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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Longitudinal changes in weight in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women: effects of dietary energy intake, energy expenditure, dietary calcium intake and hormone replacement therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether energy intake or energy expenditure affects 5-7 y weight gain in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women, and whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use or dietary calcium (Ca) intake are contributory factors. DESIGN: Longitudinal, observational study of healthy women around the menopause. SUBJECTS: A total of 1064 initially premenopausal women, selected from a random population of 5119 women aged 45-54 y at baseline. In all, 907 women (85.2%) returned 6.3+/-0.6 y later for repeat measurements. Of these, 36% were postmenopausal (no HRT) and 45% had taken HRT, and 898 women completed the questionnaires. MEASUREMENTS: Weight, height, estimation of energy intake by food frequency questionnaire and physical activity level (PAL) by questionnaire. RESULTS: Change in PAL influenced weight change explaining 4.4% (P=0.001) of the variation. Alterations in dietary energy intake also had a small but significant effect (0.6% P=0.013). Dietary Ca intake had no effect on weight or weight change. CONCLUSION: Mean weight had increased and was influenced more by reduced energy expenditure rather than increased energy intake. HRT and dietary Ca intake did not influence weight gain.

Calcium, Dietary↗
PubMed1990

Longitudinal change in HIV transmission risk behaviors by gay male physicians.

Gay male physicians were surveyed in 1984 and 1985 about their knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV transmission and AIDS and changes they had made in social, health-related, and sexual activities since the onset of the AIDS epidemic. Most of the 37 subjects who participated in both surveys progressively lessened their participation in HIV transmission risk behaviors over time. Health belief, AIDS knowledge, health coping, social support, mood state, and age factors all contributed to changes in sexual behavior. The modeling of sexual-behavior changes showed general stability over time. This study provides further evidence that multiple psychosocial factors are associated with changes in sexual behavior, even in gay male physicians.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Longitudinal changes in the dento-facial relationships of unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects.

Nine male and nine female subjects with surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate were compared to 20 male and 15 female noncleft individuals. Different cephalometric landmarks were identified, and eighteen different measurements or calculations were used to describe the mandible, maxillary-mandibular complex, and dental relationships. Univariate longitudinal facial growth profiles and mean vector analyses as well as multivariate comparisons were performed between male, female, and combined non-cleft and cleft groups. Linear data comparisons indicated statistically significant differences in the growth profile of those measurements describing the changes in the relationship of the lower border of the mandible (MP:SN angle) and the y-axis to the anterior cranial base (NSGn). The maxillary-mandibular relationship (angles ANB and NAPog) and dimensions (Ans-PTm/Pog) exhibited statistically significant differences in the growth profiles of the non-cleft and cleft groups. Such differences were also found in the relationship of the lower incisors to the mandibular plane (1:MP angle). The mean vector analysis for the dental measurements pointed to significant differences for all comparisons made, particularly in the combined non-cleft groups. These measurements were of larger magnitude in the non-cleft group than in the cleft group except for the interincisal angle (1:1), which was larger in clefts.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Longitudinal changes in milk composition of mothers delivering preterm and term infants.

The concentrations of protein nitrogen (PN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), energy, fat, sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) were determined in human milk from mothers giving birth to full-term (n = 13) and preterm infants (n = 8). Milk samples were collected under controlled conditions at two-week intervals for 12 weeks postpartum. Statistically significant differences in PN, Ca, and P concentrations were detected between the milk from mothers of preterm and term infants. The mean PN concentration in the preterm milk was statistically higher than that of term milk (198 vs. 164 mg N/dl), in contrast to the lower mean Ca (220 vs. 261 mg/l) and P (125 vs. 153 mg/l) concentrations detected in the preterm milk. No other differences in mean nutrient concentration were observed between the two groups. Concentrations of PN, NPN, Na, P, and Zn decreased over time. The concentration of Mg increased slightly. The content of fat, energy, and Ca did not change.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Revisiting mortality predictability of serum albumin in the dialysis population: time dependency, longitudinal changes and population-attributable fraction.

BACKGROUND: Hypoalbuminaemia is a marker of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome (MICS) and a strong predictor of cardiovascular (CV) death in maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, serum albumin may change over time. Hence, its time-varying associations with outcome may be different. METHODS: Associations between 3-month averaged serum albumin levels, measured in a single laboratory using bromocresol green, and CV mortality were studied longitudinally in a 2-year cohort of 58,058 MHD patients. Mortality predictability of fixed baseline and trimonthly-varying serum albumin concentrations were compared. RESULTS: Hazard ratios (HRs) of CV death strictly increased across decrements of baseline serum albumin, whereas the HR for time-varying serum albumin decrements below 3.8 g/dl did not differ. A drop in serum albumin in the first 6 months was associated with increasing all-cause and CV death risks in the subsequent 18 months, while a rise in serum albumin was a predictor of better survival independent of baseline serum albumin. The multivariate adjusted population-attributable fraction of death due to baseline serum albumin <3.8 g/dl was 19%. CONCLUSIONS: Time-varying hypoalbuminaemia predicts all-cause and CV death differently from fixed measures of serum albumin in MHD patients. An increase in serum albumin over time is associated with better survival independent of baseline serum albumin or other MICS surrogates. If this association is causal, an intervention that could increase serum albumin >3.8 g/dl might reduce the number of MHD deaths in the USA by approximately 10,000 annually. Nutritional interventions examining benefits of increasing serum albumin in MHD patients are urgently needed.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Longitudinal changes in bone density in hyperparathyroidism.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) is a known risk factor for cortical bone loss. The primary objective of this study was to examine the time course and location of changes in bone mass within the first year after parathyroidectomy (PAX). The secondary goal was to evaluate the efficacy of combined estrogen therapy and parathyroidectomy in postmenopausal women. Thirty-two subjects with primary HPTH participated in a prospective, longitudinal study for at least 1 yr. Twenty-seven subjects underwent PTX, while five received no therapy (control). Among the PTX patients, 21 were postmenopausal women, and 8 of these women also received estrogen. Subjects had serial measurements of parathyroid hormone levels, serum chemistries, and bone density at multiple sites. Among all PTX patients, lumbar spine, hip, and whole body bone mineral content increased significantly (3.8-6%; p < 0.005) at 12 mo, with most of the increments observed by 3 mo. In postmenopausal women, estrogen treatment resulted in higher increments in the femoral neck (8.6 +/- 2% vs 4.9 +/- 1.2%, respectively; p = 0.07) and the whole body (6 +/- 2% vs 2.4 +/- 1.6%, respectively; p = 0.07). In HPTH, early and generalized increments in bone mass follow PTX, and the combination of surgery with estrogen therapy may be superior to surgery without estrogen treatment. A randomized, controlled trial including PTX, estrogen, and a combination of the two is needed to determine the optimal therapy in postmenopausal women.

Bone Density↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal changes in subjective and objective visual function 5 years after cataract surgery Prospective population-based study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the long-term outcomes of cataract surgery by analyzing data collected 5 years after surgery and comparing with preoperative and postoperative subjective and objective visual function results. SETTING: Norrlands University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal population-based cohort study comprised 810 patients who had cataract surgery during a 1-year period within a geographically defined area. Evaluated were visual acuity data and Visual Function-14 questionnaire (VF-14) results before and after surgery. Five years later, the 590 patients still alive were offered eye examinations and asked to fill out the questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 590 patients asked to participate at 5 years, 530 answered the questionnaire and 467 had eye examinations. The median VF-14 total score for all patients after surgery was 100; at 5 years, the score decreased to 96.7 (P = .001). Five years after surgery, 46% of patients had unchanged or better visual acuity in the operated eye, 37% had lost more than 0.1 logMAR unit, and 22% had a reduction in VF-14 score of 10 points or more. The two main reasons for the decline in visual acuity and VF-14 scores were age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) (47% and 60%, respectively) and glaucoma (12% and 11%, respectively). Age, co-morbidity, and VF-14 scores after surgery were independently associated with the VF-14 score 5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective and objective visual function 5 years after cataract surgery remained stable in most patients. Co-morbidity, most commonly ARMD, was the most frequent cause of deterioration of visual acuity and decrease in VF-14 scores. Age and co-morbidity were independently associated with the VF-14 score 5 years after surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Relation between articulatory function and prosthesis. II-1. Longitudinal changing aspect of experimental palatal plate on muscular discharge of intrinsic muscles, tongue movement and mandibular movement before pronunciation].

As the first step of evaluating the kinematic function and the coordinative movement among articulatory organs, attention was focused on the palatal form in various factors related to the function of pronunciation on complete denture. After the experimental palatal plate was inserted into 13 natural dentitions in the age ranging from 21-24 years old, muscular discharge of intrinsic muscles, tongue movement and mandibular movement before pronunciation were recorded longitudinally. These data were comparatively evaluated with those before insertion of the experimental palatal plate, and the following conclusion were obtained. It has been made clear in this study that from the change of muscular discharge of intrinsic muscles, tongue movement and mandibular movement before pronunciation between before and after the insertion of the experimental palatal plate, correction aspect of the kinematic function and the coordinative movement among articulatory organs varied with point and method of articulation on each sound. And these facts suggested that it was necessary to diagnose and treat under consideration of the relation between the palatal form and articulatory function of tongue and mandible in removable prosthodontic treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in men.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was determined on 1480 initially "healthy" male participants of the Normative Aging study on three successive examinations over a ten year period. Cross-sectional analysis revealed a significant correlation between age and ESR (r = 0.20, p less than 0.001) with generally higher ESR values in older individuals. Longitudinal analysis showed significant increases in ESR among "healthy" subjects who continued to pass our criteria for good health over a ten year period (p less than 0.001) and among "excluded" subjects who did not pass these criteria (p less than 0.001). Longistic regression analysis indicated that the ESR was significantly related to risk of death among subjects less than 45 years of age (p = 0.04) but not among subjects 45 + years (p = 0.39).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Olfactory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: relation to longitudinal changes in plaque numbers in central olfactory structures.

Scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), as well as the numbers of MRI-determined plaques within the inferior frontal and temporal lobes, were obtained on three or four separate occasions in each of five MS patients over an 18- to 20-month period. A close association was observed, longitudinally, between the remission and exacerbation of plaque numbers and UPSIT scores, with more plaques reflecting lower UPSIT scores. These observations further support the hypothesis that olfactory loss in MS is associated with fluctuations in plaque numbers in central olfactory brain regions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Longitudinal changes in gingival condition in crowded and noncrowded dentitions subjected to fixed orthodontic treatment.

A previous study showed that initial crowding in the dentition was negatively correlated with gingival bleeding at the end of orthodontic treatment, whereas visible plaque on the labial surfaces had apparently no significant association with gingival health. The present study further examined the relationship between initial crowding and gingival health during fixed orthodontic treatment. A total of 220 patients were followed longitudinally during treatment. In this population, 2 groups, 1 consisting of 45 patients with severe crowding and 1 consisting of 52 patients with no crowding, were examined more closely. The gingival bleeding index (GBI) was recorded at bonding, at 12, 24, and 48 weeks after bonding, and at debonding. At bonding, the GBI was the same in the 2 groups. However, the GBI improved significantly from 12 weeks after bonding to debonding in the patients with crowded dentitions, whereas the patients with noncrowded dentitions showed no changes. Possible reasons for this difference were identified: to have the same GBI at bonding, despite the severe crowding, the patients in this group probably had better oral hygiene. Those with crowded dentitions had received more oral hygiene instruction within 2 years before bonding than those with noncrowded dentitions, according to the general practitioners' records. When the crowding was eliminated after approximately 3 months, the conditions for cleaning the teeth were improved, and, accordingly, the patients' improved oral hygiene resulted in lowered GBI scores. One could also speculate that correcting the crowding during the first few months of treatment had a positive psychological effect, motivating the patients to use the skills in oral hygiene that they had adopted before treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Longitudinal change in three brief assessments of SDAT.

Previous research has shown that there is considerable interest in the development of brief indices for use in the diagnosis and staging of senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT). Examples of such measures include the Blessed Dementia Scale (BDS) and Pfeiffer's Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). A third measure used in the assessment of organic cognitive impairment is the Face-Hand Test (FHT). This study, which was part of a large longitudinal investigation of SDAT, examined the performance of 43 subjects with SDAT and 57 healthy controls over 30 months. The subjects were assessed three times during this period. In addition to the brief measures (BDS, SPMSQ, and FHT) all subjects were rated on a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale based on a lengthy clinical interview. The data were analyzed by means of a series of univariate, repeated measures ANOVAs, and discriminant analysis. Results indicate: control scores did not change over time on any of the measures; when classified according to severity of SDAT, different patterns of performance emerged over time for each measure; and it is difficult to accurately predict progression of SDAT from the three scores.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Relation of body mass index and body fatness to energy expenditure: longitudinal changes from preadolescence through adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Although it is widely accepted that weight gain results when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure (EE), how reduced EE contributes to the development of obesity remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that reduced EE in the premenarcheal period in girls constitutes a risk factor for an increase in relative weight [body mass index (BMI) z score] and percentage of body fat (%BF) during adolescence. DESIGN: We measured EE at study entry in 196 premenarcheal nonobese girls. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by the doubly labeled water method. Activity energy expenditure (AEE) was calculated from RMR and TEE. After the baseline study, girls were followed annually until 4 y after menarche (x+/- SD: 7.1 +/- 2.6 y). At each visit, height, weight, and %BF by bioelectrical impedance were measured. Girls also completed annual food-frequency and activity questionnaires. Linear mixed effects modeling was used to evaluate the longitudinal relation between BMI z score and %BF and measures of baseline EE. RESULTS: We found no significant relation in change in %BF with RMR, AEE, or TEE. We observed a small positive relation between BMI z score and AEE and TEE (P < 0.05) but no significant relation with RMR. When we stratified by parental overweight, the findings were unchanged for RMR. TEE and AEE were positively related to BMI z score in girls of overweight parents. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that EE in the premenarcheal period is not a risk factor for increases in %BF or BMI z score in girls during adolescence.

Adipose Tissue↗