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At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Methyl eugenol and cue-lure traps for suppression of male oriental fruit flies and melon flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii: effects of lure mixtures and weathering.

Methyl eugenol (4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene-carboxylate) and cue-lure [4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone] are highly attractive kairomone lures to oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and melon fly, B. cucurbitae (Coquillett), respectively. Plastic bucket traps were evaluated as dispensers for methyl eugenol and cue-lure for suppression of the 2 fruit flies in Hawaii. Methyl eugenol and cue-lure mixtures were compared with pure methyl eugenol or cue-lure over 4 seasons. B. dorsalis captures differed significantly with treatment and season. B. dorsalis captures with 100% methyl-eugenol were significantly greater than all other treatments (25, 50, and 75%). B. cucurbitae captures also differed significantly with treatment but not with season. Captures with 100, 75, and 50% cue-lure were not significantly different. Bucket traps baited with cue-lure (+ malathion) and weathered under Hawaiian climatic conditions were attractive to B. cucurbitae up to 8 wk. Two methyl eugenol dispensers (canec disks and Min-U-Gel) were compared with bucket traps. Dispensers (methyl eugenol + malathion) were weathered for 2-16 wk under Hawaiian climatic conditions and bioassayed during summer and winter. Initially, captures of B. dorsalis were not significantly different for the 3 dispensers. Bucket traps and canec disks were most resistant to weather, remaining attractive to B. dorsalis flies up to 16 wk. Min-U-Gel was least resistant, losing attractiveness to B. dorsalis flies within 2 wk. On the basis of performance, bucket traps and canec disks were equally long-lived up to 14 wk; thereafter, bucket traps were slightly more attractive during winter. Canec disks were cheapest, but on the basis of possible environmental concerns, bucket traps may be the best all-around choice for areawide suppression of fruit flies.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Citrate-mediated increase in the uptake of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) 1,1-dichloroethylene residues by plants.

Experiments were conducted to determine the ability of citrate to enhance the plant uptake of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) from soil. Plots containing three rows of clover, mustard, hairy vetch, or rye grass were constructed in soils containing p,p'-DDE. On 11 occasions, the rows of each crop received water or sodium citrate (0.005 or 0.05 M). For each crop, there were significant reductions in p,p'-DDE concentration in the soil fractions (near root and rhizosphere) closely associated with the plant versus bulk soil. The roots of each crop accumulated 2 to 5 times more of the weathered contaminant (dry wt) than present in the bulk soil. Citrate (0.05 M) increased the concentration of p,p'-DDE in the roots of clover, mustard, and hairy vetch by 39% compared with vegetation that received water. In batch desorption studies, the release of weathered p,p'-DDE was significantly greater in the presence of 0.05 M citrate than in water. Citrate increased the extracted aqueous concentrations of five metal ions (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mn) from soil by five- to 23-fold over distilled water. We hypothesize that citrate physically disrupts the soil through chelation of structural metal ions and release of bound humic material, facilitating p,p'-DDE availability and uptake by plants.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fly ash and lime-stabilized biosolid mixtures in mine spoil reclamation: simulated weathering.

The use of large quantities of neutral coal fly ash (NFA) may be facilitated by co-application with a lime-stabilized biosolid (LSB) for the reclamation of acid mine spoil (AMS). Although NFA may not aid in the mitigation of acid drainage, questions concerning the leachability and mineralogy of native and NFA- and LSB-born metals must be addressed. In this study, the potential long-term influence of LSB and NFA on AMS leachate chemistry and trace element mineralogy was evaluated using laboratory weathering and selective dissolution techniques. The application of LSB at a rate sufficient to neutralize the potential acidity of the AMS increased leachate pH from approximately 3 to 7.5 for the duration of the study. Fly ash rates (1X, 1.5X, and 2X LSB rate) did not affect leachate pH. The dominant electrolytes in all leachates were Ca and SO4, the concentrations of which were mirrored by solution electrical conductivity (EC). Leachate concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, K, Cu, Ni, and Zn were significantly reduced by LSB application, whereas concentrations of Ca, SO4, Mg, Cl, F, B, and P were increased. Nitrate concentrations were not affected by LSB. With the exception of leachate B, which increased with increasing NFA rate and was regenerated during the weathering study, NFA did not affect leachate composition. Sequential selective dissolution indicated a transformation of Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn into less labile mineral pools with weathering. The results of these evaluations suggest that the application of NFA during AMS reclamation would have little effect on leachate chemistry or the mineralogy of trace elements. Thus, the high-volume application of NFA to AMS during reclamation may offer an additional opportunity for the use of this combustion by-product.

Calcium Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Weathering of lead bullets and their environmental effects at outdoor shooting ranges.

Lead contamination at shooting range soils is of great environmental concern. This study focused on weathering of lead bullets and its effect on the environment at five outdoor shooting ranges in Florida, USA. Soil, plant, and water samples were collected from the ranges and analyzed for total Pb and/or toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) Pb. Selected bullet and berm soil samples were mineralogically analyzed with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Hydrocerussite [Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2] was found in both the weathered crusts and berm soils in the shooting ranges with alkaline soil pH. For those shooting ranges with acidic soil pH, hydrocerussite, cerussite (PbCO3), and small amount of massicot (PbO) were predominantly present in the weathered crusts, but no lead carbonate mineral was found in the soils. However, hydroxypyromorphite [(Pb10(PO4)6(OH)2] was formed in a P-rich acidic soil, indicating that hydroxypyromorphite can be a stable mineral in P-rich shooting range soil. Total Pb and TCLP Pb in the soils from all five shooting ranges were significantly elevated with the highest total Pb concentration of 1.27 to 4.84% (w/w) in berm soils. Lead concentrations in most sampled soils exceeded the USEPA's critical level of 400 mg Pb kg(-1) soil. Lead was not detected in subsurface soils in most ranges except for one, where elevated Pb up to 522 mg kg(-1) was observed in the subsurface, possibly due to enhanced solubilization of organic Pb complexes at alkaline soil pH. Elevated total Pb concentrations in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] (up to 806 mg kg(-1) in the aboveground parts) and in surface water (up to 289 microg L(-1)) were observed in some ranges. Ranges with high P content or high cation exchange capacity showed lower Pb mobility. Our research clearly demonstrates the importance of properly managing shooting ranges to minimize adverse effects of Pb on the environment.

Cynodon↗
PubMed2005

Rhizospheric mobilization and plant uptake of radiocesium from weathered micas: I. Influence of potassium depletion.

Potassium depletion in the soil solution around plant roots promotes the root uptake of radiocesium. However, it can also induce the transformation of mica through the release of interlayer K. In bulk soil, the formation of frayed edge sites (FES) with a high selectivity for Cs adsorption is usually related with mica weathering. We studied the effect of K level in the nutrient solution on the root-induced weathering of phlogopite as well as on the root uptake of radiocesium by willow (Salix viminalis L. var. Orm). The willows were grown for 7 wk in column lysimeters filled with a quartz-phlogopite mixed substrate continuously irrigated with nutrient solutions differing in K concentration (0-2 mM). From a potassium supply of 0.4 mM downward, we observed a decrease in root uptake of potassium as well as an increase in (i) potassium release from phlogopite, (ii) degree of transformation of phlogopite into vermiculite, and (iii) root uptake of radiocesium. Increasing K depletion had thus two effects: a decrease of the root uptake of potassium and an increase of phlogopite weathering in the rhizosphere, both of which promoted the root uptake of radiocesium.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2006

Spatial variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon load of urban wet weather pollution in combined sewers.

In Paris, the OPUR research programme created an experimental on-site observatory of urban pollutant loads in combined sewer systems in order to characterise the dry and wet weather flows at different spatial scales. This article presents the first results on the spatial variability of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) load during wet weather flow (WWF). At the scale of a rain event, investigations revealed that (i) PAH concentrations were relatively homogenous whatever the spatial scale and were greater than those of the dry weather flow (DWF), (ii) PAH distributions between dissolved and particulate phases were constant, and (iii) PAH fingerprints exhibited a similar pattern for all catchments. Moreover, an evaluation of the contribution of DWF, runoff and erosion of sewer deposits to WWF load was established. According to the hypothesis on the runoff concentration, the contributions were evaluated at 14, 8 and 78%, respectively, at the scale of the Marais catchment. For all the catchments, the runoff contribution was found quite constant and evaluated at approximately 10%. The DWF contribution seems to increase with the catchment area, contrary to the sewer erosion contribution, which seems to decrease. However, this latter still remains an important source of pollution. These first trends should be confirmed and completed by more investigations of rain events.

Cities↗
PubMed1991

Effects of bovine somatotropin on physiologic responses of lactating Holstein and Jersey cows during hot, humid weather.

Thirty-one lactating Holstein and Jersey cows were used to determine the effects of daily injections of 0 or 20 mg of recombinant bST on physiologic responses during hot, humid weather. Body temperature was determined by measuring milk temperature at each milking. Jugular blood was sampled for serum analysis of selected hormones, blood metabolites, and fatty acids, and arterial blood was sampled for blood pH and blood gas analysis. Milk was characterized for fatty acid composition. Blood pH was unchanged, but partial pressure of blood CO2, blood bicarbonate, base excess, and total CO2 declined with administration of bST. Serum triglycerides increased 89% in cows receiving bST. Blood urea nitrogen tended to decline in cows receiving bST. Serum cortisol, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine did not change, but insulin-like growth factor-1 increased 128% with bST use. Reduced milk short-chain fatty acids, increased milk long-chain fatty acids, and increased blood serum C18:1 fatty acid content occurred in cows administered bST and probably reflected tissue mobilization. Cows administered bST in hot weather had higher milk temperatures. Alterations in physiologic and metabolic measures in association with higher milk temperature suggest an interaction of bST use with hot, humid weather and reflect the need to minimize the effects of heat stress.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2000

Physiological problems associated with wearing NBC protective clothing during cold weather.

This report considers how thermal balance of soldiers wearing nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protective clothing in combination with the Extreme Cold Weather Clothing System (ECWCS) is affected during work in cold weather. A review of published reports concerning physiological consequences of wearing NBC protective clothing during cold exposure was completed. The findings reported in the experimental literature were too limited to adequately forecast the effects of adding NBC clothing to ECWCS. To remedy the information gap, simulation modeling was employed to predict body temperature changes during alternating bouts of exercise and rest throughout 8 h of exposure to three different severely cold conditions. Published findings indicate that NBC protective clothing may inadequately protect against hand and finger cooling, especially during rest following strenuous activity. No evidence substantiates suggestions that wearing NBC protective masks increases susceptibility to facial frostbite. Collectively, the limited experimental work and the results of simulation modeling argue against any increased risk of hypothermia associated with wearing NBC protective clothing while working in the cold. However, wearing NBC protective clothing during strenuous activity in cold weather may increase the risk of hyperthermia, and cause sweat accumulation in clothing which may compromise insulation and increase the risk of hypothermia during subsequent periods of inactivity.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2001

Getting the message across: sun protection information in media weather reports in New Zealand.

AIMS: To assess the public reach, awareness, understanding and response to the burn time and the Ultra Violet Index (UVI) in media weather reports in New Zealand. METHODS: Data from a representative sample (n = 396), ages 16-44 years, were gathered over four consecutive summer weeks of 1999 via a random digit dialling telephone survey. Items collected included sources of weather reports and their frequency of use; knowledge, understanding, perception and use of the burn time and the UVI; sun-related beliefs, attitudes and behaviours. RESULTS: Exposure to weekend weather bulletins was sustained, and occurred mainly via television (83%) and radio (50%). There was greater awareness of the burn time than the more recent UVI (89% vs 43%). The UVI was less often used to guide sun protection actions (49% vs 63%) but better understood (94% vs 66%) and more often recalled along with sun protective messages (56% vs 32%) than the burn time. Few could describe the burn time or the UVI for the past Sunday. Self-perceived understanding of the burn time was higher than its measured, sub-optimal, comprehension (96% vs 65%). CONCLUSIONS: Further efforts are needed to promote the UVI, particularly on TV1 and on radio, and to reach younger adults and less educated groups. For a transition period, presentation of the burn time should be restricted to complementing the UVI. Thereafter, the UVI should become the standard indicator of UV level in New Zealand.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Understanding and eliminating racial inequalities in women's health in the United States: the role of the weathering conceptual framework.

I emphasize 3 features of racial inequality in women's health: It is greatest during young and middle adulthood; in some instances its severity is far greater than national comparisons suggest; and excessive levels of chronic morbidity and disability are widespread among African-American women, regardless of socioeconomic position. I propose that the weathering framework better captures these aspects of health inequality than do developmental models or those that focus on the role of poverty or individual unhealthy behaviors alone. Instead, weathering suggests that African-American women experience early health deterioration as a consequence of the cumulative impact of repeated experience with social, economic, or political exclusion. This includes the physical cost of engaging actively to address structural barriers to achievement and well-being. The weathering framework can be applied to research, to clinical and public health practice, and to social policy and political action.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Testing the weathering hypothesis among Mexican-origin women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the "weathering hypothesis," as proposed by Geronimus (1986; 1987; 1992; 1996), among US-born and foreign-born Mexican-origin women. This hypothesis specifically argues that the relationship between age and a variety of reproductively related heath outcomes varies by socioeconomic and environmental context. METHODS: 1989-1991 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) linked birth-death files. These files include all women who experienced a live birth in the United States and whose infants were issued a birth certificate during the years 1989 to 1991 (NCHS 1995). Age and nativity specific distributions on infant mortality, low birth weight, anemia, pregnancy related hypertension, and smoking were estimated for Mexican-origin women. RESULTS: For the foreign-born, levels of neonatal mortality are highest for younger women and tend to increase again in women at the oldest ages. For the US born, the lowest levels are for women aged 17 and 18 years, and 27-29 years. Levels for women aged 19-24 years and 30-34 years are higher than those for 17-and 18-year-olds. For both groups of women, giving birth to infants with low birth weight is most common at the earlier ages, declining more or less until the mid twenties when the rate begins to rise again slowly. Patterns for the maternal health indicators vary, with pregnancy related hypertension most strongly following the pattern suggested by weathering. CONCLUSION: Overall, this analysis suggests that there is evidence of weathering within the Mexican-origin population, particularly for the US-born population, and this is most clearly seen in levels of neonatal mortality and pregnancy related hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Influence of attitude and expectation on moods and symptoms during cold weather military training.

The present study examined the influence of the following: 1) air temperature, 2) day into training, 3) self rating of life stress, 4) rating of relative warmth in cold weather, and 5) expectation for liking cold weather training, on 59 soldiers' self-reports of illness and mood during 3 days of training in the cold (-18 degrees to 0 degree C range). Mood was assessed on six domains of the Profile of Mood States rating scale, and symptoms of illness were assessed on 5 domains of the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses showed that: 1) the more soldiers expected to dislike the cold weather training, the more tense, depressed, angry, fatigued, and physically uncomfortable they were during training; 2) the more stress they perceived in their everyday lives, the more fatigued, confused, and physically uncomfortable they were during training; 3) as days into training increased the more fatigued and physically uncomfortable they became; and 4) due to appropriate clothing and training, ambient temperature was found to have no significant influence on the soldiers' moods and symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of microscopic fungi in the process of weathering of pegmatite deposit rocks and minerals].

The object of this work was to study the effect of microscopic fungi isolated from the weathering zone of a pegmatite deposit on the transport of elements and the degradation of rocks and minerals. Regardless of the chemical composition of rocks and minerals, microscopic fungi accelerated the leaching of elements as compared to the purely chemical process. The extraction of Li, Si, Al and Fe under the action of microorganisms increased by factors of 1.4-1.7, 2.7-4.0, 5.0-8.7 and 4-18, respectively. In the case of chemical weathering, the extraction of elements occurred at a high rate only at the beginning; then the process either decelerated or stopped. The mechanism of action of microscopic fungi on rocks and minerals is discussed as well as the role of these microorganisms in the weathering of spodumene and the surrounding rocks, pegmatites an shales, which occurs in the zone of hypergenesis.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1994

Cold-weather field feeding: an overview.

Extremely cold environments are a challenge to military field feeding operations due to freezing and inadequate intakes of rations and water. The U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine conducted a series of three cold-weather field feeding studies to test, modify, and contribute data for the development of Cold-Weather Feeding Doctrine. Conclusions from these studies show that command emphasis is essential for ration and water storage and distribution to prevent freezing, and adequate ration and water consumption to prevent weight loss and dehydration. Since any ration mix can be configured to meet cold-weather feeding requirements, the decision of which ration to use should be based on logistical support and constraints, mission requirements, and water availability.

Dehydration↗
PubMed1998

Cold weather injuries in an arctic environment.

The cases of eight Special Forces soldiers who sustained cold weather-related injuries while conducting winter training as part of Operation Arctic Saber in the Northwest Territories and Arctic Circle are reported. Environmentally related injuries can represent difficult diagnostic and treatment challenges in the field. Moreover, they may compromise the overall mission if they are not identified and treated early. Cold weather injuries can also result in long-term disfigurement and disability that may limit a soldier's future worldwide deployability. Mission requirements, equipment utilization, and environmental exposure place soldiers at particular risk for cold weather-related injuries in such austere settings. Nonetheless, with appropriate education and safety precautions, these potentially life-threatening risks can be greatly minimized.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of weather on daily body mass regulation in wintering dunlin.

We investigated the influence of changes in weather associated with winter storms on mass balance, activity and food consumption in captive dunlin (Calidris alpina) held in outdoor aviaries, and compared the aviary results with weather-related body mass differences in free-living dunlin collected at Bolinas Lagoon, California. Captive birds fed ad libitum increased their body mass at higher wind speeds and lower temperatures, suggesting regulation of energy stores, whereas free-living birds exhibited patterns suggesting thermoregulatory limits on body mass regulation. Daily energy expenditure in aviary dunlin was 2.85 kJ g d(-1), or 2.8x basal metabolic rate (BMR), with thermostatic costs averaging 59 % of daily expenditure. Slight but significant increases in body mass and energy expenditure in captive birds on rainy days, adjusted for possible external water mass, suggested rainfall as a proximate cue in regulating daily body mass. Body mass changes under artificial rainfall indicated similar results, and field masses suggested that free-living birds have greater body mass on days with measurable rainfall. Increased activity costs under artificial rainfall were associated with an increase in maintenance activities, relative to controls. Whether activity costs increased on days with natural rates of rainfall was unclear. Our results are consistent with current hypotheses regarding the role of body mass regulation in providing insurance against increased starvation risk during deteriorating thermal or foraging conditions, or in reducing the costs of extra mass as conditions improve.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Myocardial infarction and the weather: a significant positive correlation between the onset of heart infarct and 28 KHz atmospherics--a pilot study.

The date of occurrence of a heart infarct was tabulated for 162 patients admitted to four Munich clinics with cardiology departments from January 1 to July 31, 1981. This occurrence calendar was correlated with the daily average density of 28 KHz and 10 KHz atmospheric (atm) impulses and several classic weather parameters. The occurrence of heart infarcts has a certain positive correlation with the increased appearance of "pure" 28 KHz impulses, the correlation with 10 KHz impulses is very slight. Among the classic weather parameters, the average daily humidity has the highest negative correlation coefficient.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Differential flight activity among karyotypes: daily and weather-induced changes in chromosomal inversion polymorphism in natural populations of Drosophila subobscura.

The question is posed whether karyotype frequencies in the active fraction of Drosophila subobscura populations vary consistently in the course of a day, or in accordance with weather changes. Significant daily variation occurred in all chromosomes with the exception of the sex chromosome. The proportions of the karyotypes Ust/1+2 and Ist/st decreased from early to late morning and increased during the evening. Ist/1 displayed a complementary behaviour. The homokaryotypes Ost/st and Est/st decreased both during the morning and the evening. Weather disturbances caused a remarkable variation in the frequencies of the standard gene arrangements.

Animals↗