses. To address the uncertainty of estimating air toxics emission rates for planned general land use or zoning districts, the source model uses an emissions probability mass function that weights each incremental permitted land use activity by the likelihood of occurrence. We thus reduce the uncertainty involved in planning for development with no prior knowledge of the specific industries that may locate within the land use district. These air toxics emission factors can then be used to estimate pollutant atmospheric mass flux from land use zoning districts, which can then be input to air dispersion and human health risk assessment models to simulate the spatial pattern of air toxics exposure risk. The model database was constructed using the California Air Toxics Inventory, 1997 US Economic Census, and land assessment records from several California counties. The database contains information on more than 200 air toxics at the 2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) level. We present a case study to illustrate application of the model. LUAIRTOX, the interactive spreadsheet model that applies our methodology to the California data, is available at http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~mwillis/LUAIRTOX.htm.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2026

Advancing One Health genomics in Africa: opportunities and challenges for outbreak and antimicrobial resistance control.

SUMMARYAfrica's ongoing struggles with emerging epidemics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) underscore the urgency of integrating pathogen genomics and surveillance systems into the continent's One Health strategy, particularly given the existing limitations in preparedness and technological resources. This review brings together current evidence on the growth of sequencing infrastructure, the development of regional genomic hubs, and the establishment of governance frameworks, while identifying critical challenges in data integration, bioinformatics capacity, and sustainable financing. Special focus is placed on the lack of African-based genomic data, with our analysis showing that only 1.82% of the global total is available. Case studies illustrate the immense potential and importance of pathogen genomics, giving policymakers a tangible sense of its impact. These examples demonstrate how genomic technologies integrated with artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming outbreak response, AMR surveillance, and stewardship programs by enabling early detection of zoonotic threats, mapping transmission pathways, and guiding vaccine development. However, to fully realize this scientific intel, it is essential to embed One Health pathogen surveillance within strong policy and system frameworks to ensure the translation of technical progress into lasting institutional capacity and sustainable impact. Long-term implementation depends on coordinated investment and advocacy across four interdependent pillars: data architecture, governance and sovereignty, human capital, and technical capacity.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Environmental health challenges in South Africa: policy lessons from case studies.

In South Africa, the challenges of economic growth, job creation and effective service delivery are regarded as key to the long-term development of the country. The provision of basic environmental health services is acknowledged as an important factor impacting on the quality of living environments and the health of communities. This paper outlines the environmental health challenges faced by local authorities in the context of national policy, the wider local government development framework and the backlog in the provision of basic services. Using South African examples, the paper concludes with a synopsis of the gaps in policy and delivery drawing on the policy framework of the World Health Organisation, Health for All in the 21st Century. Many of the insights highlighted are likely to parallel the experiences in other developing countries.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1976

The policy effectiveness of health services research: a reconsideration.

It has often been asserted that health services research (HSR) has been either epiphenomenal or entirely ineffectual in influencing the formation of policy. In this examination of the HSR-policy relationship that assertion is contested; the authors conclude that there has been a relationship between HSR and policy, at least public policy. A diagrammatic framework is presented to describe the HSR-policy nexus in an attempt to facilitate an understanding of how future efforts in the conduct of HSR might be most effective.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Facing challenges to family-centered care. I: Conflicts over visitation.

Policies and practices related to parental presence and participation in the care of a hospitalized child can be a source of tension between nurses and families. Tensions often revolve around "visiting" hours, who may visit, the number of visitors allowed at the bedside at a time, and inconsistent enforcement of existing visitation policies. A family-centered framework for evaluating these policies and practices can provide direction that will help reduce these tensions. Visitation policies that are flexible and offer guidelines, not rules, will usually best meet the needs of families. Some nurses may need education, mentoring, skill-building, and role-playing opportunities to work comfortably with flexible guidelines and increased family presence and participation.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Navigating tissue banking regulation: conceptual frameworks for researchers, administrators, regulators and policy-makers.

In the "post-genomic" age of biomedical research, researchers often wish to utilise collections of human tissue. This type of research raises many ethical and legal issues and anyone wishing to use such collections is faced with an enormously complex set of regulatory requirements, many of which are still ambiguous, reflecting ongoing ethical and legal debate. Whilst there is no way of entirely avoiding such regulatory complexity and ambiguity, conceptual frameworks can assist those who wish to use, administer, authorise and generate policy on tissue banking research. Two conceptual frameworks are described here: a taxonomy of tissue banking practices, aimed at assisting those who need to ensure that tissue banks meet ethical and legal requirements; and a "syncretic" approach to policy-making, for those who wish to generate new policy, or streamline existing policy relating to tissue banking research.

Australia↗
PubMed2005

Policy analysis using patient flow simulations: conceptual framework and study design.

How do we know that innovations in healthcare delivery would work? In this paper, we discuss the idea of applying the methodology of group-randomized intervention studies to evaluation of surgical care policies using data from simulation experiments. We argue that a new interdisciplinary framework, which links health services research, operations research, and computer sciences, is required. Specifically, the methodological rigor of evaluative studies should be applied to the analysis of simulation experiments. In turn, the evaluation of policy initiatives should include the simulation of health-system operations. We introduce the framework and study design to evaluate methods for improving the peri-operative process with the use of patient flow simulations.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Developmental psychology and public policy: progress and prospects.

This article outlines a framework for developmentally oriented policy research. Drawing from U. Bronfenbrenner's (1995) dynamic developmental systems theory, the authors suggest ways in which the key tenets of process, persons, context, and time can inform policy research in developmental psychology and can be used to support a causal interpretation of the results of those analyses. Conceptualizing public policies from a dynamic developmental systems perspective has a variety of implications for future research, and this article considers some of these implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Drainage basin management, local action plans and national policy: the perspective of the European Framework Directive.

The EC Water Framework Directive requires that all Member States achieve "good water status" by 2015 for both surface water and groundwater. The procedures by which Sweden intends to implement the Framework Directive are described and involve the establishment of five water districts, each with a water authority; local cooperative bodies based on the main river basin areas; cooperative associations for water conservation; introduction of a system of charges for water conservation; and assigning responsibility for supervision of contingency measures to the water authorities.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2006

The McGill University Health Centre Policy on sentinel events: using a standardized framework to manage sentinel events, facilitate learning and improve patient safety.

Promoting a culture of safety within organizations includes translating the lessons learned from sentinel events into concrete changes that will improve patient safety. In May 2005 the McGill University Health Centre Policy on Sentinel Events was implemented to provide a standardized framework to manage these events and promote that culture of safety. This framework helped implement a number of changes to improve patient safety. The O2 Ticket to Ride project ensures cross-disciplinary responsibility for the transportation of oxygen-dependent patients to diagnostic testing areas. The Code Stroke Algorithm was developed to expedite the sequence of events from the time the stroke symptoms are observed to the time the CT scan is carried out.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

British and American health policy: recent lessons from one system to the other.

Arguably, US and British health-care policies have shown some convergence in recent years, despite vast differences in the two health-care systems. In part, this reflects the incentives common to all systems which must be mobilized to improve efficiency and effectiveness; in part, this reflects the (two-way) trans-Atlantic 'trendiness' of ideas. This article seeks to examine the main context of policy affecting the two health-care systems, the means now used to achieve the systems' goals, and the validity of claims of convergence. The focus is conceptual, although a significant aim is to assess recent policies in a comparative framework.

Health Policy↗
PubMed2006

The impact of context on evidence utilization: a framework for expert groups developing health policy recommendations.

Should the same evidence lead to the same decision outcomes in different decision-making contexts? In order to improve comprehension of this issue, this study considers how context influences evidence utilization in the development of health policy recommendations. We used an embedded multiple case study design to study how four expert groups formulated policy recommendations for breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancer screening in Ontario, Canada. We interviewed expert group members and analysed meeting agendas/minutes, interim/final reports and other case-related documents. Our analyses revealed varying policy objectives; the use, neglect, or overextended consideration of three key decision support tools; the varying skills/abilities of expert group members in using different decision support tools; the varying impact of effect modifiers, resource constraints and political interests; and the differing development/consideration of context-specific evidence to address uncertainty in the external decision-making context. While more work is needed to determine if these findings are generalizable beyond cancer screening policy, we believe the central challenge for evidence-based policy is not to develop international evidence, but rather to develop more systematic, rigorous, and global methods for identifying, interpreting, and applying evidence in different decision-making contexts. Our analyses suggest that identification of evidence must distinguish between different policy objectives in order to link a broad conceptualization of evidence to appropriate policy questions. Interpretation of evidence must acknowledge the varying nature of evidence for different policy objectives, balancing existing emphasis on evidentiary quality with more sophisticated methods for assessing the generalizability of evidence. The application of evidence must also acknowledge different policy objectives, appropriately employing rule-based grading schemes and agreement-based consensus methods that are sensitive to the nature of the evidence and contexts involved.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Leadership in mental health policy: the national context.

OBJECTIVE: To describe how mental health policy is developed and implemented. METHODS: A review of the literature on public policy analysis and the experience of the author in the development and implementation of national mental health policy. RESULTS: A five-step process of problem identification, policy development, political decision, policy implementation and evaluation provides a framework for understanding the policy cycle. CONCLUSION: An understanding of this process is essential for psychiatrists and other mental health professionals in order to influence the process and content of mental health policy.

Australia↗
PubMed2005

Tuberculosis and HIV interaction in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on patients and programmes; implications for policies.

Sub-Saharan Africa carries the overwhelming share of the global burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and of HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB). The impact of HIV on TB patients and programmes has implications for TB control policies. The impact on patients includes the effect of HIV on diagnosis and on the patterns of HIV-related TB, the response of HIV-infected TB patients to TB treatment, the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the quality and continuity of care for TB patients. The impact on national TB programmes (NTPs) includes increased case load, impaired NTP performance, increased need for access to ART and difficulties in reaching TB control targets. Implications for policies include the need to promote TB and HIV/AIDS programme collaboration, aimed at improving NTP performance (TB case-finding and treatment outcomes), quality and continuity of care, and monitoring and interpretation of progress towards TB control targets. In order to provide the recommended international standard of care for TB patients, clinicians need to be aware of the impact of HIV on TB patients and programmes and the implications for the policies that provide the framework for this standard. Conversely, policy-makers need to understand the impact of HIV on TB patients and programmes. This can help to ensure a firm evidence base for TB control policies aiming at the high standard of patient care that is at the heart of TB and HIV programmes.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2006

Health behaviour modelling for prenatal diagnosis in Australia: a geodemographic framework for health service utilisation and policy development.

BACKGROUND: Despite the wide availability of prenatal screening and diagnosis, a number of studies have reported no decrease in the rate of babies born with Down syndrome. The objective of this study was to investigate the geodemographic characteristics of women who have prenatal diagnosis in Victoria, Australia, by applying a novel consumer behaviour modelling technique in the analysis of health data. METHODS: A descriptive analysis of data on all prenatal diagnostic tests, births (1998 and 2002) and births of babies with Down syndrome (1998 to 2002) was undertaken using a Geographic Information System and socioeconomic lifestyle segmentation classifications. RESULTS: Most metropolitan women in Victoria have average or above State average levels of uptake of prenatal diagnosis. Inner city women residing in high socioeconomic lifestyle segments who have high rates of prenatal diagnosis spend 20% more on specialist physician's fees when compared to those whose rates are average. Rates of prenatal diagnosis are generally low amongst women in rural Victoria, with the lowest rates observed in farming districts. Reasons for this are likely to be a combination of lack of access to services (remoteness) and individual opportunity (lack of transportation, low levels of support and income). However, there are additional reasons for low uptake rates in farming areas that could not be explained by the behaviour modelling. These may relate to women's attitudes and choices. CONCLUSION: A lack of statewide geodemographic consistency in uptake of prenatal diagnosis implies that there is a need to target health professionals and pregnant women in specific areas to ensure there is increased equity of access to services and that all pregnant women can make informed choices that are best for them. Equally as important is appropriate health service provision for families of children with Down syndrome. Our findings show that these potential interventions are particularly relevant in rural areas. Classifying data to lifestyle segments allowed for practical comparisons of the geodemographic characteristics of women having prenatal diagnosis in Australia at a population level. This methodology may in future be a feasible and cost-effective tool for service planners and policy developers.

Adult↗