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PubMed2002

Place and matching-to-place spatial learning affected by rat inbreeding (Dark-Agouti, Fischer 344) and albinism (Wistar, Sprague-Dawley) but not domestication (wild rat vs. Long-Evans, Fischer-Norway).

Domestication has been shown to produce a shift in both morphological and behavioral characteristics of animals. While changes in body weight, brain size, reproductive rates, and temperament are well documented, the effects of domestication on learning and memory are not as clearly understood. This issue is of particular importance to the use of rodent models in learning and memory where the domestication of Rattus norvegicus for research has resulted in the availability of numerous strains. To investigate cognitive effects resulting frm domestication, we examined the spatial performance of a number of rat strains: wild, Long-Evans, Fischer-Norway, Dark-Agouti, Wistar, Fischer 344, Sprague-Dawley. The wild rats served as a baseline for comparing inbred and outbred domestic strains and pigmented and albino domestic strains. Place (a measure of nonspatial and procedural learning), matching-to-place (spatial working memory), and probe (retention) performance were measured in the Morris swimming pool task. The task is an ideal means for comparing different rat strains because place learning has not been selected for in the domestication of Rattus norvegicus and because the task is ethologically relevant. The results indicated that wild rats and Long-Evans rats did not differ on any measure, with Fischer-Norway rats being only slightly inferior. Larger impairments were found in Wistar > Fischer 344 > Dark-Agouti > Sprague-Dawley strains. Impairments were more obvious on place acquisition but also occurred in matching-to-place performance. Platform crosses, but not quadrant preference was found to be correlated with place learning. In general, although nonspatial and spatial deficits were associated with both inbreeding and albinism, impaired spatial performance is not a necessary result of domestication.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Instrument development and evaluation of domestic preparedness training for first responders.

INTRODUCTION: In the wake of domestic terrorists attacks on 11 September 2001 and subsequent bioterrorist events employing anthrax, there no longer can be any debate about the potential for attacks employing Nuclear, Biological, or Chemical (NBC)/Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). As one way of acknowledging this long-standing threat and, in a concerted effort to mitigate the effects of possible future domestic NBC/WMD terrorist attacks, the US Department of Defense (DOD) and other US governmental agencies already had mounted an effort to provide Domestic Preparedness Training for First Responders in urban centers throughout the USA. METHODS: A paper and pencil questionnaire specifically designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Domestic Preparedness Training for Emergency First Responders has been developed. An earlier version of this instrument was piloted with a convenience sample of firefighters and paramedics (n = 78) in a northwest state. Based on replies to the pilot questionnaire, a pool of 27 items based on the objectives and content of the NBC/WMD Domestic Preparedness Awareness and Operations courses (plus additional background and appraised competency items) were selected for inclusion in a Domestic Preparedness Questionnaire (DPQ). RESULTS: This paper first describes the essential psychometric properties of the DPQ based on replies from baseline and follow-up samples (n = 206 and n = 246 respectively) of urban firefighters and paramedics employed by a metropolitan city in a northwest state. The DPQ was employed to evaluate the outcomes of Domestic Preparedness training provided to a sample of urban fire-service personnel. The DPQ documented significant improvements in a group of "DP trained"-urban firefighters (n = 80) both in their awareness and operations content knowledge as well as in their perceived competencies to respond to acts of biological, chemical, or nuclear terrorism "in their own community" at four months post-training. A comparison group of "Not DP-trained" firefighters (n = 78) showed no statistically significant changes on these DPQ indices, suggesting that the documented improvements in the "DP-trained" firefighters on the DPQ were not due to "test reactivity" or to "historical" factors. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the DPQ has adequate inter-item and test-retest reliability, possesses concurrent validity, and appears to be a sensitive measure of the Domestic Preparedness Training provided for urban firefighter and paramedic First Responders.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed1995

Methods of and attitudes toward screening obstetrics and gynecology patients for domestic violence.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to define screening behaviors of obstetrician-gynecologists and barriers to screening their patients for domestic violence. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire was developed to collect information on current practices and attitudes regarding screening for domestic violence. A randomly selected sample of obstetrician-gynecologists was surveyed. Respondents were also asked to rank a series of 19 potential barriers that may affect screening. RESULTS: Of 6568 physicians sampled, 962 (14.6%) returned questionnaires. Of the respondents, 77.6% were male and 22.4% were female. Male physicians were less likely to screen for domestic violence (25.9% vs. 18.9%). Thirty-four percent said that they had no training in abuse. Physicians indicating they had received training in abuse were more likely to screen for domestic violence. The lack of education was identified as the most common barrier physicians have to screening. The feeling that abuse was not a problem in their patients (46%), lack of time to deal with abuse (39.2%), and frustration that the physician cannot help the victim (34.2%) were other common barriers. CONCLUSION: The majority of obstetrician-gynecologists do not screen their patients for current or past domestic violence. If universal screening is to become a reality, educational tools and training materials are needed to overcome physician barriers.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effects of chronic triclosan exposure upon the antimicrobial susceptibility of 40 ex-situ environmental and human isolates.

BACKGROUND: Triclosan (TCS) exposure of Escherichia coli selects for tolerant clones, mutated in their enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI). It has been inferred that this phenomenon is widespread amongst bacterial genera and might be associated with resistance to third party agents. METHODS: Ex-situ, low passage isolates of enteric, human axilla, human oral origin and bacteria isolated from a domestic drain, together with selected type cultures were exposed to escalating concentrations of TCS over 10 passages using a gradient plate technique. One fresh faecal isolate of E. coli was included as a positive control. TCS susceptibility was determined for all strains before and after exposure, whilst enteric isolates were additionally assessed for susceptibility towards chlorhexidine, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, and the oral isolates towards chlorhexidine, tetracycline and metronidazole. RESULTS: Triclosan exposure of E. coli markedly decreased TCS susceptibility. TCS susceptibility also decreased for Klebsiella oxytoca, Aranicola proteolyticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Susceptibility of the remaining 35 strains to TCS and the other test agents remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that selection for high level resistance by TCS exposure is not widespread and appears to be confined to certain enteric bacteria, especially E. coli. Change in TCS susceptibility did not affect susceptibility towards chemically unrelated antimicrobials. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT: Acquired high-level TCS resistance is not a widespread phenomenon.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2026

Genotypic and phenotypic consequences of domestication in dogs.

Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are genomic regions that arise when identical haplotypes are inherited from a shared ancestor. In this study, we explored ROH across 556 whole-genome sequences from domesticated and non-domesticated dogs. Then, we leveraged ROH from 466 breed dogs, representing 13 breed groups and 13 phenotypic traits, to investigate associations between genetic diversity and non-disease phenotypes. We identified significant associations between the ROH-based inbreeding coefficient (FROH) and multiple phenotypes. These include three quantitative traits (height, weight, lifespan) and ten morphological and coat-related traits. After correcting for population structure, we identified more than 45 genes associated with quantitative traits that exceeded suggestive or genome-wide significance (GWS) thresholds. We also observed distinct patterns of inbreeding across dog populations, including elevated levels of long ROH in modern breed dogs relative to more ancient breeds, consistent with intensive breeding practices during Victorian-era breed formation. Together, our results demonstrate how domestication, demographic bottlenecks, and selective breeding have shaped patterns of homozygosity and contributed to the genetic architecture of complex traits in dogs, highlighting an important role for non-additive genetic variation and polygenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Directional left-sided asymmetry of adrenals in experimentally domesticated animals.

Directional left-sided asymmetry of the adrenals was typical of black and silver foxes, American minks, and gray rats selected by their behavior. In domesticated, but to a greater extent, in aggressive animals, the weight of the left adrenal and the width of its medulla and cortex markedly surpassed the corresponding parameters of the right adrenal. In aggressive animals enlargement of the left adrenal cortex was associated with widening of the zona reticularis, while in domesticated animals with enlargement of the zona fasciculata.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2005

An analysis of genetic diversity across the maize genome using microsatellites.

How domestication bottlenecks and artificial selection shaped the amount and distribution of genetic variation in the genomes of modern crops is poorly understood. We analyzed diversity at 462 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites spread throughout the maize genome and compared the diversity observed at these SSRs in maize to that observed in its wild progenitor, teosinte. The results reveal a modest genome-wide deficit of diversity in maize relative to teosinte. The relative deficit of diversity is less for SSRs with dinucleotide repeat motifs than for SSRs with repeat motifs of more than two nucleotides, suggesting that the former with their higher mutation rate have partially recovered from the domestication bottleneck. We analyzed the relationship between SSR diversity and proximity to QTL for domestication traits and observed no relationship between these factors. However, we did observe a weak, although significant, spatial correlation for diversity statistics among SSRs within 2 cM of one another, suggesting that SSR diversity is weakly patterned across the genome. Twenty-four of 462 SSRs (5%) show some evidence of positive selection in maize under multiple tests. Overall, the pattern of genetic diversity at maize SSRs can be explained largely by a bottleneck effect with a smaller effect from selection.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed1995

Lectin histochemistry of snout skin and foot pads in the wolf and the domesticated dog (Mammalia: Canidae).

The distribution and selectivity of complex carbohydrates in the snout skin and the foot pads of the wolf and the domesticated dog were studied by means of light-microscopic histochemical methods, particularly lectin histochemistry. In the snout, moderate to strong staining reactions were confined to intercellular substances among the epidermal cells, containing neutral glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids) with various saccharide residues (alpha-D-mannose, beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, beta-D-galactose). In the foot pads, distinct reactions were found in neutral glycoconjugates of intercellular substances of the stratum corneum, with alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl residues, but only in the wolf, whereas in the dog such substances were concentrated in the spinosal and basal epidermal layers, additionally marked by D-galactose. The eccrine glands exhibited high amounts of mainly neutral glycoconjugates in the secretory portion, especially in the wolf. A clear spectrum of saccharide residues was demonstrable in the dark cells (alpha-D-mannose, beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, alpha-D-galactose), and in the clear cells which lacked mannose and contained beta-D-galactose. In contrast to the wolf, strong reactions for glycoconjugates were visible among intercellular substances of intradermal excretory duct cells in the dog. Only in the wolf did the periphery of the intracorneal excretory ducts and the outer surface of the foot pads show clearly positive reactions for glycoconjugates. The results obtained are discussed with regard to the specific functions of the body regions investigated and the behavioural biology of the Canidae. It is obvious that differences in amounts, quality, and localization of the glycoconjugates produced exist between the wolf and its domesticated descendant.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Domestication effects on foraging strategies in fowl.

Birds of two different breeds differing in degree of domestication were studied to reveal any differences in foraging strategies between them. The breeds were wild-type birds (crossing between red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) and Swedish bantam (Gallus gallus domesticus) and domestic birds (Swedish bantam), breeds representing an increasing level of domestication. Bantam birds have not been selected for any specific characteristics. The birds were allowed to forage in an experimental pen containing two separate food patches, which depleted as a function of being exploited, to see how well the different breeds were able to assess costs and benefits as the distance between patches were changed (short distance between patches compared to long distance between patches). Both breeds behaved in accordance with some general predictions of optimal foraging theory, i.e. moved between patches, left patches before these were empty and stayed for a shorter time in more depleted patches. Wild-type birds responded more than domestic birds to an increase of distance between patches, by spending longer average time in patch when there was a long distance between them compared to when there was a short distance. The wild-type birds adopted what seemed to be a more costly foraging strategy, moving more between patches than the domestic birds without ingesting more feed. During domestication, in the protected environment provided by man, individuals using less costly behavioural strategies may have gained increased fitness over those spending more energy on foraging. Although domestic birds still possessed the ability to respond adaptively to environmental conditions, the differences between the wild-type and the domestic breed might be a result of the reduction of the natural selection pressure which accompanies domestication.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Feasibility of canine oral rabies vaccination in Sri Lanka--a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility of introducing oral rabies vaccine (vaccinia recombinant rabies glycoprotein) to improve domestic dog immunisation coverage in a selected area. DESIGN: A prospective field trial. SETTING: Panadura, an area relatively isolated by waterways, making it a suitable field laboratory. METHODS: A routine parenteral vaccination program was carried out. A house to house survey identified the residual non-vaccinated dogs in the selected area. Oral vaccine was offered to the non-vaccinated domestic dogs. RESULTS: Of 4322 dogs in the households, 1242 dogs (28.7%) were eligible for oral vaccine. 659 (53%) were considered to have accepted the oral vaccine with release of the vaccine in the oral cavity. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to use oral rabies vaccine to enhance immunisation coverage.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Amazing grass: developmental genetics of maize domestication.

Crop plants were domesticated by prehistoric farmers through artificial selection to provide a means of feeding the human population. This article discusses the developmental genetics of crop domestication and improvement, including the historical framework and recent approaches in maize and other grasses. In many cases, selecting for a plant form that correlates with productivity involves controlling meristem activity. In the domestication of modern maize from its progenitor Zea mays ssp. parviglumis, QTL (quantitative trait loci) mapping, genetics and population genomics approaches have identified several genes that contain signatures of selection. Only a few genes involved in the derivation of the highly productive maize ear have been identified, including teosinte glume architecture1 and ramosa1. Future prospects hinge on forward and reverse genetics, as well as on other approaches from the developing discipline of evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Has the kouprey (Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937) been domesticated in Cambodia?

The kouprey (Bos sauveli Urbain, 1937) is a very rare bovid species of Cambodia, which may be extinct in the wild, as no living specimen has been observed for a long time. Here, we describe a complete taxidermy mount, which presents astonishing morphological similarities with the kouprey. The animal was mounted in 1871 at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, where it was referenced as No. 1871-576. It was deposited at the Natural History Museum of Bourges, France, in 1931, where it is still conserved today. To clarify the taxonomic status of the specimen of Bourges, DNA was extracted from a piece of bone taken on the mandible, and two different fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were independently amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic analyses show that the specimen of Bourges is robustly associated with the holotype of the kouprey, and that both are related to other wild species of Bos found in Indochina, i.e., banteng (B. javanicus) and gaur (B. frontalis). Because of doubts for sexing the animal, we applied a molecular test based on the PCR amplification of a DNA fragment specific to the Y chromosome. The results indicate that the specimen of Bourges is a male. The comparisons with male kouprey previously described in the literature reveal important differences concerning the body size, general coloration and horns. As these differences involve phenotypic traits that are strongly selected in case of domestication, we suggest that the specimen of Bourges was a domestic ox. This implies therefore that the kouprey may have been domesticated in Cambodia, and that several extant local races may be directly related to the kouprey.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Analysis of peripheral blood serotonin in domesticated silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as a major gene marker of domesticated behavior].

A segregation analysis of inheritance of the blood serotonin level in a domesticated silver fox population was performed (104 foxes from 4 pedigrees). The results of the analysis point to the effect of a major-gene in the control of this quantitative trait (dominance coefficient of lower level is 0.79), and suggest that breeding for domestic behavior is accompanied by selection against heterozygosity with respect to this major-gene. The lower blood serotonin level revealed in more domesticated foxes (p < 0.02) may be a consequence of this.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Automimicry destabilizes aposematism: predator sample-and-reject behaviour may provide a solution.

Aposematism, the use of conspicuous colours to advertise unpalatability to predators, is perhaps the most studied signalling system in nature. However, its evolutionary stability remains paradoxical. The paradox is illustrated by the problem of automimicry. Automimics are palatable individuals within a population of unpalatable aposematics. Automimics benefit from predators avoiding warning coloration without carrying the models' cost of unpalatability, and should increase in the population, destabilizing the signalling system, unless selected against in some way. Cautious sampling, instead of avoidance, by predators may offer a solution to this problem. Here, we investigate the effect of automimic frequency on predator sampling behaviour, and whether predator sampling behaviour may provide a selection pressure against mimics. Domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) were subjected to the task of discriminating between green (signalling) and untreated brown chick crumbs. Some of the green crumbs were quinine treated and thus unpalatable. The frequency of palatable signalling prey items varied in four treatments; all unpalatable, low automimic frequency, high automimic frequency and all palatable. The results show that predator sampling behaviour is sensitive to automimic frequency and that predators may discriminate between models and mimics through sampling, and thereby benefit unprofitable prey. The results suggest somewhat surprisingly that aposematic signalling is stable only because of the actions of those predators not actually deterred by warning signals.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Structure and evolution of cereal genomes.

The cereal species, of central importance to our diet, began to diverge 50-70 million years ago. For the past few thousand years, these species have undergone largely parallel selection regimes associated with domestication and improvement. The rice genome sequence provides a platform for organizing information about diverse cereals, and together with genetic maps and sequence samples from other cereals is yielding new insights into both the shared and the independent dimensions of cereal evolution. New data and population-based approaches are identifying genes that have been involved in cereal improvement. Reduced-representation sequencing promises to accelerate gene discovery in many large-genome cereals, and to better link the under-explored genomes of 'orphan' cereals with state-of-the-art knowledge.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1996

Radiation dose rates from patients receiving iodine-131 therapy for carcinoma of the thyroid.

Patients treated with radioiodine present a radiation hazard and precautions are necessary to limit the radiation dose to family members, nursing staff and members of the public. The precautions advised are usually based on instantaneous dose rates or iodine retention and do not take into account the time spent in close proximity with a patient. We have combined whole-body dose rate measurements taken from 86 thyroid cancer patients after radioiodine administration with published data on nursing and social contact times to calculate the cumulative dose that may be received by an individual in contact with a patient. These dose estimates have been used to calculate restrictions to patients behaviour to limit received doses to less than 1 mSv. We have also measured urinary iodide excretion in 19 patients to estimate the potential risk from the discharge of radioiodide into the domestic drainage system. The dose rate decay was biexponential for patients receiving radioiodine to ablate the thyroid after surgery (the ablation group, A) and monoexponential for these receiving subsequent treatments for residual or recurrent disease (the follow-up group, FU). The faster clearance in the follow-up patients generally resulted in less stringent restrictions than those advised for ablation patients. For typical activities of 1850 MBq for the ablation patients and 3700 MBq or 7400 MBq for the follow-up patients, the following restrictions were advised. Patients could travel in a private car for up to 8h on the day of treatment (for an administered activity of 1850 MBq in group A) or 4 and 2h (for activities of 3700 or 7400 MBq in group FU) respectively. Patients should remain off work for 3 days (1850 MBq/group A) or 2 days (up to 7400 MBq/group FU). Partners should avoid close contact and sleep apart for 16 days (1850 MBq/group A) or 4-5 days (3700 or 7400 MBq/group FU). Contact with children should be restricted according to their age, ranging from 16 days (1850 MBq/group A) or 4-5 days (3700 or 7400 MBq in group FU) for younger children, down to 10 days (1850 MBq/group A) or 4 days (up to 7400 MBq/group FU) for older children. The cumulative dose to nursing staff for the week after treatment was dependent on patient mobility and was estimated at 0.08 mSv for a self-caring patient to 6.3 mSv for a totally helpless patient (1840 MBq/group A). Corresponding doses to nurses looking after patients in group FU were 0.18-12.3 mSv (3700 MBq) or 0.36-24.6 mSv (7400 MBq). Sensible guidelines can be derived to limit the dose received by members of the public and staff who may come into contact with cancer patient treated with radioiodine to less than 1 mSv. The rapid clearance of radioiodine in patients treated on one or more than one occasion means that therapy could be administered at home to selected patients with suitable domestic circumstances. In most cases the restriction times, despite the high administered activities, are less than those for patients treated for thyrotoxicosis. The concentration of radioiodide in domestic drainage systems should not pose a significant risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Considerations in the selection and conditioning of Old World monkeys for laboratory research: animals from domestic sources.

Nonhuman primates from domestic sources constitute an important resource for the research community. The life history of the Old World monkey species that comprise the bulk of this resource is described, and issues that colony managers and researchers alike should consider regarding animal selection (e.g., species, age, sex, rearing history, temperament, genotype, viral status, geographic origin) are discussed. Preparation of domestically bred animals for research usually involves some combination of social separation, relocation, resocialization, alterations in physical space, photoperiod, and diet, as well as exposure to novel environments. The research literature that has focused on these issues is reviewed, and authors suggest that once animals have been assigned to their project housing situation, a period ranging up to 3 mo (depending on the magnitude of the change in housing) might be warranted before an experimental protocol should begin. Attention to issues of animal selection and conditioning by both researchers and colony managers can lead to the shared goal of high-quality research that utilizes the minimal number of animals.

Acclimatization↗