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PubMedDate not supplied

Translation and validation of the danish version of the Bournemouth questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Danish version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire (BQ). METHODS: Translation/retranslation of the English version of the BQ was done blindly and independently by 4 different individuals and adapted by an expert team. The Danish version of the BQ was tested for face validity in a sample of low-back pain (LBP) patients attending 2 chiropractic clinics. Reproducibility was tested using 28 stable LBP patients attending a hospital outpatient back-pain clinic. Finally, the Danish version of the BQ was tested for external construct validity, external longitudinal construct validity, internal consistency, and sensitivity to change against the Danish versions of the SF-36 and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) using 118 first-time LBP patients reporting to 1 of 7 chiropractic clinics. RESULTS: Minor changes were made after the face-validity test. Intraclass correlation coefficient of the total score for the BQ based on the 2 administrations was 0.96. Satisfactory values for the external construct validity and the external longitudinal construct validity were found using both Pearson r and Bland-Altman plots. Cronbach alpha's were .89 and .88 for the pretreatment and posttreatment scores, respectively. The Danish version of the BQ showed greater responsiveness than the SF-36 and similar responsiveness when compared with the RMDQ. CONCLUSIONS: The BQ was successfully translated and culturally adapted into Danish. The BQ was successfully tested for validity, consistency, and responsiveness against the Danish version of the SF-36 and RMDQ.

Denmark↗
PubMed2006

Supraesophageal reflux: validation of a symptom questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a questionnaire for supraesophageal manifestations of reflux (SER) that will facilitate its study in clinical and research settings. STUDY DESIGN: The Supraesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (SERQ) and previously validated Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) were subjected to multiple types of validity testing, including content validity, concurrent validity, reproducibility, and predictive validity. RESULTS: The concurrent validity and reproducibility of both instruments was good to excellent for most items tested. The predictive validity of the SERQ was superior to the RSI when it included the covariates of history of sinusitis, use of over-the-counter antacid medications, age, gender, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: The SERQ will serve as both a useful clinical and research tool by offering not only SER symptom information, like the RSI, but also information about the patient's medical history and medication usage that will facilitate use of the SERQ in research protocols. EBM RATING: B-2b.

Antacids↗
PubMed2005

Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health.

Population health research on racial discrimination is hampered by a paucity of psychometrically validated instruments that can be feasibly used in large-scale studies. We therefore sought to investigate the validity and reliability of a short self-report instrument, the "Experiences of Discrimination" (EOD) measure, based on a prior instrument used in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Study participants were drawn from a cohort of working class adults, age 25-64, based in the Greater Boston area, Massachusetts (USA). The main study analytic sample included 159 black, 249 Latino, and 208 white participants; the validation study included 98 African American and 110 Latino participants who completed a re-test survey two to four weeks after the initial survey. The main and validation survey instruments included the EOD and several single-item discrimination questions; the validation survey also included the Williams Major and Everyday discrimination measures. Key findings indicated the EOD can be validly and reliably employed. Scale reliability was high, as demonstrated by confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha (0.74 or greater), and test-re-test reliability coefficients (0.70). Structural equation modeling demonstrated the EOD had the highest correlation (r=0.79) with an underlying discrimination construct compared to other self-report discrimination measures employed. It was significantly associated with psychological distress and tended to be associated with cigarette smoking among blacks and Latinos, and it was not associated with social desirability in either group. By contrast, single-item measures were notably less reliable and had low correlations with the multi-item measures. These results underscore the need for using validated, multi-item measures of experiences of racial discrimination and suggest the EOD may be one such measure that can be validly employed with working class African Americans and Latino Americans.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Psychometric and cognitive validation of a social capital measurement tool in Peru and Vietnam.

Social capital is a relatively new concept which has attracted significant attention in recent years. No consensus has yet been reached on how to measure social capital, resulting in a large number of different tools available. While psychometric validation methods such as factor analysis have been used by a few studies to assess the internal validity of some tools, these techniques rely on data already collected by the tool and are therefore not capable of eliciting what the questions are actually measuring. The Young Lives (YL) study includes quantitative measures of caregiver's social capital in four countries (Vietnam, Peru, Ethiopia, and India) using a short version of the Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool (SASCAT). A range of different psychometric methods including factor analysis were used to evaluate the construct validity of SASCAT in Peru and Vietnam. In addition, qualitative cognitive interviews with 20 respondents from Peru and 24 respondents from Vietnam were conducted to explore what each question is actually measuring. We argue that psychometric validation techniques alone are not sufficient to adequately validate multi-faceted social capital tools for use in different cultural settings. Psychometric techniques show SASCAT to be a valid tool reflecting known constructs and displaying postulated links with other variables. However, results from the cognitive interviews present a more mixed picture with some questions being appropriately interpreted by respondents, and others displaying significant differences between what the researchers intended them to measure and what they actually do. Using evidence from a range of methods of assessing validity has enabled the modification of an existing instrument into a valid and low cost tool designed to measure social capital within larger surveys in Peru and Vietnam, with the potential for use in other developing countries following local piloting and cultural adaptation of the tool.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ): scale development and psychometric validation.

OBJECTIVES: To validate a new, self-administered questionnaire for assessing key domains of sexual function and satisfaction in aging men with urogenital health concerns. METHODS: The initial items were identified by patient interviews, review of current reports, and expert panel solicitation. The resulting 25-item questionnaire was subjected to psychometric evaluation and refinement using two discriminant validity studies in aging men with urogenital symptoms compared with age-matched controls. Psychometric tests of reliability, discriminant, and criterion validity were performed. RESULTS: Qualitative testing revealed adequate comprehension and content validity of the initial item set. Two domains of sexual function (ejaculation, erection) were identified in the first discriminant validity study, each of which showed a high degree of internal consistency (alpha = 0.81 and alpha = 0.90, respectively) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.86 and r = 0.87, respectively). Both sexual function domains discriminated well between men with and without urogenital manifestations of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and sexual dysfunction (P <0.001). An additional domain of sexual satisfaction was added in the second validation study, with similarly high internal consistency (alpha = 0.90) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.88). Tests of convergent and divergent validity, including correlations with standardized scales for depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depressed Mood Scale), sexual function (International Index of Erectile Function), and life satisfaction (Fugl-Meyer), confirmed the criterion validity of the new measure. CONCLUSIONS: The Male Sexual Health Questionnaire assesses sexual function and satisfaction in older men with urogenital symptoms of LUTS and sexual dysfunction. This new instrument has excellent psychometric properties and is well suited for use in clinical and research settings.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of the behavioural activity rating scale (BARS): a novel measure of activity in agitated patients.

We report psychometric results of the Behavioural Activity Rating Scale (BARS) using data from three Phase III clinical trials of intramuscular ziprasidone in acutely agitated patients with psychosis (Studies 1 and 2) or in stable psychotic patients (Study 3). Convergent validity and divergent validity were assessed with baseline data from Studies 1 and 2 in subjects with acute agitation. To investigate convergent validity, we sought Pearson and Spearman correlation of BARS scores with scores on the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) Scale and a predefined cluster of agitation-related items from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). For divergent validity, we sought Pearson and Spearman correlation between BARS scores and a predefined cluster of PANSS items measuring negative symptoms. Discriminant validity was investigated with the help of subjects with moderate psychopathology (Study 3). Wilcoxon rank-sum and two-sample t tests determined whether mean (or median) BARS scores differed between subjects with acute agitation (Studies 1 and 2) and moderate psychopathology (Study 3). Responsiveness to treatment effect and rater reliability were also evaluated. In Study 2, Pearson correlation coefficients of BARS scores with PANSS agitation items and CGI-S were moderate (convergent validity) and statistically significant (P<0.005). The correlation between BARS scores and PANSS negative component scores was low (divergent validity). Treatment effect size was larger for BARS than for PANSS agitation items and CGI-S (responsive to treatment differences). Virtually perfect inter- and intra-rater reliability was achieved. Study 1 produced similar results. BARS showed psychometrically valid properties for measurement of behavioral activity in acutely agitated patients with psychosis.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of the French version of the Fecal Incontinence Quality-of-Life (FIQL) scale.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this multicenter study was to validate the French version of the fecal incontinence quality-of-life scale (FIQL scale) developed in the Unites States of America. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The FIQL scale has 29 items in four scales: lifestyle, coping/behavior, depression/self-perception and embarrassment. Each item is scored from 1 to 4, with poorest quality-of-life scored 1. An average is calculated for each scale. After linguistic validation of the questionnaire, the French version of the FIQL scale was tested twice, at day 0 and day 7, by 100 patients with fecal incontinence (FI). Construction validity, internal reliability, clinical validity and reproducibility were analysed. RESULTS: Analysis of convergent validity of the French version of the FIQL scale showed very good correlation between items and the corresponding scale for lifestyle (0.50-0.79) and depression/self-perception (0.44-0.74), good correlation for coping/behavior (0.31-0.70) and weak correlation for embarrassment (0.30-0.40). Valid discrimination was observed for 24 of the 29 items. Internal reliability was good for each scale (alpha Cronbach between 0.78 and 0.92). Scores determined with the FIQL scale were significantly correlated with Wexner FI scores, demonstrating the clinical validity of the instrument. Reproducibility, evaluated in patients whose FI was unchanged between day 0 and day 7, was good with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.80 (embarrassment) to 0.93 (lifestyle). CONCLUSIONS: The linguistic and psychometric evaluation demonstrated the validity of the French version of the FIQL scale. This standardized instrument is now available for clinical use in France for quality-of-life assessment in patients with FI.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Initial validation of a questionnaire for detecting gastroesophageal reflux disease in epidemiological settings.

There is a high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the general population. Prevalence studies are scarce, and there is a lack of valid instruments for measuring them. The aim of this paper is to validate a questionnaire for detecting GERD. A validity study design with pathologic GERD patients and controls was used. A sample of 240 subjects age and sex paired was selected in the ratio of 3:1 (patients to controls). The initial structured questionnaire contained a variety of GERD symptoms. Internal consistency, interobserver reliability, criteria validity using 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, construct validity, and extreme group validation were assessed. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were also obtained in different cutoff points of the definitive scale. A total of 180 confirmed GERD patients and 60 controls were included in the study. Mean age in years was 45 +/- 13, with no statistical difference by gender (67% were female). Internal consistency of 0.75 and interobserver reliability of 0.87 was achieved in building the scale. Extreme group validation was highly significant by assessing the scale score with 24-h esophageal pH monitoring (P <.0001). At cutoff point 3 of the scale and with a correct classification of subjects of 92.4%, sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were 92, 95, 98, and 79%, respectively. The conclusion of this article is that a reliable and valid instrument was built to detect GERD.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

External validation is necessary in prediction research: a clinical example.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prediction models tend to perform better on data on which the model was constructed than on new data. This difference in performance is an indication of the optimism in the apparent performance in the derivation set. For internal model validation, bootstrapping methods are recommended to provide bias-corrected estimates of model performance. Results are often accepted without sufficient regard to the importance of external validation. This report illustrates the limitations of internal validation to determine generalizability of a diagnostic prediction model to future settings. METHODS: A prediction model for the presence of serious bacterial infections in children with fever without source was derived and validated internally using bootstrap resampling techniques. Subsequently, the model was validated externally. RESULTS: In the derivation set (n=376), nine predictors were identified. The apparent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% confidence interval) of the model was 0.83 (0.78-0.87) and 0.76 (0.67-0.85) after bootstrap correction. In the validation set (n=179) the performance was 0.57 (0.47-0.67). CONCLUSION: For relatively small data sets, internal validation of prediction models by bootstrap techniques may not be sufficient and indicative for the model's performance in future patients. External validation is essential before implementing prediction models in clinical practice.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2002

Screening for depression in a hepatitis C population: the reliability and validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).

RATIONALE: Depression is reported as a serious adverse event of antiviral therapy used to treat patients with hepatitis C (HCV); therefore, there is a need to identify a reliable and valid measure of depressive symptoms for this population. AIMS: To determine reliability, construct validity and predictive validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a hepatitis C (HCV) population. ETHICAL ISSUES: Study reviewed/approved by the University Institutional Review Board and informed consent obtained. METHODS: Longitudinal design testing psychometric properties of the CES-D prior to treatment and 4 and 24 weeks postinitiation of treatment. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Construct validity was tested, prior to therapy, using principal components factoring with varimax rotation. Predictive validity was tested using repeated measures analysis of variance (anova) of CES-D scores at 4 and 24 weeks postinitiation of treatment. RESULTS: Non-probability sample, 116 adult HCV patients [62 (53%) males and 54 (47%) females]. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) = 0.88 pretreatment, 0.89 week 4 and 0.90 week 24. Construct validity testing revealed four factors: negative affect; positive affect; somatic; and depressed affect/somatic. Exception for two items, 'felt sad' and 'couldn't get going', all items loaded distinctly with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.51-0.84. Predictive validity testing revealed a statistically significant effect over time (P < 0.001) in the direction predicted (pretreatment x = 13.97; post 4 weeks x = 19.54 and 24 weeks x = 19.97). CONCLUSIONS: The CES-D is a reliable and valid instrument to screen for depressive symptoms in HCV patients. The instrument detected the predicted increase in depression associated with HCV. Examination of the sensitivity and specificity is needed to determine the most accurate cut-off score.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of health economic models: the example of EVITA.

OBJECTIVES: The credibility of models rests on their validity. An age-structured decision analytic model, Economic Varicella Vaccination Tool for Analysis (EVITA), has been developed to examine the epidemiologic and economic effects of universal varicella (chicken pox) vaccination in Germany. EVITA combines a varicella transmission module describing the spread of infection in a population over time with a second module describing the course of disease in case of an infection. Any vaccination strategy can be assessed dependent on coverage levels and targeted age group. Model input data include epidemiologic, clinical, and economic information, which were mainly derived from actual varicella cases (retrospective survey). The objective of this study was to illustrate the efforts undertaken to validate the EVITA model. METHODS: We assess the descriptive validity, i.e., whether the model provides an adequate picture of the reality and covers all relevant aspects of the spread of varicella and the course of disease. Analyzing the consistency of the model results with observable data does technical verification. Face validity, i.e., the consistency with the underlying theoretical basis of the spread of varicella, is analyzed with respect to results on possible age shifts and elimination of varicella. Tests of corroboration, or convergent validity, are performed by comparisons with other models. RESULTS: Without vaccination, the EVITA model predicts undiscounted, indirect costs of 154 million euros, nearly 40,000 complications and 5,700 hospitalizations per year owing to varicella. These results, especially the distribution of complications and hospitalizations, fit well with population-based survey data. The development of the EVITA model is based on an established epidemiologic model and on real-life data from the survey, ensuring descriptive validity. Results on age shifts and elimination show face validity. Although other models differ considerably with respect to methods applied, the economic results of EVITA, i.e., a benefit-cost ratio of 4.12 when vaccinating young children, lies in the range found in other studies. This underscores its convergent validity. Comparable with other studies, discount rates and price of vaccine proved to be most sensitive variables. CONCLUSIONS: EVITA provides a powerful tool to simulate the highly complex processes associated with varicella infections and the impact of vaccination. The results of EVITA provide a reliable tool for informed decision making and should enhance the acceptance of such models.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of the convergent and discriminant validity of published lumbar flexion, extension, and lateral flexion scores.

STUDY DESIGN: Articles reflecting the convergent or discriminant validity of the lumbar range of motion tests were reviewed and compared. Mean scores and standard deviations for lumber range of motion from healthy control subjects were plotted against those from patients with low back injuries. OBJECTIVE: To use published research to analyze the convergent and discriminant validity of lumbar range of motion tests for the characterization of low back pain and injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Several publications have addressed lumbar range of motion validity. Individual studies suggest that the tests possess convergent validity, but that their discriminant validity is indeterminate. METHODS: English-language journals were searched on Medline using "region," "lumbar," "range of motion," "validity of results," "observer variation," and "low back pain" as title and subject search terms. The study methods approximating the specifications of the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Convergent validity research showed inconsistent relations between inclinometric and radiographic lumbar range of motion measurements. Some studies showed strong relation, whereas others showed essentially no relation between the two techniques. Correlations between lumbar range of motion scores and spinal disability and function were similarly inconclusive. Studies reporting mean scores and standard deviations for lumbar range of motion measurements showed a high degree of overlap between the scores of participants with low back injuries and those without such injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Convergent and discriminant validities of the lumbar range of motion tests currently require further substantiation. Absolute lumbar range of motion scores may not be suitable as the sole determinants of low back pathology diagnosis. Implications for using the lumbar range of motion tests to characterize low back injuries in medicolegal situations are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Validation of the spanish version of the Roland-Morris questionnaire.

STUDY DESIGN: Validation of a translated, culturally adapted questionnaire. OBJECTIVES: To translate and culturally adapt the Spanish version of the Roland-Morris Questionnaire (RMQ), and to validate its use for assessing disability in Spanish patients with low back pain (LBP). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The RMQ is a reliable evaluation instrument for disability, but no validated Spanish version is available. METHODS: Translation/retranslation of the English version of the RMQ was done blindly and independently by four different individuals, and adapted by a team that included five primary care physicians, three back specialists, and two methodologists. The study was done in the primary care setting in Mallorca, with 195 patients who visited their physician for acute or chronic LBP: 50 in the pilot study and 145 in the validation study. Individuals were given the RMQ and three other scales (VAS, Oswestry, and EuroQol) on their first visit and 14 days later. For the pilot study, on the first visit, patients were also given a second RMQ with the questions in a different order and they were subsequently asked for comprehension of each item of the questionnaire. RESULTS: Only 2 questions were partially rephrased after the pilot study, and no request for aid in interpretation was made during the validation study. Scores of the two RMQs on day 1 were 10.04 (SD, 5.01) and 10.9 (SD, 4.8), with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.874. The 95% limits of agreement by the Bland-Altman method was 0.340 +/- 4.81. Cronbach's alpha was 0.8375 (day 1) and 0.9140 (day 15) in the validation. Concurrent validity, measured by comparing RMQ responses with the results of VAS, was r = 0.347 (P = 0.0000) for day 1,and r = 0.570 (P = 0.0000) for day 15. Construct validity, tested by determining the correlation between the Spanish RMQ and the Spanish adaptation of the Oswestry Questionnaire, yielded r = 0.197 (P = 0.0061) on day 1 and r = 0.341 (P = 0.0000) on day 15. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the RMQ has good comprehensibility, internal consistency, and reliability, and is an adequate and useful instrument for the assessment of disability caused by LBP.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Studies in the modified Scoliosis Research Society Outcomes Instrument in adults: validation, reliability, and discriminatory capacity.

STUDY DESIGN: Observational study of patients with scoliosis and matched controls. OBJECTIVES: To determine the validity and reliability of the modified Scoliosis Research Society Outcomes Instrument (SRS-22) for use in the assessment of deformity in adults. To demonstrate the discriminate validity of the SRS-22 in differentiating between affected and unaffected adults. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spinal deformity has an important impact on the general health status of adults. The magnitude of this impact has been difficult to measure and reported variably in the literature. The development of disease-specific outcomes tools permits improved sensitivity and specificity in measuring the patient's self-assessment of health status. An instrument for measuring disease-specific health status in adults with scoliosis has not been validated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational study comparing the health status of adults affected by scoliosis and unaffected controls, matched for age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship of each domain within the SRS-22 and SF-36 with radiographic parameters including sagittal balance, coronal balance, and major curve correction. Discriminate validity of the modified SRS instrument was determined by a comparison of means between affected and unaffected cohorts. The validation of the SRS-22 was determined by criterion validity, using correlation analysis with comparable domains of the SF-36. The reliability of the SRS-22 was demonstrated using test-retest parity and Cronbach's alpha test for internal consistency. RESULTS: One hundred eighty adults were included in the study, 146 with scoliosis and 34 without. Adults with scoliosis scored significantly lower than unaffected controls on every domain of the SRS-22 and the SF-36. The floor and ceiling effect of the SRS-22 were less than observed in the SF-36 instrument. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated no significant correlation between any radiographic process measure and any specific domain within the SRS-22 or the SF-36 (r < 0.25). Comparison of similar domains in the SRS-22 and the SF-36 demonstrates high correlation between the instruments. Test-retest analysis similarly demonstrates a high degree of reproducibility in each domain (r = 0.83-0.94). Cronbach's alpha test of internal consistency within each domain demonstrates intercorrelation values greater than 0.75 within each domain of the SRS-22. CONCLUSIONS: Adult scoliosis has a significant and measurable impact on affected patients compared with controls. There is a poor correlation between radiographic parameters of outcome and patient self-assessment of health status. The SRS-22 is a reliable instrument in adults as demonstrated by a high degree of internal consistency and reproducibility. The SRS-22 is a valid instrument for use in adult deformity as demonstrated by the criterion validity assessment with the SF-36. The study supports the use of the SRS-22 in the adult spinal deformity population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Validation of the Korean version of the oswestry disability index.

STUDY DESIGN: Validation of a translated, culturally adapted questionnaire. OBJECTIVES: To translate and culturally adapt a Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and to validate its use in Korean patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The ODI is one of the most widely used and validated instruments for measuring disability in spinal disorders. However, no validated Korean version of the index was available at the time our study was initiated. METHODS: The study was carried out in three phases: the first was translation into Korean and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire; the second was a pilot study to assess the comprehensibility of the prefinal version and modification; the third was a reliability and validity study of the final version. The Korean version was tested on 206 patients with lumbar spinal disorders who had undergone operations at the authors' institute. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, concurrent validity, and construct validity were investigated. Follow-up questionnaires were obtained from 39 patients at the 3-month postoperative follow-up meeting. Differences in the ODI, visual analog scale (VAS), and World Health Organization (WHO) quality of life assessment (WHOQOL-BREF) between preoperative and follow-up questionnaires were evaluated. The correlation of the postoperative ODI with the pain rating on a visual analog scale and WHOQOL-BREF was also analyzed. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability was assessed with 88 patients in a time interval of 48 hours. The intraclass correlation coefficient of test-retest reliability was 0.9167. Reliability estimated by the internal consistency reached a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84. The correlation of the preoperative ODI with the pain rating on a visual analog scale (100 mm) was r = 0.425 (P = 0.0001). The correlation between three of the WHOQOL-BREF domains (physical health, psychological health, and environment) and the ODI was statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between the ODI and physical health domain of the WHOQOL-BREF was r = -0.48 (P < 0.05). The correlations with psychological health and environment domains were low with r = -0.192 and -0.160, respectively, even though statistically significant (P < 0.05). The correlation of the postoperative ODI with the pain rating on a visual analog scale (100 mm) was r = 0.626 (P = 0.0001). The correlation between all four domains of the WHOQOL-BREF and the postoperative ODI was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the Korean version of the ODI is a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of disability in Korean patients with lower back problems. The authors recommend this Korean version of the ODI for use in future clinical studies in Korea.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Validity and responsiveness of the national institutes of health chronic prostatitis symptom index.

PURPOSE: The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) was validated in a sample of men with longstanding prostatitis but it has not been validated in primary care samples or assessed for responsiveness to change. We assessed its reliability, validity and responsiveness to change in a sample of men with pelvic pain visits to health maintenance organization primary care and urology clinics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 261 men with recent primary care or urology clinic visits for pelvic pain and no evidence of specific disease completed the NIH-CPSI and validated generic pain and health-related quality of life measures (Graded Chronic Pain Scale, Short-Form 36 and Short-Form 12 scales) in a telephone interview approximately 1 month after the visit, of whom 230 (88%) completed the measures again 3 months later. RESULTS: Validity was demonstrated for the NIH-CPSI pain and quality of life scales through their moderate correlations with other validated measures of these constructs. The NIH-CPSI total scale but not the subscales showed high internal consistency. The pain, quality of life and total scores were moderately responsive to change (effect size -0.57 to -0.60), but the urinary symptoms scale was less responsive (effect size -0.18). CONCLUSIONS: The NIH-CPSI total score appears to be a valid, reliable, responsive measure of prostatitis symptoms in primary and secondary care patients. The findings support the use of the total score as an outcome measure. It may be useful to supplement it with valid, reliable measures of pain intensity and activity interference.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Improved validation of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire and development of a short form in Greek patients.

OBJECTIVES: The Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) is a disease-specific questionnaire for assessing health-related quality of life. The main objective of this study is to assess three main areas of the validation of the Greek IBDQ: internal validity, designating items to dimensions, and selecting items for a short form. An additional aim is to present alternative validation methods for improved and robust results. METHODS: A total of 134 patients with IBD, including 74 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 60 with Crohn's disease (CD), completed the Greek IBDQ. Internal validity was assessed by using standard methods and multiple correlation analysis. Factor analysis of the 32 items of the questionnaire was carried out to identify the underlying dimensions, using principal factor analysis and maximal likelihood. For selecting items for a short form, three methods of linear regression analysis were used. RESULTS: All items had adequate convergent validity (except item 11 in the CD group) and acceptable discriminant validity (except item 11 for both groups). Factor analysis yielded five factors (emotional function, social function, systemic symptoms, bowel symptoms, and abdominal symptoms). The combination of three regression techniques and their internal validity yielded two similar but distinct short forms, one for UC and one for CD. Both forms had high correlation with the total IBDQ score (R(2) = 0.949 and 0.977, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The Greek IBDQ had good internal validity. The original designation in four dimensions and the original short form could be improved with only slight modifications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Validation of the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score.

AIMS: To describe the validation and reliability of a new pain tool (the Alder Hey Triage Pain Score, AHTPS) for children at triage in the accident and emergency (A&E) setting. METHODS: A new behavioural observational pain tool was developed because of dissatisfaction with available tools and a lack of confidence in self-assessment scores at triage. The study was conducted in a large paediatric A&E department; 575 children (aged 0-16 years) were included. Inter-rater reliability and various aspects of validity were assessed. In addition this tool was compared to the Wong-Baker self-assessment tool. The children were concurrently scored by a research nurse and triage nurses to assess inter-rater reliability. Construct validity was assessed by comparing the research nurse's triage score with the research nurse reassessment score after intervention and/or analgesia. Known group construct validity was assessed by comparing the research nurse's score at triage with the level of pain of the condition as judged by the discharge diagnosis. Predictive validity was assessed by comparing the research nurse's AHTPS with the level of analgesia needed by each patient. The AHTPS was also compared to a self-assessment score. RESULTS: A high level of inter-rater reliability, kappa statistic 0.84 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.88), was shown. Construct validity was well demonstrated; known group construct validity and predictive validity were also demonstrated to a varying degree. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the use of this observational pain scoring tool in the triage of children in A&E.

Adolescent↗