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PubMedDate not supplied

Methodological studies on the formation of CO2 and volatile fatty acids in porcine ileo-chyme and faeces.

As part of digestibility and energy metabolism studies in intact and ileorectostomized growing pigs model experiments were carried out on sampling techniques and the influence of storage conditions on CO2 and volatile fatty acid production in chyme. Results on the formation of CO2 and VFA in chyme and faeces are given. They indicate that chyme from the small intestine can be subjected to bacterial and enzymatic changes outside the animals and therefore must be stored in a cool place. In the chyme of IRA animals with closed colon descendens (end-to-end anastomosis) significantly reduced VFA contents were found in comparison to animals with open colon descendens (end-to-side anastomosis).

Anastomosis, Surgical↗

PubMed2005

The nature of hope in hospitalized chronically ill patients.

BACKGROUND: Hope as a universal human phenomenon has been studied from various perspectives often conceptualized as having a unified set of attributes. In this study however hope is viewed to be experienced by people in various patterns structured by different orientations and emphases depending upon their life circumstances. There is a paucity of studies in the literature examining patterns of hope experienced by people in chronic illness or in special life circumstances. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to discover patterns of hope in hospitalized chronically ill patients and to identify the major threads that structure various patterns of hope experienced by them. DESIGN: Q-methodology, which is an approach designed to discover patterns in various subjective experiences, was used as the method for data collection and theory generation. Q-methodology involves five steps in its approach, the first two as the first phase and the last three as the second phase. The study was carried out at a general acute-care, tertiary hospital in a New England state in the US. The study obtained data from a convenient sample of 12 chronically ill patients and 16 oncology nurses for the first phase, and a different convenient sample of 20 chronically ill patients for the second phase. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Five patterns of subjective experiences of hope emerged as: (a) externalism orientation, (b) pragmatism orientation, (c) reality orientation, (d) future orientation, and (e) internalism orientation. This means that chronically ill patients experience hope in various ways by focusing on different dimensions of meaning, suggesting the conceptualization of hope as a unitary construct may not reflect people's experiences of hope accurately. The major implication of the study is to rethink ways to assess patients' hope in terms of pattern differences rather than in terms of quantity.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Experience of Taiwanese women living with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

Two common symptoms of pregnancy are nausea and vomiting, which, for some women, cause great discomfort and profoundly impact daily life. A descriptive phenomenological method was used to understand how Taiwanese women deal with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. A purposive sample of 10 expectant mothers participated in the study. A transcription of each informant's verbal description of her nausea and vomiting experience was made and analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology. Four themes emerged from the interview data after inductively analyzing the narrative content concerning nausea and vomiting: 1) understanding nausea and vomiting, 2) finding coping strategies, 3) psychosocial adaptation, and 4) needing support. The results also indicated the importance of social support to pregnant women's health, including instrumental and emotional forms of support. Health professionals, however, were not mentioned in the mothers' narratives as a source of support. The issues of social support, language translation, and western and eastern perspectives on nausea and vomiting and cultural differences in perceptions of their severity are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2026

Surgical management and outcomes of total colonic aganglionosis in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: Total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) is a rare form of Hirschsprung disease, and there is no consensus regarding its optimal surgical management. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate different surgical approaches and outcomes in children with TCA. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase was performed for studies published between January 2000 and December 2025. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251078401). Eligible studies included patients aged ≤18 years with TCA who underwent conventional pull-through procedures (CPT; Duhamel, Soave, Swenson, Rehbein, and Ikeda-Soper) or non-conventional techniques (NCPT; STATE procedure, J-pouch, right- or left-sided colonic patch pull-through, and ileocecal patch). A subgroup analysis comparing Duhamel and ileoanal pull-through procedures (IAPT) was also performed. Outcomes included fecal incontinence, Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC), requirement for additional interventions, postoperative intestinal obstruction, and mortality. Meta-analysis was performed using jamovi software, version 2.3.28, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Seven studies including 134 patients compared CPT (n = 85) with NCPT (n = 49), and ten studies including 274 patients compared Duhamel (n = 143) with IAPT (n = 131). Across both comparisons, pooled odds ratios (ORs) showed no statistically significant differences in fecal incontinence, HAEC, requirement for additional interventions, postoperative intestinal obstruction (Duhamel vs IAPT only), or mortality. For CPT versus NCPT, the pooled ORs were 1.1 for fecal incontinence (95% CI, 0.44-2.73; p = 0.837), 1.1 for HAEC (95% CI, 0.49-2.71; p = 0.743), 4.3 for requirement for additional interventions (95% CI, 0.86-22.1; p = 0.074), and 3.4 for mortality (95% CI, 0.52-21.5; p = 0.198). For Duhamel versus IAPT, the pooled ORs were 1.4 for fecal incontinence (95% CI, 0.60-3.36; p = 0.423), 0.6 for HAEC (95% CI, 0.22-2.06; p = 0.503), 1.8 for requirement for additional interventions (95% CI, 0.62-5.50; p = 0.262), 1.1 for postoperative intestinal obstruction (95% CI, 0.21-6.01; p = 0.875), and 1.03 for mortality (95% CI, 0.25-4.20; p = 0.965). CONCLUSION: No statistically significant differences were identified between CPT and NCPT or between Duhamel and IAPT for the evaluated outcomes in children with TCA. However, the absence of statistically significant differences should not be interpreted as evidence of equivalence, particularly given the small sample sizes, wide confidence intervals, and clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the studies included. The choice of surgical approach should be individualized according to disease extent, patient-specific factors, institutional experience, and surgical expertise. TYPE OF STUDY: Meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Humans↗

PubMed1998

Determination of thyreostat residues from bovine matrices using high-performance liquid chromatography.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methodologies were evaluated for the detection and quantification of thyreostatic drug residues in cattle serum and thyroid tissue. The paper details a protocol, using a simple ethyl acetate extraction for the determination of thiouracil, tapazole, methyl thiouracil, propyl thiouracil and phenyl thiouracil in thyroid tissue. Using two sequential HPLC injections, and quantitative analysis, in two steps, all five thyreostats were detectable at concentrations greater than 2.45-4.52 ng/g. Modifications to a published method for detection of thyreostatic residues in serum involving the addition of mercaptoethanol and a freezing step are described. The modifications improved sensitivity and allowed detection of the five thyreostats at levels greater than 16.98-35.25 ng/ml. Young bulls were treated with thyreostats to demonstrate the validity of the methodologies described. Administered thyreostats were not absorbed equally by the test animals and the compounds were not all detected in the serum samples removed at 7 days following drug withdrawal. These experiments indicate the necessity to be able to detect thyreostat residues in a variety of matrices.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Early childhood factors influencing health-related quality of life in adolescents at 13 years.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relationship of health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) to early life experience. METHODOLOGY: Eight thousand five hundred and fifty-six women enrolled in a prospective study at their first antenatal clinic visit. At 13 years, of 5345 women remaining, a consecutive sample of 901 mother/child pairs provided data on adolescent HR-QOL using the Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Report form (CHQ-PF50) and the Dartmouth COOP Functional Assessment Charts for Adolescents. The CHQ-PF50 yielded physical (PHS) and psychosocial (PSS) summary scores. We examined the relationship between health-related QOL and early childhood predictive variables. RESULTS: PHS was related to gestation, maternal health symptoms in pregnancy, maternal anxiety at 6 months, child health and hours of childcare at 5 years (P < 0.05). PSS was related to maternal age at index visit, maternal attitude to pregnancy, maternal satisfaction with care giving and maternal depression at 6 months, and child health and behaviour problems at 5 years (internalizing and social/attentional/thought (SAT) domains) (P < 0.05). Findings from adolescent self-reports were similar. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified a number of early childhood determinants of adolescent HR-QOL. These findings add to evidence of the effects of early adversity on the developmental pathways of children and support the need for effective early intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the Course II of Public Health of the Health Secretariat of Federal District: a case study].

In Brazil, Public Health specialization courses with the characteristics presently adopted by the National School of Public Health, i.e., short duration and great amplitude, are relatively recent, having started approximately fifteen years ago. In Brasília, nine such courses have been already completed, having, six of them, directive and/or teaching involvement by the authors. Results on a final assessment of one the courses are herewith presented in order to introduce our experience as a contribution to future analogous initiatives. The assessment was applied to a random sample of students, teachers and coordinators, with the objective of identifying positive and negative appreciations about methodological, operational, administrative and institutional aspects. Answers were quite variable, with the highest frequencies scored to field work and to the apprehension on admitting graduates to the Health System. Such aspects deserve final differentiated discussion.

Brazil↗

PubMed2000

Exploration of facilitators and barriers to prenatal care among military women.

Early and regular prenatal care has been shown to decrease the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, little research has examined it experientially from the mother's perspective. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experience of prenatal care from the military mother's perspective. Using purposive sampling, 16 women who had recently given birth were interviewed. The data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive research methodology to elicit categories of substantive concepts, ideas, or themes. Data explored in this study included availability, use and satisfaction with prenatal care services, and barriers, preferences, and recommendations.

Female↗

PubMed2006

A feminist exploration of Traveller women's experiences of maternity care in the Republic of Ireland.

OBJECTIVE: to explore Traveller women's experiences of maternity care so that their needs might be identified and perceptions of helpful responses elicited. DESIGN: feminist research methodology using unstructured non-directive interviews. SETTING: community setting in the Republic of Ireland. PARTICIPANTS: snowball sample of 13 Traveller women aged 19-42 years. Each had experienced between two and eight pregnancies. FINDINGS: a fluid concept of culture affected Traveller women's expectations and negotiation of maternity care. The essential nature of familism, socialisation and religious beliefs, and the particular emphasis placed upon peer support, reflected cohesive and supportive aspects of culture. The concept of 'possessive individualism' was portrayed as conflicting with contraceptive use, the uptake of preventive care and women's reporting of mental-health problems. Majority norm expectations of breast feeding, husband participation and 'rooming in' were culturally unacceptable. Political and structural factors, such as the direct discriminatory barriers created by general practitioner services, indirect discrimination arising from dysfunctional communication and control of information, poor housing and lack of public transport were the basic causes of inequity of access to care. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: midwives are challenged to respond sensitively to cultural preferences, meet informational needs and act as political advocates in efforts to improve maternity care experiences for Traveller women.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

From unit to unit: Danish nurses' experiences of transfer of a small child to and from an intensive care unit.

In this study, Danish nurses' lived experience of transfer of a small child to and from the intensive care unit was explored. While there has been considerable research that has addressed transfer from the parents' perspective, little literature was found which addressed the transfer of small children from the nurses' perspective. A convenience sample of 19 nurses was interviewed once. Data were analysed following Spiegelberg's and Van Manen's phenomenological methodologies. Four themes emerged: being accountable; being supportive to the parents; being with the child; and experiencing safety and insecurity. Seven subthemes expanded and clarified the meaning of these themes. The study provides a thematic interpretation of how Danish nurses experience in-hospital transfers. Overall, the nurses were responsible to the transferred patient, the unhappy and worried parents, for technical procedures and the hospital team 'at home' on their own unit. However, responsibilities did not always include their colleagues on the receiving unit. It is recommended that transfer experiences be discussed more in clinical nursing, and that this explorative study needs to be followed by more studies exploring nurses' experiences of transfer.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Turbulent waiting: rural families experiencing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To explore how rural families understand and manage the chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) experience. DESIGN: Qualitative, inductive approach using family interviews. SETTING: Family homes in a rural community in the midwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample (7 families [21 people] who had a family member experiencing CIN) recruited from a regional cancer treatment center. METHODS: Semistructured family interviews that were recorded on audiotape occurred along with constant, comparative analysis over 12 months. An interdisciplinary research team analyzed the transcribed data using grounded theory methodology. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLE: The family experience of CIN. FINDINGS: An overall family process of turbulent waiting with intensified connections was revealed. Families in the study experienced a sense of vulnerability in response to the diagnosis of CIN. Intensified connections existed within and beyond the families to nurses, physicians, and community members, emphasizing the value of relationships for rural families and highlighting trust in their care providers. Waiting for chemotherapy to resume created a sense of turbulence, an unsettling time described by families as "being on a roller coaster" or "dangling." To manage the period of waiting and protect the neutropenic patient, families developed family caring strategies, including inquiry, vigilance, and balancing. The process of turbulent waiting with intensified connections led families to a reframed family integrity that included an expanded capacity for caring and protecting. CONCLUSIONS: Rural families understand and manage CIN in a context of vulnerability. The threat posed by cancer is heightened by CIN. Family waiting is a rich, interactive process by which families reemphasize relationships to manage neutropenia and is a process that healthcare professionals should acknowledge. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Findings suggest the need for further investigation of family caring strategies and for the development of family-level assessment measures in the instance of CIN. Findings contribute to theory development regarding family cancer care and suggest a need to develop an intervention protocol constructed from the perspective of a family-professional partnership.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Luminescent ultramicroanalysis for the simultaneous determination of biological and chemical substances: the methodology and the ways for solution].

The next revolution in in-vitro bioaffinity assays will be associated with the minimization of the liquid phase of an experiment and with the extremely rapid detection of a large number of samples. The ultra detection unit is one of the essential elements of such devices. The fluorescence detection systems are most promising. The fluorescence detection limit of europium ions is as low as 10(-15) M in the complex with beta-diketone. The authors' approach to designing new highly effective chelates is to synthesize a stable chelate wherein several molecules of beta-diketones are properly oriented and chemically fixed. The molecular mechanic calculation of three dimensional structure of different Eu chelates should be used in optimizing the strategy of chemical synthesis of new compounds. New chelates can be efficiently used for the development of a new approach to measuring distances equal to over 10 nm in the biological systems. Pesticides also represent challenging targets because the levels of compounds are to be detects in minor concentrations, thus the time-resolution fluorescence assay may have some advantages due to its high sensitivity. DNA-based microbiochips are the most promising area in the practical use of a new chelate. A novel europium chelate is a key compound for the development of new methods for studying biological and chemical objects, as well as new diagnostic systems based on a basically new instrumental base that is characterized by extremely high miniaturization.

Chelating Agents↗

PubMed1993

Evaluation of the methodological quality of clinical trial protocols. A preliminary experience in Spain.

The methodological quality of 50 clinical trial protocols submitted to our hospital has been assessed by means of a check-list. The most frequent methodological deficiencies found were related to statistical analysis, selection criteria, sample size, incorrect use of placebo, homogeneity of the groups, concomitant medication, randomisation plan, monitoring of adverse events and study design. Lack of insurance for the patients and inadequacies in the investigators' brochure and case report forms were observed in a significant number of cases. The results suggest the importance of a multidisciplinary team in the elaboration of clinical trial protocols to prevent methodological errors.

Clinical Protocols↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Delayed-action neuroleptics and maintenance treatments].

Neuroleptic therapeutic trial is a short time experience, usually lasting three months, or even less. A reference treatment (sometimes a placebo) or the studied neuroleptic are given respectively to two randomized samples from the same population. One variable is fixed, chemotherapy, and the other therapeutic variables--psychologic and socio-familial--are supposed to be constant during that short interval of time, though they are linked to the evaluation criteria. In a long term perspective, this robust methodology is questionnable. Psychosocial variables cannot be abstracted from the experience, and the treatment itself, volens nolens, is a composite variable in which biologic and psychologic variables interact. The singularity of the neuroleptic efficacy cannot be measured. Short term neuroleptic treatment answers a first question: how to cure a schizophrenia? Long term treatment, and incidentally long acting neuroleptics, respond to a second question: how to cure and prevent schizophrenia in one particular schizophrenic patient? Some empirical guidelines are given.

Antipsychotic Agents↗

PubMed2005

3D characterization of natural colloids by FlFFF-MALLS-TEM.

Understanding the role of colloids in the environment needs a more complete characterization of their size and shape than the usually used hydrodynamic diameter. A novel methodology to determine three dimensional description of colloids has been successfully experimented in this work by coupling Flow-Field Flow Fractionation (FlFFF) to Multi Angle Laser Light Scattering (MALLS), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). This methodology was evaluated for a soil colloidal sample. Results show that, the particles surface areas determined by FlFFF-MALLS-TEM, are 3-4 times greater than those calculated using the hydrodynamic diameter determined by FlFFF. Further, results indicated that, the surface area/volume values are 3-5 times greater than those calculated based on the hydrodynamic diameter. Therefore, a correction factor must be applied when the particle surface area is calculated from the hydrodynamic diameter determined by FlFFF.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Characterisation of a collagen membrane for its potential use in cardiovascular tissue engineering applications.

In this study, Biomend, a collagen membrane conventionally used in the regeneration of periodontal tissue, is investigated for its possible use in the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering. A key requirement of most potential tissue engineering scaffolds is that degradation occurs in tandem with tissue regeneration and extra cellular matrix remodelling. To this end, it is crucial to understand the degradation mechanics and mechanisms of the material and to investigate the practicability of using Biomend as a possible scaffold material. With this in mind, methodologies for the initial characterisation of the scaffold material were determined. The mechanical properties of Biomend samples, subjected to various degrees of hydration and enzymatic degradation, were examined primarily through tensile testing experiments. The effects of enzymatic degradation were monitored quantitatively, by observing weight loss, and visually, by studying micrographs. Cell adhesion and viability were of primary concern. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was employed to illustrate endothelialisation on the surface of this collagen membrane. Fluorescence microscopy was used to visualise cell viability on the membrane surface. These images, coupled with assays to measure cell activity, suggest that Biomend is not a suitable substrate to allow endothelialisation. In summary, this collagen membrane has suitable mechanical properties with the potential to control its degradation rate. However, since poor endothelial cell viability was observed on the membrane, it may not be suitable for use in cardiovascular tissue engineering applications.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed2006

The repetitive use of samples to measure multiple cytokines: the sequential ELISA.

The inexpensive and highly effective enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) is widely used for the quantification of biomarkers in a variety of biological samples. The applicability of the standard ELISA is difficult when experiments yield low volume samples. In such studies, the capacity of sample collection system does not meet the sample volume requirements to measure multiple different cytokines by the traditional ELISA protocol. In the modified methodology of the sequential ELISA, samples are re-used in multiple successive cycles, dramatically increasing the number of biomarkers which may be measured. Although the protocols presented to date were developed for quantification of cytokines in either blood plasma or cerebrospinal fluid, the sequential ELISA protocol has wide potential for further uses. When only limited quantities of samples are available for analysis, the sequential ELISA technique based on commercially available antibody pairs can be an attractive alternative to more advanced, costly multiplex methods. Additionally, any laboratory that currently runs traditional ELISAs has all the necessary equipment and reagents to perform the sequential ELISA.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Reduction of animal usage by serial bleeding of mice for pharmacokinetic studies: application of robotic sample preparation and fast liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Typically, pharmacokinetic studies in mice require one animal per time point, thus resulting in differences due to dosing error, animal to animal variation and more importantly the euthanasia of a large number of animals. A method for the determination of pharmacokinetic data from serially bled mice to support early drug discovery is described. Sample analysis relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry permitting robust and reproducible analysis requiring approximately 3 min per sample. Several parameters are discussed including the method of sample collection, preparation and analysis. The use of serially bled mice has lead to a remarkable reduction in animal usage and a corresponding reduction in compound required for such experiments. Using conventional methodology, a nine-point pharmacokinetic curve with four animals per time point would require 36 mice. With the method described below, only four mice in total are used and euthanasia is not required, permitting reuse after several weeks recovery and washout. Also, pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic correlation is possible and is demonstrated using a mouse model of diabetes.

Animals↗