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PubMed1975

Induction of globin mRNA in Friend leukemia virus-infected cells and its presence in viral 60S RNA.

The Friend leukemia virus (FLV)-infected cell line, T-3-Cl-2, undergoes a form of erythroid differentiation in culture when treated with an appropriate inducer, such as dimethylsulfoxide ((CH3)2SO). Thus, whereas untreated cells contain no detectable hemoglobin, treated cells accumulate hemoglobin in quantities comparable to those in the mature mouse red blood cell. We have investigated the mechanism of hemoglobin induction by quantitating the number of globin genes and the amount of globin mRNA in cells before and during the period of hemoglobin accumulation. The results indicate the number of globin genes does not change as the cells accumulate hemogtobin: There are less than 5 globin genes per haploid genome. On the other hand, whereas cells lacking hemoglobin contain little, if any, globin mRNA, hemoglobin-containing cells accumulate, on the average, 8,000 molecules of globin mRNA per cell. The most direct, although, by no means, the only interpretation of these results is that the induction of hemoglobin synthesis involves transcriptional activation of the globin genes. Using this same cell line, we show that mouse globin mRNA sequences are also present in viral particles purified from the culture medium of globin-producing cells. These globin mRNA sequences are absent from viral particles derived from T-3-Cl-2 cells which are not producing globin mRNA. Virus-associated globin mRNA sequences sediment in association with 60S viral RNA complex as well as in free, 9S form. However, under mild denaturing conditions which result in the conversion of viral 60 S RNA to 30S and smaller forms, all the globin sequences sediment as 9S RNA. Appropriate control experiments indicate that the virus-associated globin mRNA is resistant to degradation by exogenous ribonuclease; that exogenously added globin mRNA does not become associated with the 60S viral RNA complex; and that globin mRNA can be detected in virions derived from cells both induced for and constitutively synthesizing globin mRNA. The presence of globin mRNA sequences in FLV particles has important implications in terms of our ability to distinguish between host and viral RNAs in viral particles and in terms of the possible role RNA tumor viruses might play in transduction of genetic information.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The association of Alu repeats with the generation of potential AU-rich elements (ARE) at 3' untranslated regions.

BACKGROUND: A significant portion (about 8% in the human genome) of mammalian mRNA sequences contains AU (Adenine and Uracil) rich elements or AREs at their 3' untranslated regions (UTR). These mRNA sequences are usually stable. However, an increasing number of observations have been made of unstable species, possibly depending on certain elements such as Alu repeats. ARE motifs are repeats of the tetramer AUUU and a monomer A at the end of the repeats ((AUUU)nA). The importance of AREs in biology is that they make certain mRNA unstable. Proto-oncogene, such as c-fos, c-myc, and c-jun in humans, are associated with AREs. Although it has been known that the increased number of ARE motifs caused the decrease of the half-life of mRNA containing ARE repeats, the exact mechanism is as of yet unknown. We analyzed the occurrences of AREs and Alu and propose a possible mechanism for how human mRNA could acquire and keep AREs at its 3' UTR originating from Alu repeats. RESULTS: Interspersed in the human genome, Alu repeats occupy 5% of the 3' UTR of mRNA sequences. Alu has poly-adenine (poly-A) regions at its end, which lead to poly-thymine (poly-T) regions at the end of its complementary Alu. It has been found that AREs are present at the poly-T regions. From the 3' UTR of the NCBI's reference mRNA sequence database, we found nearly 40% (38.5%) of ARE (Class I) were associated with Alu sequences (Table 1) within one mismatch allowance in ARE sequences. Other ARE classes had statistically significant associations as well. This is far from a random occurrence given their limited quantity. At each ARE class, random distribution was simulated 1,000 times, and it was shown that there is a special relationship between ARE patterns and the Alu repeats. CONCLUSION: AREs are mediating sequence elements affecting the stabilization or degradation of mRNA at the 3' untranslated regions. However, AREs' mechanism and origins are unknown. We report that Alu is a source of ARE. We found that half of the longest AREs were derived from the poly-T regions of the complementary Alu.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1984

Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the fusion (F) glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus.

The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA encoding the F protein of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus (strain A2) was determined from cDNA clones that contain the complete mRNA sequence. The mRNA is 1899 nucleotides long exclusive of polyadenylylate. The single major open reading frame encodes a protein of 574 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 63,453. Major structural features predicted from the amino acid sequence include an NH2-terminal signal sequence (residues 1-22), hydrophobic transmembrane anchor sequence (residues 525-550), five potential acceptor sites for asparagine-linked carbohydrate, and a potential site (residues 131-136) for the proteolytic cleavage that generates the disulfide-linked F1 and F2 subunits, which, by analogy to other paramyxoviruses, constitute the biologically active form of the F protein. The sequence also contains an internal hydrophobic domain (residues 137-154) that, as a consequence of the activating proteolytic cleavage described above, would become the NH2 terminus of the larger, F1 subunit. The amino acid sequence of the hydrophobic terminus of the F1 subunit is known to be highly conserved among several paramyxoviruses but is markedly dissimilar for RS virus. The F2 subunit is relatively hydrophilic and contains four of the five potential carbohydrate acceptor sites. The subunit order is NH2-F2-F1-COOH. The nucleotide sequences at the 5' and 3' mRNA termini are conserved among the eight RS viral mRNAs sequenced to date. The conserved sequences are: 5' G-G-G-G-C-A-A-A-U ... A-G-U-AU-A-(N)0-2-AU-U-poly(A). These are candidates to be signals for viral transcription. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences described further define the relationship between RS virus and other paramyxoviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Translation arrest by oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to mRNA coding sequences yields polypeptides of predetermined length.

We investigated the arrest of mRNA translation at predetermined sites by oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to defined coding sequences within a mRNA. An in vitro transcription and a wheat germ cell-free translation system were used for the synthesis of mRNA and protein, respectively. Oligodeoxynucleotides (10-, 15- and 20-mer) arrested polypeptide synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner at the site of their hybridization to the mRNA, as judged by the size of the translation products. A 5-mer oligodeoxynucleotide did not prevent synthesis of the full length protein. Ribosomes arrested by an oligodeoxynucleotide transiently stacked up and eventually disassembled. Upon dissociation of the ribosomes from the blocked site, nascent chains were released as peptidyl-tRNAs which in turn became rapidly converted to free polypeptide chains. None of these results was affected by the position within the reading frame to which the 3' end of the oligodeoxynucleotide hybridized. The general applicability of translation arrest by oligodeoxynucleotides was demonstrated for different mRNAs. Only partial arrest of translation was obtained when oligodeoxynucleotides were used to arrest translation in the reticulocyte cell-free system.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Defects in DNA and globin messenger RNA in homozygotes for hemoglobin Lepore.

Globin messenger RNA (mRNA) isolated from three patients homozygous for hemoglobin Lepore is shown to have a marked reduction of the amount of beta-like globin mRNA (Lepore-globin mRNA sequences) compared with alpha-globin mRNA by molecular hybridization. The relative amounts of alpha- and Lepore mRNA are similar to the amounts of alpha- and Lepore globin synthesized in intact cells and by isolated mRNA in a cell-free system. It is also demonstrated that Lepore-globin mRNA can completely hybridize to full-length or nearly full-length beta-globin specific complementary DNA and protect it from nuclease digestion, indicating close homology between the delta-mRNA sequences present in Lepore mRNA and the beta-complementary-DNA probe. We have also quantitated the numbers of beta-like globin gene sequences in genomic Lepore DNA by molecular hybridization and demonstrated a reduction in their number consistent with the Lepore gene being a delta beta-gene fusion product.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Ovine beta-lactoglobulin messenger RNA: nucleotide sequence and mRNA levels during functional differentiation of the mammary gland.

The nucleotide sequence of ovine beta-lactoglobulin mRNA has been determined by chemical sequencing of two cDNA recombinant plasmids and primer extension products. Ovine beta-lactoglobulin mRNA consists of a 540 nucleotide coding region, flanked by 39 nucleotide 5' and 206 nucleotide 3' non-coding regions including a 20 nucleotide poly A tail. The deduced 180 amino acid sequence of pre-beta-lactoglobulin is in agreement with the previously published amino acid sequence of signal peptide and mature protein. Northern blot analysis of poly A+ RNAs from the lactating mammary glands of porcine, rabbit and rat species, allowed us to identify a homologous RNA to beta-lactoglobulin mRNA solely in the porcine species. We also detected a mRNA transcript of a size similar to that of beta-lactoglobulin mRNA in hepatic poly A+ RNA from female rat liver treated by estrogens. Furthermore, we have examined the levels of beta-lactoglobulin mRNA during the functional differentiation of the mammary gland and after hormonal stimulation. During the last third of pregnancy, the expression of beta-lactoglobulin gene is significantly more elevated than that of alpha s1- or beta-casein whose mRNA levels were found to change very slightly during this period. Both beta-lactoglobulin and casein mRNAs showed a rapid response and a wide range of change in response to cortisol treatment. However, there was a significant difference in the rate at which these processes occurred, suggesting that beta-lactoglobulin gene expression is regulated independently of the casein genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Globin mRNA precursor. Cross-linking in situ of double-stranded segments with aminomethyltrioxalen.

The globin mRNA sequences present in duck erythroblast nuclei appear under non-denaturing conditions to be associated with heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) molecules of various sizes. Under denaturing conditions, however, the bulk of the globin mRNA sequences associated with hnRNA are released as molecules of size close to that of the active globin mRNA. To find out whether hydrogen-bonded structures occur in situ or arise after RNA extraction, nuclei were treated with aminomethyltrioxalen and exposed to ultraviolet light. This treatment generates covalent links between opposite strands of double-stranded nuclei acids, which were visualised by electron microscopy. It appears that, after cross-linking, a fraction of the globin mRNA sequences present in nuclei is associated with high-molecular-weight hnRNA molecules by a link found associated with a band of 0.9 x 10(6) molecular weight approximately. It is suggested that within the erythroblast nucleus, globin mRNA sequences are associated by hydrogen bonds with RNA of high molecular weight. These structures may represent intermediate steps in globin mRNA processing.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A study of annexin family protein in early development of fish. II. Analysis of complete amino acid sequence].

We studied mRNA structure of 31 kDa annexin of zebra fish Brachydanio rerio using previously obtained 3'-terminal incomplete cDNA. The size of this protein mRNA was determined by Northern hybridization. PCR screening of cDNA library of zebra fish gastrula allowed us to obtain cDNA of the 5'-terminal regions of the mRNA. The primary structure of the protein deduced from the mRNA sequence allowed us to identify it as an annexin IV with threonine in position 6--a phosphorylation target for protein kinase C.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

Degradation of cellular mRNA during infection by herpes simplex virus.

The fate of preexisting mRNA sequences was examined after infection by herpes simplex virus. Murine erythroid cells transformed by Friend leukemia virus were used as the host. Such cells, when exposed to 2% dimethyl sulfoxide, produce large amounts of globin and globin mRNA. The protein and its mRNA are easily recognized at 4 days by electrophoresis in high percentage acrylamide gels and by hybridization to cDNA, respectively. Herpes simplex virus replicates in these cells. By 2 hr after infection the rate of protein synthesis decreases to 30% of the level in mock-infected cells and only 49+/-8% (SEM) of the globin mRNA sequences present prior to infection could be detected by hybridization to cDNA. At 4 hr after infection, when the rate of protein synthesis in infected cells is at a maximum, only about 15% of the globin mRNA sequences remained. Control experiments support the hypothesis that globin mRNA sequences are degraded after infection by herpes simplex virus.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of human mRNAs with the reference genome sequence reveals potential errors, polymorphisms, and RNA editing.

The NCBI Reference Sequence (RefSeq) project and the NIH Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) together define a set of approximately 30,000 nonredundant human mRNA sequences with identified coding regions representing 17,000 distinct loci. These high-quality mRNA sequences allow for the identification of transcribed regions in the human genome sequence, and many researchers accept them as the correct representation of each defined gene sequence. Computational comparison of these mRNA sequences and the recently published essentially finished human genome sequence reveals several thousand undocumented nonsynonymous substitution and frame shift discrepancies between the two resources. Additional analysis is undertaken to verify that the euchromatic human genome is sufficiently complete--containing nearly the whole mRNA collection, thus allowing for a comprehensive analysis to be undertaken. Many of the discrepancies will prove to be genuine polymorphisms in the human population, somatic cell genomic variants, or examples of RNA editing. It is observed that the genome sequence variant has significant additional support from other mRNAs and ESTs, almost four times more often than does the mRNA variant, suggesting that the genome sequence is more accurate. In approximately 15% of these cases, there is substantial support for both variants, suggestive of an undocumented polymorphism. An initial screening against a 24-individual genomic DNA diversity panel verified 60% of a small set of potential single nucleotide polymorphisms from which successful results could be obtained. We also find statistical evidence that a few of these discrepancies are due to RNA editing. Overall, these results suggest that the mRNA collections may contain a substantial number of errors. For current and future mRNA collections, it may be prudent to fully reconcile each genome sequence discrepancy, classifying each as a polymorphism, site of RNA editing or somatic cell variation, or genome sequence error.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1977

Relative stability of alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNAs in homozygous beta+ thalassemia.

The relative concentrations of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin mRNA sequences were measured in bone marrow nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA and in RNA from peripheral blood reticulocytes of three patients with homozygous beta+ thalassemia. Our results suggest that the quantitative deficiency in beta-globin mRNA may arise because of abnormal metabolism of molecules containing beta mRNA sequences. Complementary DNAs specific for each of the globins were synthesized. Variable quantities of RNA were incubated to equilibrium with 3H-labeled alpha- and 32P-labeled beta- or gamma-enriched cDNA. We found for each of the patients that the alpha/beta mRNA sequence ratio was more nearly normal in the nuclear RNA than in either cytoplasmic or reticulocyte RNA. Conversely, gamma mRNA sequences were very low in the nucleus with an increase in the relative concentration in both cytoplasm and reticulocyte RNA. The thermal stability of nucleic acid duplexes formed between beta cDNA and nuclear RNA from one patient with beta+ thalassemia was equivalent to that of duplexes formed with normal nuclear RNA. Approximately equal amounts of thalassemic alpha and beta mRNA were retained by oligo(dT)-cellulose, indicating that the 3' poly(A) segment was present on both. Our results indicate that beta-globin mRNA, although grossly normal in structure, fails to accumulate in beta+ thalassemic erythroid cells in amounts equivalent to the mRNA for alpha-globin.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed2026

seq2ribo: structure-aware integration of machine learning and simulation to predict ribosome location profiles from RNA sequences.

MOTIVATION: Ribosome dynamics are vital in the process of protein expression. Current methods rely on ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq), RNA-seq profiles, and full genomic context. This restricts their use in de novo sequence design, like messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. Simulation-only approaches like the Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (TASEP) oversimplify translation by focusing solely on codon elongation times. RESULTS: We present seq2ribo, a hybrid simulation and machine learning framework that predicts ribosome A-site locations using only an mRNA sequence as input. Our method first employs a novel structure-aware TASEP (sTASEP), which models translation using a comprehensive set of fitted parameters that include codon wait times and structural features, such as local angles, base-pairing, and discrete positional buckets. The ribosome locations generated by sTASEP are then processed by a polisher model, which learns to refine the simulated ribosome distributions. seq2ribo provides high-fidelity predictions of ribosome locations across diverse cell types (iPSC, HEK293, LCL, and RPE-1), significantly outperforming baselines. seq2ribo is the first method to achieve meaningful positional correlation with observed ribosome profiles from sequence alone, reaching transcript-level Pearson correlations up to 0.920 and within-transcript shape correlations up to 0.186, where all baselines yield near-zero values on these metrics. seq2ribo also reduces elementwise error by up to 37.7% relative to the sequence-only Translatomer baseline. By adding a task-specific head, seq2ribo achieves Pearson correlations up to 0.732 with experimental translation efficiency (TE) across several cell lines, and up to 0.903 with measured protein expression. By operating from sequence alone, seq2ribo provides a new tool for synthetic biology, enabling the rational design and optimization of mRNA sequences without the need for expression-level data or genomic context. AVAILABILITY: seq2ribo is available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/seq2ribo.

Machine Learning↗
PubMed2026

seq2ribo: Structure-aware integration of machine learning and simulation to predict ribosome location profiles from RNA sequences.

MOTIVATION: Ribosome dynamics are vital in the process of protein expression. Current methods rely on ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq), RNA-seq profiles, and full genomic context. This restricts their use in de novo sequence design, like messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. Simulation-only approaches like the Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (TASEP) oversimplify translation by focusing solely on codon elongation times. RESULTS: We present seq2ribo, a hybrid simulation and machine learning framework that predicts ribosome A-site locations using only an mRNA sequence as input. Our method first employs a novel structure-aware TASEP (sTASEP), which models translation using a comprehensive set of fitted parameters that include codon wait times and structural features, such as local angles, base-pairing, and discrete positional buckets. The ribosome locations generated by sTASEP are then processed by a polisher model, which learns to refine the simulated ribosome distributions. seq2ribo provides high-fidelity predictions of ribosome locations across diverse cell types (iPSC, HEK293, LCL, and RPE-1), significantly outperforming baselines. seq2ribo is the first method to achieve meaningful positional correlation with observed ribosome profiles from sequence alone, reaching transcript-level Pearson correlations up to 0.920 and within-transcript shape correlations up to 0.186, where all baselines yield near-zero values on these metrics. seq2ribo also reduces elementwise error by up to 37.7% relative to the sequence-only Translatomer baseline. By adding a task-specific head, seq2ribo achieves Pearson correlations up to 0.732 with experimental translation efficiency (TE) across several cell lines, and up to 0.903 with measured protein expression. By operating from sequence alone, seq2ribo provides a new tool for synthetic biology, enabling the rational design and optimization of mRNA sequences without the need for expression-level data or genomic context.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Relation between mRNA expression and sequence information in Desulfovibrio vulgaris: combinatorial contributions of upstream regulatory motifs and coding sequence features to variations in mRNA abundance.

The context-dependent expression of genes is the core for biological activities, and significant attention has been given to identification of various factors contributing to gene expression at genomic scale. However, so far this type of analysis has been focused either on relation between mRNA expression and non-coding sequence features such as upstream regulatory motifs or on correlation between mRNA abundance and non-random features in coding sequences (e.g., codon usage and amino acid usage). In this study multiple regression analyses of the mRNA abundance and all sequence information in Desulfovibrio vulgaris were performed, with the goal to investigate how much coding and non-coding sequence features contribute to the variations in mRNA expression, and in what manner they act together. Using the AlignACE program, 442 over-represented motifs were identified from the upstream 100bp region of 293 genes located in the known regulons. Regression of mRNA expression data against the measures of coding and non-coding sequence features indicated that 54.1% of the variations in mRNA abundance can be explained by the presence of upstream motifs, while coding sequences alone contribute to 29.7% of the variations in mRNA abundance. Interestingly, most of contribution from coding sequences is overlapping with that from upstream motifs; thereby a total of 60.3% of the variations in mRNA abundance can be explained when coding and non-coding information was included. This result demonstrates that upstream regulatory motifs and coding sequence information contribute to the overall mRNA expression in a combinatorial rather than an additive manner.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

An interactive bovine in silico SNP database (IBISS).

An interactive bovine in silico SNP (IBISS) database has been created through the clustering and aligning of bovine EST and mRNA sequences. Approximately 324,000 EST and mRNA sequences were clustered to produce 29,965 clusters (producing 48,679 consensus sequences) and 48,565 singletons. A SNP screening regime was placed on variations detected in the multiple sequence alignment files to determine which SNPs are more likely to be real rather than sequencing errors. A small subset of predicted SNPs was validated on a diverse set of bovine DNA samples using PCR amplification and sequencing. Fifty percent of the predicted SNPs in the "putative >1" category were polymorphic in the population sampled. The IBISS database represents more than just a SNP database; it is also a genomic database containing uniformly annotated predicted gene mRNA and protein sequences, gene structure, and genomic organization information.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry study of thyroid peroxidase expression in thyroid tumors.

Malignant thyroid tumors reportedly exhibit an anomaly in thyroid peroxidase (TPO) resulting in a lower affinity for monoclonal antibody 47 (mAb 47) in immunohistochemistry studies. The purpose of the present study was to compare TPO immunostaining in normal, benign, and malignant thyroid tissue with expression of mRNA sequences in four exons of the molecule including the epitope of mAb 47. TPO immunostaining was performed using mAb 47 and a polyclonal antibody (pAb). Messenger RNA expression was investigated by in situ hybridization using probes specific for mRNA sequences in exons 2, 12 (epitope of mAb), 15, and 17. As expected, pAb immunostaining was significantly positive on all benign tumors and 50% of carcinomas. With mAb 47, little or no immunostaining was observed in 16 of 17 carcinomas while significantly positive immunostaining was found in normal tissue and benign tumors. In situ hybridization showed a decrease and heterogeneity in the expression of all mRNA sequences in carcinomas as compared to normal tissue and benign tumors. Unlike the other three probes, the probe specific for exon 12 hybridized strongly with benign tumors but poorly with most carcinomas. Poor hybridization was usually correlated with defective mAb 47 immunostaining. These results confirm that TPO is expressed in thyroid carcinomas but in smaller amounts than in normal tissue and benign tumors. In malignant tumors, qualitative changes in TPO may also impede mAb 47 immunostaining. In situ hybridization showed a concomitant decrease in the corresponding TPO mRNA sequence. These changes could be due to abnormalities in the maturation of TPO mRNA leading to a different splicing variant.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1991

Polymerase chain reaction-directed identification, cloning, and quantification of human CYP2C18 mRNA.

Sequencing of genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products synthesized using primers generated from the CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 cDNAs revealed the presence of a new CYP2C gene in the human genome. Primers specific to exons of this new gene were used to perform PCR on human liver cDNA libraries and cDNA synthesized from human liver mRNA to generate a cDNA containing a complete cytochrome P450 amino acid reading frame. This cytochrome P450 cDNA, designated CYP2C18, displayed 85% and 87% nucleotide and 77% and 81% amino acid sequence similarities, respectively, with cDNAs and proteins corresponding to CYP2C8 and CYP2C9. cDNA-directed synthesis of CYP2C18 revealed a protein with relative Mr 49,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, which is considerably less than that calculated from the deduced amino acid composition, Mr 55,747. A preferred substrate for this enzyme has not been uncovered. Levels of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C18 mRNAs were examined in 17 human liver specimens using a PCR-based assay. CYP2C18 mRNA was found in all livers examined, albeit at mean levels 7-8-fold lower than those of mRNAs encoding CYP2C8 and CYP2C9. Marked interindividual differences in levels of expression of all three CYP2C mRNAs were also found.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Sequences of the mouse N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5) mRNA and an mRNA expressed by an Mgat5-deficient cell line.

N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V, encoded by the Mgat5 gene, plays an important regulatory role in the synthesis of complex N-glycans, including the Lewis antigens. The elevated expression of this enzyme is regulated during development and is highly associated with cellular transformation and malignancy. In addition, mammary tumors produced in Mgat5 gene knockout mice show markedly reduced metastases, indicating that it plays an important role in this process. The expression of this transferase is important for normal T cell proliferation and function. The amino acid and mRNA sequences for this protein are very highly conserved among the reported species. We report here the sequence of the mouse Mgat5 mRNA. This sequence is very similar to the other mammalian sequences with 95%, 91%, and 87.8% overall sequence identity to rat, hamster, and human mRNAs, respectively. In addition, we have identified a 63-bp insertion mutation, introducing a premature stop codon in the coding region of the Mgat5 mRNA expressed in a N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V-deficient cell line, PhaR(2.1).

Amino Acid Sequence↗